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This chapter explains the drivers for carbon prices related to institutional decisions, energy prices, and weather events. The study focuses on price changes in the EU as being the most liquid carbon asset. In this regard, the daily spot price of the EU is highlighted to demonstrate the daily changes, given the high volatility in this carbon financial market. The CO2 prices depend on several determinants. This chapter constitutes an introduction to emission trading and an overview of the regulations of carbon financial markets. First, the price changes in the EU and primary energy prices are discussed. Second, the characteristics of emissions trading are introduced in terms of spatial and temporal limits, clean dark spread, and switch price. Third, a global analysis of atmospheric variables, structural variations, the subprime crisis, and the COVID-19 crisis is presented.

Climate Change (CC) is a major issue of our century. Controlling the constraints of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions through transformation into opportunities, in an organization to increase industrial production, has become a necessity. The main reason for this adoption was the effectiveness of energy management and responsible linkages that are being developed to determine the issues and opportunities of carbon finance for organizations. Through analysis of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), this article presents and determinate the variables that influence the performance of the strategies of EU ETS players via the EUA allowances. Our study focuses on price changes in the EUA, being the most liquid carbon asset. In this regard, we highlighted the daily spot price of the EUA to highlight the daily changes affecting this price, given the high volatility in this Carbon financial market. The treatments of the determinants of CO2 prices (EUA) can be used to analyze the evolving and expanding carbon financial markets sphere. It features stylized facts about carbon financial markets from an economics and management perspective, as well as covering key aspects of pricing strategies (institutional decisions, energy prices and extreme weather events), climate change mitigation. Aimed at those with technical analysis, the CO2 prices within the framework of the EU ETS depend on several determinants. This paper constitutes an introduction to emission trading and an overview of the regulations governing Carbon financial markets. First, we detail the price changes in the EUA and primary energy prices. Second, we introduce the main characteristics of emissions trading, be it in terms of spatial and temporal limits, Clean Dark Spread, Clean Spark Spread and Switch Price. Third, we provide a technical analysis of atmospheric variables, structural variations and the Sanitary COVID-19 crisis and their impacts in the price development of EU CO2 allowances and presnt after conclusion some implications for future.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the level of Sustainable Finance disclosure in Institutions and to analyze the relationship between Performativity of Responsible Management and Sustainable Finance. A Performativity of Sustainable Finance through the lens of Responsible Management is constructed. To verify the link between the impact of responsible strategies and structures on the implementation and deployment of Sustainable Finance for reducing CO2 emissions at the time of Institutions, the structural relationships in our model are run. Although several studies have investigated the Sustainable finance, the issue of adoption and performance through the prism Responsible Management remains open. This allowed us to conduct empirical research through a questionnaire involving key axes of our study. We targeted primarily a sample of 40 companies ELEC EXPO International Forum in Casablanca, Morocco, held from 04th to 07th October 2018. We review the carbon finance strategies, analyze its relationship with the structure of the compliance New Economic Regulations and ISO 26 000. Subsequently, we assess the validity of its performance and its adoption prism Responsible Management through a reflexive model. To achieve this, we tested the structural relationships in our model, as the reflective nature of our built and predictive vocation of our model led us to retain the method Partial Least Squares as part of the validation of our research model. Our choice of using the Partial Least Squares approach is justified by the fact that it can treat analyzes on samples of reduced size (

Climate Change (CC) is a major issue of our century. Controlling the constraints of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions through transformation into opportunities, in an organization to increase industrial production, has become a necessity. The main reason for this adoption was the effectiveness of energy management and responsible linkages that are being developed to determine the issues and opportunities of carbon finance for organizations. Through analysis of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), this article presents and demonstrates a variety of determinants of CO2 prices (EUA) to be used in econometric techniques. This paper details the main carbon price drivers related to institutional decisions, energy prices, and weather events. Our study focuses on price changes in the EUA, being the most liquid carbon asset. In this regard, we highlighted the daily spot price of the EUA to highlight the daily changes affecting this price, given the high volatility in this Carbon financial market. The treatments of the determinants of CO2 prices (EUA) can be used to analyze the evolving and expanding Carbon financial markets sphere. It features stylized facts about Carbon financial markets from an economics and management perspective, as well as covering key aspects of pricing strategies (institutional decisions, energy prices, and extreme weather events), risk, and portfolio management. Aimed at those with fundamental analysis, the CO2 prices within the framework of the EU ETS depend on several determinants. This paper constitutes an introduction to emission trading and an overview of the regulations governing Carbon financial markets. First, we detail the price changes in the EUA and primary energy prices. Second, we introduce the main characteristics of emissions trading, be it in terms of spatial and temporal limits, Clean Dark Spread, Clean Spark Spread, and Switch Price. Third, we provide a descriptive analysis of atmospheric variables, structural variations, and the Subprime crisis and their impacts on the price development of EU CO2 allowances. Keywords: Fundamental analysis, European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Determinants of CO2 prices (EUA), Climate risk management.

Indexado en Scopus We know that there are cross-cultural differences in psychological variables, such as individualism/collectivism. But it has not been clear which of these variables show relatively the greatest differences. The Survey of World Views project operated from the premise that such issues are best addressed in a diverse sampling of countries representing a majority of the world’s population, with a very large range of item-content. Data were collected online from 8,883 individuals (almost entirely college students based on local publicizing efforts) in 33 countries that constitute more than two third of the world’s population, using items drawn from measures of nearly 50 variables. This report focuses on the broadest patterns evident in item data. The largest differences were not in those contents most frequently emphasized in cross-cultural psychology (e.g., values, social axioms, cultural tightness), but instead in contents involving religion, regularity-norm behaviors, family roles and living arrangements, and ethnonationalism. Content not often studied cross-culturally (e.g., materialism, Machiavellianism, isms dimensions, moral foundations) demonstrated moderate-magnitude differences. Further studies are needed to refine such conclusions, but indications are that cross-cultural psychology may benefit from casting a wider net in terms of the psychological variables of focus. Revisión por pares

Sukuk and bonds are two kinds of financial instruments that share the Malaysian capital market. Sukuk are Sharia-compliant financial instruments referred as “Islamic bonds” in the Malaysian market (Note 1). The aim of this paper is to diagnose the performance of Sukuk portfolios compared with bond portfolios. For this purpose, we use the series of indices TR BPAM ALL BOND INDEX. Those indices cover the whole Sukuk and bond Malaysian market. We collect historical data of those indices from the website of Bond Pricing Agency of Malaysia (BPAM) for a period of six years from 2007 to 2012. We first study the significance of the difference in the portfolios’ mean return. Secondly, we address the portfolios’ return correlation. Comparing indices shows that Sukuk index outperformed the bond index and market index. Furthermore, the results confirm a significant and positive correlation between returns of Sukuk and bond portfolios.

This thesis aims to determine the influence of contingency factors on the utility of balanced scorecards in the performance management of ISEs. To achieve this objective, the literature review has allowed, on the one hand, to understand the main theoretical concepts used in this work and, on the other hand, to present a research framework which is the cornerstone of our theoretical model. From a hypothetical-deductive methodology and a positivist position, an explanatory model of the utility of balanced scorecards in the performance management of ISEs is developed. The latter incorporates one dependent variable which explains the "utility of balanced scorecards in the performance management", ten explanatory variables and one mediating variable "diversity of use of BSC indicators".Then, this model is tested on 156 ISEs established in France. The data collected is examined using the principal components analysis and the multiple linear regression method. The results of this quantitative study expose contingency factors explaining the utility of BSC in the performance management. Thus, this thesis enriches the previous theoretical works on the challenges of measuring performance, and practically, provides CFOs and management controllers with an explanatory framework of the new practices of ISEs’ performance management.; L’objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer l’influence des facteurs de contingence sur l’utilité des tableaux de bord dans le pilotage de la performance des ETI. Pour atteindre un tel objectif, la revue de littérature a permis d’un côté, d’appréhender les principaux concepts théoriques utilisés dans ce travail, et d’autre côté de présenter un cadre de la recherche qui constitue la pierre angulaire sur laquelle est fondée la conception de notre modèle théorique. Issu d’une méthodologie hypothético-déductive et d’un positionnement positiviste, un modèle explicatif de l’utilité des tableaux de bord dans le pilotage de la performance des ETI est élaboré. Ce dernier incorpore une variable à expliquer « utilité des TB dans le pilotage de la performance », dix variables explicatives, et une variable médiatrice « diversité d’utilisation des indicateurs de TB ».Ensuite, ce modèle est testé auprès de 156 ETI implantées en France. Les données recueillies sont examinées en utilisant l’analyse en composantes principales et la méthode de régression linéaire multiple. Les résultats de cette étude quantitative exposent les facteurs de contingence expliquant l’utilité des TB dans le pilotage de la performance. Ainsi, cette thèse permet d’enrichir les travaux théoriques antérieurs relatifs aux défis de mesure de la performance, et pratiquement de procurer aux directeurs financiers et aux contrôleurs de gestion un cadre explicatif des nouvelles pratiques de mesure de la performance des ETI.