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Background: The term ‘recurrent abdominal pain’ or RAP is defined in terms of duration and frequency of pain. The duration is to be defined as: minimum preceding three months, and over this three-month period, minimum3 episodes of pain having severe intensity causing impairment to perform the daily activities by the affected patients. Over many years, more and more organic causes have been identified because of various advances and better knowledge as well as better investigations tools. The commonest cause of RAP in paediatric age group is found to be H. Pylori infection and it is also treatable. Objective: To find out helicobacter pylori infection frequency in paediatric age group with recurrent abdominal pain. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Hospital: Pediatrics, DHQ teaching hospital Sargodha from 10th June 2018 to 9th December 2018. Methodology: One hundred children with recurrent abdominal pain were selected using non probability consecutive sampling. H. Pylori serology was done and results presented. Results: The mean age was 7.28±2.6 years. H. pylori infection was seen in 27%. More patients belonged to middle socio economic status. Conclusion: Recurrent abdominal pain in paediatric age group is caused commonly by H. pylori infection and it is easily treatable if detected in early stages.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the components of the Health Belief Model (HBM) in order to predict medication adherence in patients with HIV. Method: A correlational study was conducted with 150 HIV positive patients including 109 men and 36 women with a mean age of 33. The data was collected in between March 2019 – May2019 from Jinnah Hospital Lahore. Those patients who were in between 18 to 55 years of age and taking antiretroviral therapy from atleast last three months were taken for the study. However those patients who were above age 55, and not taking antiretroviral therapy were not included in the study. They assessed through Urdu translated questionnaire of AIDS health belief scale (HBS), cues to action, and adherence determination questionnaire (ADQ). SPSS version 22 was used for data analysis. Results: The perceived severity and perceived cost significantly positively predicted medication adherence. However, other variables of the HBM model was not helpful to understand the medication adherence in the research participants. Conclusion: Perceived severity and perceived cost predicted the medication adherence in the studied sample. On the other hand these results also indicate that there is a need to introduce awareness campaign which will reflect on the importance of taking regular mediaction by HIV patients. Key Words: Health Belief Model, HIV in Pakistan, Medication Adherence, Perceived Severity, Continuous...

Aim: To determine the deficiency of serum zinc level in children presented with febrile seizures. Study design: Cross-sectional study Place and duration: Rai Medical College Teaching Hospital Sargodha from 1st January 2021 to 30th June 2021. Methodology: Total of 130 patients of ages 5 months to 5 years of both genders were included. Study participants were divided into group A and group B. Group A consist of 65 patients with febrile seizures and group B contained 65 patients having fever without seizures. Blood samples were collected for serum zinc examination and for the comparison between both groups. Results: There were 39(60%) males and 26 (40%) females in group A with mean age 28.25±12.6 months and 36 (55.38%) patients were males and 29(44.62%) were females with mean age 29.42±10.15 months in Group B. Significant difference between both zinc groups were noticed and the mean values were 59.50±12.88 µg/dl and 88.45±14.26 µg/dl respectively. Conclusion: Significant difference was observed and serum zinc level was significantly lower in febrile seizure children Keywords: Febrile seizures, Serum zinc level, Children

To explore the constructs of the Health Belief Model in order to predict medication adherence in patients with human immunodeficiency virus.The correlational study was conducted at Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, from March to May 2019, and comprised patients positive for human immunodeficiency virus aged 18-55 years and taking antiretroviral therapy from at least three months. Data was collected using the Urdu version of the health belief scale (HBS), cues to action, and adherence determination questionnaire (ADQ). Data was analysed using SPSS 22.Of the 150 subjects, 109(72.7%) were males, 36(24%) were females and 5(3.3%) were transgender. The overall mean age was 33.17+/-8.22 years. The perceived susceptibility, severity and barriers to engage in human immunodeficiency virus-preventive behaviour significantly positively predicted medication adherence (p0.05). Perceived benefits were not helpful in understanding medication adherence pattern (p0.05).There was need to introduce awareness campaign regarding the importance of taking regular medication by human immunodeficiency virus patients.

Textile effluent is one of the major sources of land and water pollution due to the presence of dyes in addition to other contaminants. The lands receiving these toxic effluents have become deprived of a number of species of natural flora. Competency of indigenous bacterial strains to degrade the dyestuffs present in textile wastewater was evaluated. Decolourization by the bacterial strains was found to be 36%, 66% and 89% for B. cereus, B. thurningienis and B. licheniformis, respectively. The comparative analysis showed that COD reduced to 80% by B. cereus, 82% by B. thuringiensis and 93% by B. licheniformis whereas BOD reduced to 61% by B. cereus, 65% by B. thuringiensis and 69% by B. licheniformis. TS, TDS, TVS and TSS contents reduced to 34%, 89%, 21%, 9% by B. cereus, 36%, 98%, 30%, 41% by B. thuringiensis and 43%, 99%, 43% and 49% by B. licheniformis. Seed germination and growth of Triticum eastivum was used as an indicator to study the phytotoxic effects of textile mill effluents. Plants grown with treated effluent showed maximum growth of plumule and radical and such properties may be helpful to develop alternatives for the management of dyeing wastewater. Maximum tolerance index and minimum relative toxicity and percentage phytotoxicity was found with bioremidiated textile industrial effluent. This study showed the effectiveness of biological pretreatment involving appropriate microorganisms. Bioremediation, no doubt, is an inexpensive and environment friendly approach for eradication of toxic effects caused by dyes and ultimately the conservation of natural flora.