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Purpose This study aims to find the determinants of internal and external customer satisfaction of Islamic banks of Pakistan through service quality indicators that are assurance, reliance, empathy, tangibility, responsiveness. Compliance has also been added as a determinant of customer satisfaction. In this study, customers are divided into two groups, internal customers are those who are an employee in the Islamic bank and also an account holder. While external customers are account holders only in Islamic banks of Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach In this study, a quantitative research approach is used for analyzing the behavior of internal and external customers of Islamic banks in Pakistan. The instrument which is used to analyze the study’s data, is a structured five-point Likert-scale questionnaire. The structural model was analyzed with the help of the partial least squares structural equation modeling approach. Findings This study concluded that internal customers of Islamic banking are well aware and have full information and their level of satisfaction is positive toward the bank’s services. While external customers feel satisfied while using the Islamic banking services in Pakistan. Service quality indicators are positively and significantly related to customer satisfaction in the external customer model. On the other hand, some of the indicators are not showing a significant impact on the internal customer multi-group analysis shows a difference of coefficients are insignificant between internal and external customers. Practical implications This study helps policymakers, to understand the behavior of internal and external customers of Islamic banking in Pakistan for creating favorable policies for an interest-free banking service. Originality/value This research study provides an analysis of the customer satisfaction of Islamic banks in Pakistan by dividing Islamic bank customers into two groups (internal and external customers). The purpose for dividing Islamic bank customers into two groups is that this study wants to highlight that external customer’s perception is the same as internal customers or not? Before this study, it is difficult to find single research on this topic, whereas only one study is find-out on the factors that affect internet banking adoption among internal and external customers.

One of the most frequent antecedents of mortality in world is coronavirus that proceeds multitude metabolic disorders and is consequence of damaged lungs that is ultimately caused by contagious infection and virus called coronavirus. It effects people of every age mostly dominating in child, aged, people who have already poor immune system and lungs related disorders. It has tremendous effects on body affecting physical, emotional, cognitive and intellectual abilities as well. It leads to various clinical moderate to severe complications including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, coughing up blood, persistent chest pain, fever, SOB (shortness of breath), coughing up sputum, chills, sore throat, respiratory sputum production (phlegm), loss of sense and smell, headache, muscle aches, rashes and diarrhea etc. One of the most imprudent factors examined in these patients is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as well which refers to respiratory failure, a mechanism in which body is unable to respond normally sequentially results by high level of widespread inflammation in lungs. Penurious immune system which contributes to higher rate of mortality worldwide present strong association with COVID-19. Metabolic disturbances contribute to the development and progression of respiratory distress, as well as they have serious consequences in next stages of life that can have harmful effects on health. In this review we will discuss the pathophysiology as well as the signs and symptoms of COVID-19, the morbidities related to this disease and the treatment required controlling this disorder. Keywords: Covid-19, Diet, Health Benefits.

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the weaning knowledge, practices, and influencing factors. Methods: Questionnaires were filled from 315 mothers with children aged 06-24 months, who visited Pediatrics OPD Services Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan in 4 months. The weaning knowledge and practices of the respondents were evaluated by using a pre-tested questionnaire. Chi-square test was used to assess the associations between the variables. It was ranked as good, satisfactory, and poor based on the gross sum total. Results: The overall knowledge of weaning was good in 159 (50.5%) mothers and 133 (42.2%) had satisfactory knowledge. Whereas the practices of 152 (48.3%) mothers out of 315 were good but poor in 46 (14.6%) of the mothers. There is a statistically significant association between the knowledge and practices of weaning with the age of babies (p values= 0.000 and 0.000, respectively) and the total number of children of the respondents (p-values= 0.000 and 0.000, respectively). Residential status of respondents (p-value=0.028) and educational status of mothers (p-values= 0.01) also showed a significant association with the overall knowledge of mothers. Practices and knowledge of mothers (p-values=0.02 and p-value= 0.026 respectively) are statistically significant with the source of information and weaning practices. We also found an association with the type of family of the respondent (p-value=0.034). Conclusion: The findings of this study will be helpful in making strategies of awareness programs so that the effects of pre-or post-weaning can be minimized.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients require social assistance which has a substantial influence on Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL). Physical, emotional and awareness aid are the three key building blocks of societal support system. It is critical to distinguish between these types of societal support because they are so interrelated yet their roles are so diverse and substitutable. For individuals suffering from AIDS/HIV it’s difficult to do day to day chores, engage in simple to severe physical activity. They also usually lack the potency to indulge in any social life actively. In these individuals, lack of energy or fatigue has resulted in psychological and physical morbidity, along with poor QOL.

HIV is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and leads to immunosuppression, thus making an individual easily susceptible to infections.This research was conducted in the HIV Clinic at Services Hospital Lahore to assess the living standards of HIV-positive patients visiting HIV Clinic. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the standard of life in HIV-positive patients visiting the HIV Clinic of Services Hospital Lahore.Methods: It was a case-series study, conducted in the HIV clinic at Services Hospital Lahore. Data was collected from patients suffering from HIV-AIDS with the help of structured questionnaires. SPSS 23 software was used to enter, compile, and analyze the data.Results: Result of this study showed that 50% of patients visiting HIV clinic Services Hospital Lahore are in the age group of 31-45 years. Male and married patients are predominant. The questionnaire had 35 questions which are transformed into 11 dimensions. Cronbach's α co-efficient were calculated for all multi-item scales and four out of eight scale.Cronbach's α for perceived health is 0.72, physical functioning is 0.79, health distress is 0.78, and cognitive function is 0.70. The total mean summary scores were also calculated. The dimensions affecting physical and mental health were added together under the summary score of physical and mental health. The added mean summary score ± SD for mental health is 55.4±11.8 and for physical health is 41.5±11.3.Conclusions: The data indicates that patients with HIV/AIDS have an overall high standard of living. The stigma is that the patients consider themselves a bit exclusive, as AIDS is considered taboo in the Pakistani Muslim community. The research shows that patients with AIDS have excellent mental health, but their physical health is a bit worse depending on the burden of disease (virus). Thus, a conclusion can be made that HIV affects a person's physical health more than their mental health.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic syndrome that is spreading like an epidemic throughout the world without any differentiation of races and ethnic groups and has become the cause of death worldwide. It is characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood and has different types classified on the basis of varying pathophysiology. Type 1 diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes is characterized by insulin insufficiency due to autoimmune dysfunction. Type 2 diabetes or non-insulin-dependent diabetes results from the combination of resistance to insulin action or/and inadequate insulin secretion. Gestational diabetes (GDM) is defined as hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance during pregnancy. Other types include the monogenic type of DM such as neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM), maturity-onset diabetes of young (MODY), and diabetes in metabolic syndrome. Diabetes is diagnosed by criteria given by American Diabetes Association (ADA) for different tests like fasting plasma glucose test and hemoglobin A1c test. It is characterized by polydipsia, polyphagia, hyperglycemia, and glucosuria. Diabetes mellitus is managed through medications but many studies have proven that consumption of particular foods leads to decreased glucose levels in diabetic patients. Seeds like sunflower and flax seeds have a role in the reduction of glucose levels and can be used to treat type 2 diabetes. The bioactive components in these seeds like chlorogenic acid in sunflower seeds and secoisolariciresinol diglucosoid are involved in the treatment of insulin resistance or insulin production. In different studies, different amounts of these seed extracts were consumed by rats and humans and it resulted in better glycemic control, which provides information that these seeds have anti-diabetic properties.

Okra possesses a short shelf-life which limits its marketability, thereby, the present study investigates the individual and combined effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the postharvest storage life of okra. The treated/ untreated okra samples were stored at ambient (i.e., 27 &deg, C) and low (i.e., 7 &deg, C) temperatures for eight and 20 days, respectively. Results revealed that the 1-MCP and/or MAP treatment successfully inhibited fruit softening, reduction in mucilage viscosity, and color degradation (hue angle, ∆E, and BI) in the product resulting in a longer period of shelf-life. However, MAP with or without 1-MCP was more effective to reduce weight loss in okra stored at both ambient and cold storage conditions. Additionally, ascorbic acid and total antioxidants were also retained in 1-MCP with MAP during cold storage. The 1-MCP in combination with MAP effectively suppressed respiration rate and ethylene production for four days and eight days at 27 &deg, C and 7 &deg, C temperature conditions, respectively. According to the results, relatively less chilling injury stress also resulted when 1-MCP combined with MAP. The combined treatment of okra pods with 1-MCP and MAP maintained the visual quality of the product in terms of overall acceptability for four days at 20 &deg, C and 20 days at 7 &deg, C.

The main objective is to check out the exact reason of thyroid issues and stress level started increasing in the women due to an undefined fertility. To study it deeply and make results in BVH Bahawalpur serving infertile couple makes study and gave some results and reasons of infertility and its side effects. They took test of some women, first divided them into 2 different groups, one was group of fertile women and other was those who show infertility, now used serum to examine the Thyroxin, TSH, triiodothyronine and to check stress caused by the infertility in women. After test, results were about 50% with each group, we see change of thyroxin and thyroid stimulating hormone they differ due to different ratio of stress in different women, so we conclude that if we increase the level of thyroxin in those women who show infertility, then they show association with the decreasing serum. Keywords: Thyroid stimulating hormones, manganese, infertility, stress.

When a baby born he/she needs proper care, handling a newborn baby is difficult for mothers mainly for those who belong to rural areas. First seven days of child birth is very difficult to handle any child. Most of the mothers don’t know how to take care of their babies, so in this case harmful side effects may occur. When babies given to mothers by doctors are nurses, mother do not know about what to do and how to take care of their babies, so they make a lot of mistakes which are very harmful for their babies. So study this case in detail we make a survey, we ask questions to mother of those babies who was newly born or under 6 months of age. This assignment/survey done in a BVH Bahawalpur. In this survey we ask different type of questions related to child birth, as at the time of delivery mother was in which situation, after delivery ,they give bath to baby, feeding. After these questions we find results and it was like breast feed, vernix removal and treat, some these types of points was common in answers given by mothers. But o n the other case due to less knowledge mothers was not aware with this that they have to clean their selves and use proper medication for cleaning purposes of beds and wards also. Keywords: Handling newborn, care, nourishment, feed.

Consumer interest in food quality and safety has shifted over time, as consumers increasingly prefer minimally processed items. As a result, numerous non-thermal approaches have been implemented due to their potential to preserve the nutritional profile of products along with lengthening their storability. Microwaving, a green processing technique, volumetrically heats the product because of the interactions developed between charged ions, polar water molecules of foodstuff and the incoming electromagnetic waves. The study was mapped out to investigate the effect of microwave exposure time (60, 90 and 120 s) at fixed power (1000 W) and frequency (2450 MHz) on physicochemical properties, phytochemical constituents, antioxidant potential and microbial counts of lemon cordial stored at refrigerated temperature (4 ± 2 °C). The mentioned parameters were analyzed after an interval of 30–90 days. Statistical findings illustrated a highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) impact of microwave treatment and storage on titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids, total phenolic contents, total flavonoids contents, antioxidant potential and total plate count. Sample microwaved for 120 s showed the highest pH values (2.45 ± 0.050), total soluble solids (56.68 ± 2.612 °B) and antioxidant activity (1212.03 ± 716.5 µg—equivalent of ascorbic acid per 100 mL of cordial); meanwhile, it exhibited the lowest total plate counts (1.75 ± 0.144 Log 10 CFU/mL). Therefore, microwaving can be suggested as a suitable alternate to traditional pasteurization techniques as well as to chemical preservatives.

Traditional extraction techniques have lost their optimum performance because of rising consumer demand and novel technologies. In this regard, several techniques were developed by humans for the extraction of plant materials from various indigenous sources, which are no longer in use. Many of the techniques are not efficient enough to extract maximum plant material. By this time, evolution in extraction has led to development of various techniques including microfiltration, pulsed electric fields, high pressure, microwave assistance, enzyme assistance, supercritical fluid, subcritical fluid and ultrasonication. These innovations in food processing/extraction are known as “Green Food Processing”. These technologies were basically developed by focusing on three universal parameters: simplicity, energy efficiency and economy. These green technologies are practical in a number of different food sectors, mostly for preservation, inhibition of microorganisms, inactivation of enzymes and extraction of plant material. Like the others, ultrasonication could also be used for the said purposes. The primary objective of this review is to confine the potential use of ultrasonication for extraction of oils, pectin and phytochemicals by reviewing the literature systematically.

Different parts of a plant (seeds, fruits, flower, leaves, stem, and roots) contain numerous biologically active compounds called “phytoconstituents” that consist of phenolics, minerals, amino acids, and vitamins. The conventional techniques applied to extract these phytoconstituents have several drawbacks including poor performance, low yields, more solvent use, long processing time, and thermally degrading by-products. In contrast, modern and advanced extraction nonthermal technologies such as pulsed electric field (PEF) assist in easier and efficient identification, characterization, and analysis of bioactive ingredients. Other advantages of PEF include cost-efficacy, less time, and solvent consumption with improved yields. This review covers the applications of PEF to obtain bioactive components, essential oils, proteins, pectin, and other important materials from various parts of the plant. Numerous studies compiled in the current evaluation concluded PEF as the best solution to extract phytoconstituents used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. PEF-assisted extraction leads to a higher yield, utilizes less solvents and energy, and it saves a lot of time compared to traditional extraction methods. PEF extraction design should be safe and efficient enough to prevent the degradation of phytoconstituents and oils.

Aim of present study was to screen medicinal plants for flukicidal activity in vitro to develop alternative sources of treatment for trematodes infection. For this purpose, crude methanolic extracts (CME) of Cymbopogn jwarancusa and Conyza canadensis were prepared and live adult flukes viz; Fasciola gigantica, and Paramphistomum cervi isolated from liver and bile ducts of slaughtered buffalo were subjected to different drug concentrations as well as positive and negative control. Motility inhibition and paralysis leading to the death of parasites was considered as flukicidal activity of plants extracts. The results revealed that CME of C. jwarancusa and C. canadensis showed significant (P0.05) flukicidal activity compared to positive control. Also there was a significant effect of different concentrations (P0.05) and exposure of time on the flukes (P0.05). Furthermore, ED50 for C. jwarancusa and C. canadensis against F. gigantica were 13.1 and 41.4 mg/ml, respectively. In the case of P. cervi, it was 10.8 and 29.0 mg/ml. It can be concluded that both tested plants showed greater flukicidal activity as compared to positive control with Albendazole till the 8(th) hr. These potent plants needs further studies invivo to elucidate their mode of action.

Zanthoxylum armatumDC. (syn.Z. alatumRoxb.) is an important medicinal plant commonly called Timur or Indian prickly ash. The ethnopharmacological study ofZ. armatumrevealed the use of different plant parts for curing various ailments including cholera, chest infection, fever, indigestion, stomach disorders, gas problems, piles, toothache, gum problems, dyspepsia, as carminative, antipyretic, aromatic, tonic, and stomachic. Keeping in view the medicinal potential of the plant, the antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, reducing power, and phosphomolybdate assay using different concentrations (7.81 μg/mL–250 μg/mL). Ascorbic acid was taken as standard. The results indicated that the free radical scavenging activity ranged from 40.12% to 78.39%, and the reductive potential ranged from 0.265 nm to 1.411 nm while the total antioxidant activity ranged from 0.124 nm to 0.183 nm. The antioxidant potential evaluated by three assays increased in a concentration dependent manner and ascorbic acid showed better antioxidant activity than leaf extract. Results obtained through different tests confirmed redox protective activities ofZanthoxylum armatum. Further in vitro and in vivo research should be performed, so this plant can be further utilized in drug development.