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3. PREPRINT OF MANUSCRIPT ACCEPTED AT ELEMENTA: SCIENCE OF THE ANTHROPOCENE "The MOSAiC Distributed Network: observing the coupled Arctic system with multidisciplinary, coordinated platforms"

Author

Rabe, Benjamin, primary, Cox, Christopher J, additional, Fang, Ying-Chih, additional, Goessling, Helge, additional, Granskog, Mats A, additional, Hoppmann, Mario, additional, Hutchings, Jennifer K, additional, Krumpen, Thomas, additional, Kuznetsov, Ivan, additional, Lei, Ruibo, additional, Li, Tao, additional, Maslowski, Wieslaw, additional, Nicolaus, Marcel, additional, Perovich, Don, additional, Persson, Ola, additional, Regnery, Julia, additional, Rigor, Ignatius, additional, Shupe, Matthew D, additional, Sokolov, Vladimir, additional, Spreen, Gunnar, additional, Stanton, Tim, additional, Watkins, Daniel M, additional, Blockley, Ed, additional, Buenger, H Jakob, additional, Cole, Sylvia, additional, Fong, Allison, additional, Haapala, Jari, additional, Heuzé, Céline, additional, Hoppe, Clara J M, additional, Janout, Markus, additional, Jutila, Arttu, additional, Katlein, Christian, additional, Krishfield, Richard, additional, Lin, Long, additional, Ludwig, Valentin, additional, Morgenstern, Anne, additional, O'brien, Jeff, additional, Zurita, Alejandra Quintanilla, additional, Rackow, Thomas, additional, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, additional, Rohde, Jan, additional, Shaw, William, additional, Smolyanitsky, Vasily, additional, Solomon, Amy, additional, Sperling, Anneke, additional, Tao, Ran, additional, Toole, John, additional, Tsamados, Michel, additional, Zhu, Jialiang, additional, and Zuo, Guangyu, additional

Published
2024
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5. AUTONOMOUS BUOY MEASUREMENTS.

Author

Hoppmann, Mario, Nicolaus, Marcel, Rabe, Benjamin, Allerholt, Jacob, Yusuke Kawaguchi, Kuznetsov, Ivan, Raphael, Ian, Scholz, Daniel, Desprez de Gesincourt, Olivier, Voermans, Joey, O'Brien, Jeff, Bin Cheng, Ruibo Lei, Rigor, Ignatius, Labaste, Matthieu, and Sennechael, Nathalie

Abstract

The document provides an overview of the use of autonomous buoys in the Arctic Ocean to gather data on various parameters such as weather conditions, radiation, and oceanographic data. The buoys are equipped with different instruments and devices and are deployed at different times and locations. The data collected by the buoys is transmitted via satellite and made available to the public through data portals. The document also mentions the deployment of GPS drifters and a Float Your Boat outreach activity. The information is presented in a tabular format, providing details such as deployment time, latitude, longitude, and device operation, which can be useful for researchers studying specific topics related to these buoy measurements. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2024

6. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY.

Author

Allerholt, Jacob, Bussmann, Frederik, Gorniak, Rebecca, Hoppmann, Mario, Yusuke Kawaguchi, Koch, Boris, Kuznetsov, Ivan, Quintanilla-Zurita, Alejandra, Rabe, Benjamin, Scholz, Daniel, Torres-Valdés, Sinhué, Geibert, Walter, Klein, Birgit, and Tippenhauer, Sandra

Abstract

The document titled "PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY" provides information on the study of the central Arctic Ocean and its role in the global climate system. It emphasizes the importance of repeat surveys and autonomous instrumentation to understand variability and local processes in the Arctic. The document discusses the measurement of seawater properties using a ship-based system and describes a chemical oceanography program conducted during an Arctic expedition. Samples were collected to study nutrient cycling processes and the carbon cycle in the Arctic marine environment. The document also describes the methods and equipment used to collect samples and data during the expedition, including profiling the ocean and ice, measuring fluxes and velocities near the ice bottom, and deploying moorings and Argo floats. The data collected will be archived and published according to FAIR principles. The expedition is supported by the Helmholtz Research Programme. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2024

8. The MOSAiC Distributed Network: Observing the coupled Arctic system with multidisciplinary, coordinated platforms

Author

Rabe, Benjamin, primary, Cox, Christopher J., additional, Fang, Ying-Chih, additional, Goessling, Helge, additional, Granskog, Mats A., additional, Hoppmann, Mario, additional, Hutchings, Jennifer K., additional, Krumpen, Thomas, additional, Kuznetsov, Ivan, additional, Lei, Ruibo, additional, Li, Tao, additional, Maslowski, Wieslaw, additional, Nicolaus, Marcel, additional, Perovich, Don, additional, Persson, Ola, additional, Regnery, Julia, additional, Rigor, Ignatius, additional, Shupe, Matthew D., additional, Sokolov, Vladimir, additional, Spreen, Gunnar, additional, Stanton, Tim, additional, Watkins, Daniel M., additional, Blockley, Ed, additional, Buenger, H. Jakob, additional, Cole, Sylvia, additional, Fong, Allison, additional, Haapala, Jari, additional, Heuzé, Céline, additional, Hoppe, Clara J. M., additional, Janout, Markus, additional, Jutila, Arttu, additional, Katlein, Christian, additional, Krishfield, Richard, additional, Lin, Long, additional, Ludwig, Valentin, additional, Morgenstern, Anne, additional, O’Brien, Jeff, additional, Zurita, Alejandra Quintanilla, additional, Rackow, Thomas, additional, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, additional, Rohde, Jan, additional, Shaw, William, additional, Smolyanitsky, Vasily, additional, Solomon, Amy, additional, Sperling, Anneke, additional, Tao, Ran, additional, Toole, John, additional, Tsamados, Michel, additional, Zhu, Jialiang, additional, and Zuo, Guangyu, additional

Published
2024
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11. Dynamical reconstruction of the upper-ocean state in the central Arctic during the winter period of the MOSAiC expedition.

Author

Kuznetsov, Ivan, Rabe, Benjamin, Androsov, Alexey, Fang, Ying-Chih, Hoppmann, Mario, Quintanilla-Zurita, Alejandra, Harig, Sven, Tippenhauer, Sandra, Schulz, Kirstin, Mohrholz, Volker, Fer, Ilker, Fofonova, Vera, and Janout, Markus

Subjects
ARCTIC climate, SEA ice drift, KINETIC energy, HEAT flux, OBSERVATORIES
Abstract

This paper presents a methodological tool for dynamic reconstruction of the state of the ocean, based, as an example, on observations from the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) experiment. The data used in this study were collected in the Amundsen Basin between October 2019 and January 2020. Analysing observational data to assess tracer field and upper-ocean dynamics is highly challenging when measurement platforms drift with the ice pack due to continuous drift speed and direction changes. We have equipped the new version of the coastal branch of the global Finite-volumE sea ice–Ocean Model (FESOM-C) with a nudging method. Model nudging was carried out assuming a quasi-steady state. Overall, the model can reproduce the lateral and vertical structure of the temperature, salinity, and density fields, which allows for projecting dynamically consistent features of these fields onto a regular grid. We identify two separate depth ranges of enhanced eddy kinetic energy located around two maxima in buoyancy frequency: the depth of the upper halocline and the depth of the warm (modified) Atlantic Water. Simulations reveal a notable decrease in surface layer salinity and density in the Amundsen Basin towards the north but no significant gradient from east to west. However, we find a mixed-layer deepening from east to west, with a 0.084 m km -1 gradient at 0.6 m km -1 standard deviation, compared to a weak deepening from south to north. The model resolves several stationary eddies in the warm Atlantic Water and provides insights into the associated dynamics. The model output can be used to further analyse the thermohaline structure and related dynamics associated with mesoscale and submesoscale processes in the central Arctic, such as estimates of heat fluxes or mass transport. The developed nudging method can be utilized to incorporate observational data from a diverse set of instruments and for further analysis of data from the MOSAiC expedition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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13. Supplementary material to "A year of transient tracers chlorofluorocarbon 12 and sulfur hexafluoride, noble gases helium and neon, and tritium in the Arctic Ocean from the MOSAiC expedition (2019–2020)"

Author

Heuzé, Céline, primary, Huhn, Oliver, additional, Walter, Maren, additional, Sukhikh, Natalia, additional, Karam, Salar, additional, Körtke, Wiebke, additional, Vredenborg, Myriel, additional, Bulsiewicz, Klaus, additional, Sültenfuß, Jürgen, additional, Fang, Ying-Chih, additional, Mertens, Christian, additional, Rabe, Benjamin, additional, Tippenhauer, Sandra, additional, Allerholt, Jacob, additional, He, Hailun, additional, Kuhlmey, David, additional, Kuznetsov, Ivan, additional, and Mallet, Maria, additional

Published
2023
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14. Rotating exchange flows through straits with multiple channels

Author

Rabe, Benjamin

Subjects
551.4620113
Abstract

Ocean basins are connected by straits and passages geometrically limiting important heat and salt exchanges which in turn influence the global thermohaline circulation and climate. Such exchange can be modelled in an idealised way by taking into consideration the density-driven two-layer flow along the strait and the influence of rotation, in particular when the first mode baroclinic Rossby radius is of the same order or smaller than strait width. Some straits have complex bottom topography, such as the Strait of Sicily or the Straits of Hormuz. It is is the objective of this study to understand when and why this has to be taken into consideration. We use a laboratory model of a lock exchange between two reservoirs of different density through a flat-bottom channel with a horizontal narrows, set up on two different platforms: a Im diameter turntable, where density interface position was measured by dye attenuation, and the 14m diameter turntable at Coriolis/LEGI (Grenoble, France). On the latter, this type of experiment was carried out for the first time, measuring velocity using Correlation Imaging Velocimetry, a particle imaging technique. In all experiments, the influence of rotation is studied by varying a parameter, R₀, the ratio of the Rossby radius to the channel width at the narrows. In addition, the simple channel is modified by adding a central island to represent straits with non-uniform topography at the narrows Results show that the quasi-steady exchange flux for simple channels varies in a way similar to a theoretical prediction by Whitehead et al. (1974). When an island is introduced, the dimensional flux is larger than without an island for R₀ ~ 1. However, the total exchange is less than the sum of exchanges that would be expected from each individual channel. Furthermore, for R₀ > 1 the non-dimensional cross-channel slope at the narrows is shallower than predicted by Dalziel (1988)'s semi-geostrophic theory for simple channels. However, scaling R₀ using a reduced channel width in the island cases leads to a variation of these quantities with R₀ in accordance with theory. For R₀ > 1 two-layer flow persisted across the channel at the narrows with or without an island, but distinctly flows occurred for lower R₀. One quasi-steady state with R₀ ~ 0.7 showed a 'spilt' regime with upper and lower layer currents passing on different sides of the island (left, looking downstream, respectively). A recirculation near the island tips was noticeable, particularly for R₀ << 1, where distinct jets circulated around the tips, opposing the flow of same density on the other side of the island. A similar phenomenon has been found in some oceanic strait flows. Flow at very low R₀ did not appear to reach a steady state but instead showed an oscillating current around the narrows associated with several, often barotropic, vortices. Instantaneous flow fields in those cases, however, still showed an exchange between the reservoirs, with one island case showing a flow split by the island and almost barotropic on either side. There, fluxes were twice as high as predicted by two-layer theory. Our study showed that the combination of rotation and an island introduce significant 3-dimensional aspects to the flow, not present in non-rotating exchange flows.

Published
2004

15. A year of transient tracers (chlorofluorocarbon 12 and sulfur hexafluoride), noble gases (helium and neon), and tritium in the Arctic Ocean from the MOSAiC expedition (2019–2020).

Author

Heuzé, Céline, Huhn, Oliver, Walter, Maren, Sukhikh, Natalia, Karam, Salar, Körtke, Wiebke, Vredenborg, Myriel, Bulsiewicz, Klaus, Sültenfuß, Jürgen, Fang, Ying-Chih, Mertens, Christian, Rabe, Benjamin, Tippenhauer, Sandra, Allerholt, Jacob, He, Hailun, Kuhlmey, David, Kuznetsov, Ivan, and Mallet, Maria

Subjects
TRITIUM, NOBLE gases, SULFUR hexafluoride, PANGAEA (Supercontinent), TRACE gases, HELIUM, NEON
Abstract

Trace gases have demonstrated their strength for oceanographic studies, with applications ranging from the tracking of glacial meltwater plumes to estimates of the abyssal overturning duration. Yet measurements of such passive tracers in the ice-covered Arctic Ocean are sparse. We here present a unique data set of trace gases collected during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition, during which R/V Polarstern drifted along with the Arctic sea ice from the Laptev Sea to Fram Strait, from October 2019 to September 2020. During the expedition, trace gases from anthropogenic origin (chlorofluorocarbon 12 (CFC-12), sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), and tritium) along with noble gases (helium and neon) and their isotopes were collected at a weekly or higher temporal resolution throughout the entire water column (and occasionally in the snow) from the ship and from the ice. We describe the sampling procedures along with their challenges, the analysis methods, and the data sets, and we present case studies in the central Arctic Ocean and Fram Strait to illustrate possible usage for the data along with their robustness. Combined with simultaneous hydrographic measurements, these trace gas data sets can be used for process studies and water mass tracing throughout the Arctic in subsequent analyses. The two data sets can be downloaded via PANGAEA: 10.1594/PANGAEA.961729 (Huhn et al., 2023a) and 10.1594/PANGAEA.961738 (Huhn et al., 2023b). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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16. Dynamical reconstruction of the upper-ocean state in the Central Arctic during the winter period of the MOSAiC Expedition

Author

Kuznetsov, Ivan, Rabe, Benjamin, Androsov, Alexey, Fang, Ying-Chih, Hoppmann, Mario, Quintanilla-Zurita, Alejandra, Harig, Sven, Tippenhauer, Sandra, Schulz, Kirstin, Mohrholz, Volker, Fer, Ilker, Fofonova, Vera, and Janout, Markus

Abstract

The Arctic Ocean is a region important for global and regional climate. Although generally quiescent compared to mid-latitudes, the upper Arctic ocean hosts mesoscale and smaller scale processes. These processes can have a profound impact on vertical ocean fluxes, stratification, and feedback with the sea ice and atmosphere. Sparse and non-synoptic in-situ observations of the polar oceans are limited by the distribution of manual observing platforms and autonomous instrumentation. Analyzing observational data to assess tracer field gradients and upper ocean dynamics becomes highly challenging when measurement platforms drift with the ice pack due to continuous changes in drift speed direction. This work presents a dynamical reconstruction of the ocean state, based on observations of the Multidisciplinary Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) experiment. Overall, the model can reproduce the lateral and vertical structure of the temperature, salinity, and density fields, which allows for projecting dynamically consistent features of these fields onto a regular grid. We identify two separate depth ranges of enhanced eddy kinetic energy, which are located around two maxima in buoyancy frequency: the depth of the upper halocline and the depth of the warm (modified) Atlantic Water. Simulations reveal a notable decrease in surface layer salinity and density towards the north, accompanied by high variability in the mixed layer depth in the south-north direction. And no significant horizontal gradients in salinity and density fields but an increase in mixed layer depth from west to east 0.084 m/km gradient with 0.6 m/km standard deviation, indicating opposite characteristics compared to the south-north direction. The model resolves several stationary eddies in the warm Atlantic Water and provides insights into the associated dynamics. The obtained three-dimensional fields of temperature and salinity can be used for further analysis of the thermohaline structure and related dynamics associated with submesoscale processes in the Central Arctic. Dynamic characteristics and eddy fields can be used for further analysis and comparison with state-of-the-art climate and Earth System Models. The developed nudging method can be used to utilize future observational data obtained from a diverse set of instruments.

Published
2023

17. Polar Fresh Water in a Changing Global Climate: Linking Arctic and Southern Ocean Processes

Author

Rabe, Benjamin, primary, Martin, Torge, additional, Solomon, Amy, additional, Assmann, Karen M., additional, Biddle, Louise C., additional, Haine, Thomas, additional, Hattermann, Tore, additional, Alexander Haumann, F., additional, Jahn, Alexandra, additional, Karpouzoglou, Theodoros, additional, Laukert, Georgi, additional, Naveira Garabato, Alberto, additional, Rosenblum, Erica, additional, Sikes, Elisabeth, additional, Yin, Liping, additional, and Zhang, Xiangdong, additional

Published
2023
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18. Polar Fresh Water in a Changing Global Climate: Linking Arctic and Southern Ocean Processes

Author

Rabe, Benjamin, Martin, Torge, Solomon, Amy, Assmann, Karen M., Biddle, Louise C., Haine, Thomas, Hattermann, Tore, Alexander Haumann, F., Jahn, Alexandra, Karpouzoglou, Theodoros, Laukert, Georgi, Naveira Garabato, Alberto, Rosenblum, Erica, Sikes, Elisabeth, Yin, Liping, Zhang, Xiangdong, Rabe, Benjamin, Martin, Torge, Solomon, Amy, Assmann, Karen M., Biddle, Louise C., Haine, Thomas, Hattermann, Tore, Alexander Haumann, F., Jahn, Alexandra, Karpouzoglou, Theodoros, Laukert, Georgi, Naveira Garabato, Alberto, Rosenblum, Erica, Sikes, Elisabeth, Yin, Liping, and Zhang, Xiangdong

Published
2023
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20. An assessment of the Arctic Ocean in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations. Part II: Liquid freshwater

Author

Wang, Qiang, Ilicak, Mehmet, Gerdes, Rüdiger, Drange, Helge, Aksenov, Yevgeny, Bailey, David A, Bentsen, Mats, Biastoch, Arne, Bozec, Alexandra, Böning, Claus, Cassou, Christophe, Chassignet, Eric, Coward, Andrew C., Curry, Beth, Danabasoglu, Gokhan, Danilov, Sergey, Fernandez, Elodie, Fogli, Pier Giuseppe, Fujii, Yosuke, Griffies, Stephen M., Iovino, Doroteaciro, Jahn, Alexandra, Jung, Thomas, Large, William G., Lee, Craig, Lique, Camille, Lu, Jianhua, Masina, Simona, Nurser, A.J. George, Rabe, Benjamin, Roth, Christina, Salas y Mélia, David, Samuels, Bonita L., Spence, Paul, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Valcke, Sophie, Voldoire, Aurore, Wang, Xuezhu, and Yeager, Steve G.

Published
2016
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21. An assessment of the Arctic Ocean in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations. Part I: Sea ice and solid freshwater

Author

Wang, Qiang, Ilicak, Mehmet, Gerdes, Rüdiger, Drange, Helge, Aksenov, Yevgeny, Bailey, David A., Bentsen, Mats, Biastoch, Arne, Bozec, Alexandra, Böning, Claus, Cassou, Christophe, Chassignet, Eric, Coward, Andrew C., Curry, Beth, Danabasoglu, Gokhan, Danilov, Sergey, Fernandez, Elodie, Fogli, Pier Giuseppe, Fujii, Yosuke, Griffies, Stephen M., Iovino, Doroteaciro, Jahn, Alexandra, Jung, Thomas, Large, William G., Lee, Craig, Lique, Camille, Lu, Jianhua, Masina, Simona, Nurser, A.J. George, Rabe, Benjamin, Roth, Christina, Salas y Mélia, David, Samuels, Bonita L., Spence, Paul, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Valcke, Sophie, Voldoire, Aurore, Wang, Xuezhu, and Yeager, Steve G.

Published
2016
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24. Stable oxygen isotopes from the MOSAIC expedition show vertical and horizontal variability of sea-ice and river water signals in the upper Arctic Ocean during winter 

Author

Bauch, Dorothea, primary, Andersen, Nils, additional, Damm, Ellen, additional, D'Angelo, Alessandra, additional, Fang, Ying-chih, additional, Kuznetsov, Ivan, additional, Laukert, Georgi, additional, Mellat, Moein, additional, Meyer, Hanno, additional, Rabe, Benjamin, additional, Schaffer, Janin, additional, Schulz, Kirstin, additional, Tippenhauer, Sandra, additional, and Vredenborg, Myriel, additional

Published
2023
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32. Spatial Complexity in Dissolved Organic Matter and Trace Elements Driven by Hydrography and Freshwater Input Across the Arctic Ocean During 2015 Arctic GEOTRACES Expeditions

Author

Williford, Tatiana, primary, Amon, Rainer M. W., additional, Kaiser, Karl, additional, Benner, Ronald, additional, Stedmon, Colin, additional, Bauch, Dorothea, additional, Fitzsimmons, Jessica N., additional, Gerringa, Loes J. A., additional, Newton, Robert, additional, Hansell, Dennis A., additional, Granskog, Mats A., additional, Jensen, Laramie, additional, Laglera, Luis M., additional, Pasqualini, Angelica, additional, Rabe, Benjamin, additional, Reader, Heather, additional, Rutgers van der Loeff, Michiel, additional, and Yan, Ge, additional

Published
2022
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34. Turbulent Mixing During Late Summer in the Ice–Ocean Boundary Layer in the Central Arctic Ocean: Results From the MOSAiC Expedition

Author

Kawaguchi, Yusuke, primary, Koenig, Zoé, additional, Nomura, Daiki, additional, Hoppmann, Mario, additional, Inoue, Jun, additional, Fang, Ying‐Chih, additional, Schulz, Kirstin, additional, Gallagher, Michael, additional, Katlein, Christian, additional, Nicolaus, Marcel, additional, and Rabe, Benjamin, additional

Published
2022
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35. A New Structure for the Sea Ice Essential Climate Variables of the Global Climate Observing System

Author

Lavergne, Thomas, primary, Kern, Stefan, additional, Aaboe, Signe, additional, Derby, Lauren, additional, Dybkjaer, Gorm, additional, Garric, Gilles, additional, Heil, Petra, additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Holfort, Jürgen, additional, Howell, Stephen, additional, Key, Jeffrey, additional, Lieser, Jan L, additional, Maksym, Ted, additional, Maslowski, Wieslaw, additional, Meier, Walt, additional, Muñoz-Sabater, Joaquín, additional, Nicolas, Julien, additional, Özsoy, Burcu, additional, Rabe, Benjamin, additional, Rack, Wolfgang, additional, Raphael, Marilyn, additional, de Rosnay, Patricia, additional, Smolyanitsky, Vasily, additional, Tietsche, Steffen, additional, Ukita, Jinro, additional, Vichi, Marcello, additional, Wagner, Penelope, additional, Willmes, Sascha, additional, and Zhao, Xi, additional

Published
2022
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36. Export of Algal Biomass from the Melting Arctic Sea Ice

Author

Boetius, Antje, Albrecht, Sebastian, Bakker, Karel, Bienhold, Christina, Felden, Janine, Fernández-Méndez, Mar, Hendricks, Stefan, Katlein, Christian, Lalande, Catherine, Krumpen, Thomas, Nicolaus, Marcel, Peeken, Ilka, Rabe, Benjamin, Rogacheva, Antonina, Rybakova, Elena, Somavilla, Raquel, and Wenzhöfer, Frank

Published
2013
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37. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition - Atmosphere

Author

Shupe, Matthew D., Rex, Markus, Blomquist, Byron, Persson, P. Ola G., Schmale, Julia, Uttal, Taneil, Althausen, Dietrich, Angot, Hélène, Archer, Stephen, Bariteau, Ludovic, Beck, Ivo, Bilberry, John, Bucci, Silvia, Buck, Clifton, Boyer, Matt, Brasseur, Zoé, Brooks, Ian M., Calmer, Radiance, Cassano, John, Castro, Vagner, Chu, David, Costa, David, Cox, Christopher J., Creamean, Jessie, Crewell, Susanne, Dahlke, Sandro, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Deckelmann, Holger, Dethloff, Klaus, Dütsch, Marina, Ebell, Kerstin, Ehrlich, André, Ellis, Jody, Engelmann, Ronny, Fong, Allison A., Frey, Markus M., Gallagher, Michael R., Ganzeveld, Laurens, Gradinger, Rolf, Graeser, Jürgen, Greenamyer, Vernon, Griesche, Hannes, Griffiths, Steele, Hamilton, Jonathan, Heinemann, Günther, Helmig, Detlev, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hofer, Julian, Houchens, Todd, Howard, Dean, Inoue, Jun, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaiser, Ralf, Jokinen, Tuija, Jourdan, Olivier, Jozef, Gina, King, Wessley, Kirchgaessner, Amelie, Klingebiel, Marcus, Krassovski, Misha, Krumpen, Thomas, Lampert, Astrid, Landing, William, Laurila, Tiia, Lawrence, Dale, Lonardi, Michael, Loose, Brice, Lüpkes, Christof, Maahn, Maximilian, Macke, Andreas, Maslowski, Wieslaw, Marsay, Christopher, Maturilli, Marion, Mech, Mario, Morris, Sara, Moser, Manuel, Nicolaus, Marcel, Ortega, Paul, Osborn, Jackson, Pätzold, Falk, Perovich, Donald K., Petäjä, Tuukka, Pilz, Christian, Pirazzini, Roberta, Posman, Kevin, Powers, Heath, Pratt, Kerri A., Preußer, Andreas, Quéléver, Lauriane, Radenz, Martin, Rabe, Benjamin, Rinke, Annette, Sachs, Torsten, Schulz, Alexander, Siebert, Holger, Silva, Tercio, Solomon, Amy, Sommerfeld, Anja, Spreen, Gunnar, Stephens, Mark, Stohl, Andreas, Svensson, Gunilla, Uin, Janek, Viegas, Juarez, Voigt, Christiane, von der Gathen, Peter, Wehner, Birgit, Welker, Jeffrey M., Wendisch, Manfred, Werner, Martin, Xie, ZhouQing, Yue, Fange, Shupe, Matthew D., Rex, Markus, Blomquist, Byron, Persson, P. Ola G., Schmale, Julia, Uttal, Taneil, Althausen, Dietrich, Angot, Hélène, Archer, Stephen, Bariteau, Ludovic, Beck, Ivo, Bilberry, John, Bucci, Silvia, Buck, Clifton, Boyer, Matt, Brasseur, Zoé, Brooks, Ian M., Calmer, Radiance, Cassano, John, Castro, Vagner, Chu, David, Costa, David, Cox, Christopher J., Creamean, Jessie, Crewell, Susanne, Dahlke, Sandro, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Deckelmann, Holger, Dethloff, Klaus, Dütsch, Marina, Ebell, Kerstin, Ehrlich, André, Ellis, Jody, Engelmann, Ronny, Fong, Allison A., Frey, Markus M., Gallagher, Michael R., Ganzeveld, Laurens, Gradinger, Rolf, Graeser, Jürgen, Greenamyer, Vernon, Griesche, Hannes, Griffiths, Steele, Hamilton, Jonathan, Heinemann, Günther, Helmig, Detlev, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hofer, Julian, Houchens, Todd, Howard, Dean, Inoue, Jun, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaiser, Ralf, Jokinen, Tuija, Jourdan, Olivier, Jozef, Gina, King, Wessley, Kirchgaessner, Amelie, Klingebiel, Marcus, Krassovski, Misha, Krumpen, Thomas, Lampert, Astrid, Landing, William, Laurila, Tiia, Lawrence, Dale, Lonardi, Michael, Loose, Brice, Lüpkes, Christof, Maahn, Maximilian, Macke, Andreas, Maslowski, Wieslaw, Marsay, Christopher, Maturilli, Marion, Mech, Mario, Morris, Sara, Moser, Manuel, Nicolaus, Marcel, Ortega, Paul, Osborn, Jackson, Pätzold, Falk, Perovich, Donald K., Petäjä, Tuukka, Pilz, Christian, Pirazzini, Roberta, Posman, Kevin, Powers, Heath, Pratt, Kerri A., Preußer, Andreas, Quéléver, Lauriane, Radenz, Martin, Rabe, Benjamin, Rinke, Annette, Sachs, Torsten, Schulz, Alexander, Siebert, Holger, Silva, Tercio, Solomon, Amy, Sommerfeld, Anja, Spreen, Gunnar, Stephens, Mark, Stohl, Andreas, Svensson, Gunilla, Uin, Janek, Viegas, Juarez, Voigt, Christiane, von der Gathen, Peter, Wehner, Birgit, Welker, Jeffrey M., Wendisch, Manfred, Werner, Martin, Xie, ZhouQing, and Yue, Fange

Abstract

With the Arctic rapidly changing, the needs to observe, understand, and model the changes are essential. To support these needs, an annual cycle of observations of atmospheric properties, processes, and interactions were made while drifting with the sea ice across the central Arctic during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition from October 2019 to September 2020. An international team designed and implemented the comprehensive program to document and characterize all aspects of the Arctic atmospheric system in unprecedented detail, using a variety of approaches, and across multiple scales. These measurements were coordinated with other observational teams to explore cross-cutting and coupled interactions with the Arctic Ocean, sea ice, and ecosystem through a variety of physical and biogeochemical processes. This overview outlines the breadth and complexity of the atmospheric research program, which was organized into 4 subgroups: atmospheric state, clouds and precipitation, gases and aerosols, and energy budgets. Atmospheric variability over the annual cycle revealed important influences from a persistent large-scale winter circulation pattern, leading to some storms with pressure and winds that were outside the interquartile range of past conditions suggested by long-term reanalysis. Similarly, the MOSAiC location was warmer and wetter in summer than the reanalysis climatology, in part due to its close proximity to the sea ice edge. The comprehensiveness of the observational program for characterizing and analyzing atmospheric phenomena is demonstrated via a winter case study examining air mass transitions and a summer case study examining vertical atmospheric evolution. Overall, the MOSAiC atmospheric program successfully met its objectives and was the most comprehensive atmospheric measurement program to date conducted over the Arctic sea ice. The obtained data will support a broad range of coupled-system

Published
2022

38. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice

Author

Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niels, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik, Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randall K., Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison M., Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, Tavri, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, Wendisch, Manfred, Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niels, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik, Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randall K., Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison M., Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, Tavri, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, and Wendisch, Manfred

Abstract

Year-round observations of the physical snow and ice properties and processes that govern the ice pack evolution and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were conducted during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition of the research vessel Polarstern in the Arctic Ocean from October 2019 to September 2020. This work was embedded into the interdisciplinary design of the 5 MOSAiC teams, studying the atmosphere, the sea ice, the ocean, the ecosystem, and biogeochemical processes. The overall aim of the snow and sea ice observations during MOSAiC was to characterize the physical properties of the snow and ice cover comprehensively in the central Arctic over an entire annual cycle. This objective was achieved by detailed observations of physical properties and of energy and mass balance of snow and ice. By studying snow and sea ice dynamics over nested spatial scales from centimeters to tens of kilometers, the variability across scales can be considered. On-ice observations of in situ and remote sensing properties of the different surface types over all seasons will help to improve numerical process and climate models and to establish and validate novel satellite remote sensing methods; the linkages to accompanying airborne measurements, satellite observations, and results of numerical models are discussed. We found large spatial variabilities of snow metamorphism and thermal regimes impacting sea ice growth. We conclude that the highly variable snow cover needs to be considered in more detail (in observations, remote sensing, and models) to better understand snow-related feedback processes. The ice pack revealed rapid transformations and motions along the drift in all seasons. The number of coupled ice–ocean interface processes observed in detail are expected to guide upcoming research with respect to the changing Arctic sea ice.

Published
2022

39. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Physical oceanography

Author

Rabe, Benjamin, Heuzé, Céline, Regnery, Julia, Aksenov, Yevgeny, Allerholt, Jacob, Athanase, Marylou, Bai, Youcheng, Basque, Chris, Bauch, Dorothea, Baumann, Till M., Chen, Dake, Cole, Sylvia T., Craw, Lisa, Davies, Andrew, Damm, Ellen, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Doglioni, Francesca, Ebert, Falk, Fang, Ying-Chih, Fer, Ilker, Fong, Allison A., Gradinger, Rolf, Granskog, Mats A., Graupner, Rainer, Haas, Christian, He, Hailun, He, Yan, Hoppmann, Mario, Janout, Markus, Kadko, David, Kanzow, Torsten, Karam, Salar, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, Koenig, Zoe, Kong, Bin, Krishfield, Richard A., Krumpen, Thomas, Kuhlmey, David, Kuznetsov, Ivan, Lan, Musheng, Laukert, Georgi, Lei, Ruibo, Li, Tao, Torres-Valdés, Sinhué, Lin, Lina, Lin, Long, Liu, Hailong, Liu, Na, Loose, Brice, Ma, Xiaobing, McKay, Rosalie, Mallet, Maria, Mallett, Robbie D. C., Maslowski, Wieslaw, Mertens, Christian, Mohrholz, Volker, Muilwijk, Morven, Nicolaus, Marcel, O’Brien, Jeffrey K., Perovich, Donald, Ren, Jian, Rex, Markus, Ribeiro, Natalia, Rinke, Annette, Schaffer, Janin, Schuffenhauer, Ingo, Schulz, Kirstin, Shupe, Matthew D., Shaw, William, Sokolov, Vladimir, Sommerfeld, Anja, Spreen, Gunnar, Stanton, Timothy, Stephens, Mark, Su, Jie, Sukhikh, Natalia, Sundfjord, Arild, Thomisch, Karolin, Tippenhauer, Sandra, Toole, John M., Vredenborg, Myriel, Walter, Maren, Wang, Hangzhou, Wang, Lei, Wang, Yuntao, Wendisch, Manfred, Zhao, Jinping, Zhou, Meng, Zhu, Jialiang, Rabe, Benjamin, Heuzé, Céline, Regnery, Julia, Aksenov, Yevgeny, Allerholt, Jacob, Athanase, Marylou, Bai, Youcheng, Basque, Chris, Bauch, Dorothea, Baumann, Till M., Chen, Dake, Cole, Sylvia T., Craw, Lisa, Davies, Andrew, Damm, Ellen, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Doglioni, Francesca, Ebert, Falk, Fang, Ying-Chih, Fer, Ilker, Fong, Allison A., Gradinger, Rolf, Granskog, Mats A., Graupner, Rainer, Haas, Christian, He, Hailun, He, Yan, Hoppmann, Mario, Janout, Markus, Kadko, David, Kanzow, Torsten, Karam, Salar, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, Koenig, Zoe, Kong, Bin, Krishfield, Richard A., Krumpen, Thomas, Kuhlmey, David, Kuznetsov, Ivan, Lan, Musheng, Laukert, Georgi, Lei, Ruibo, Li, Tao, Torres-Valdés, Sinhué, Lin, Lina, Lin, Long, Liu, Hailong, Liu, Na, Loose, Brice, Ma, Xiaobing, McKay, Rosalie, Mallet, Maria, Mallett, Robbie D. C., Maslowski, Wieslaw, Mertens, Christian, Mohrholz, Volker, Muilwijk, Morven, Nicolaus, Marcel, O’Brien, Jeffrey K., Perovich, Donald, Ren, Jian, Rex, Markus, Ribeiro, Natalia, Rinke, Annette, Schaffer, Janin, Schuffenhauer, Ingo, Schulz, Kirstin, Shupe, Matthew D., Shaw, William, Sokolov, Vladimir, Sommerfeld, Anja, Spreen, Gunnar, Stanton, Timothy, Stephens, Mark, Su, Jie, Sukhikh, Natalia, Sundfjord, Arild, Thomisch, Karolin, Tippenhauer, Sandra, Toole, John M., Vredenborg, Myriel, Walter, Maren, Wang, Hangzhou, Wang, Lei, Wang, Yuntao, Wendisch, Manfred, Zhao, Jinping, Zhou, Meng, and Zhu, Jialiang

Abstract

Arctic Ocean properties and processes are highly relevant to the regional and global coupled climate system, yet still scarcely observed, especially in winter. Team OCEAN conducted a full year of physical oceanography observations as part of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), a drift with the Arctic sea ice from October 2019 to September 2020. An international team designed and implemented the program to characterize the Arctic Ocean system in unprecedented detail, from the seafloor to the air-sea ice-ocean interface, from sub-mesoscales to pan-Arctic. The oceanographic measurements were coordinated with the other teams to explore the ocean physics and linkages to the climate and ecosystem. This paper introduces the major components of the physical oceanography program and complements the other team overviews of the MOSAiC observational program. Team OCEAN’s sampling strategy was designed around hydrographic ship-, ice- and autonomous platform-based measurements to improve the understanding of regional circulation and mixing processes. Measurements were carried out both routinely, with a regular schedule, and in response to storms or opening leads. Here we present alongdrift time series of hydrographic properties, allowing insights into the seasonal and regional evolution of the water column from winter in the Laptev Sea to early summer in Fram Strait: freshening of the surface, deepening of the mixed layer, increase in temperature and salinity of the Atlantic Water. We also highlight the presence of Canada Basin deep water intrusions and a surface meltwater layer in leads. MOSAiC most likely was the most comprehensive program ever conducted over the ice-covered Arctic Ocean. While data analysis and interpretation are ongoing, the acquired datasets will support a wide range of physical oceanography and multi-disciplinary research. They will provide a significant foundation for assessing and advancing modeling cap

Published
2022

42. Seasonality and timing of sea ice mass balance and heat fluxes in the Arctic transpolar drift during 2019–2020

Author

Lei, Ruibo, Cheng, Bin, Hoppmann, Mario, Zhang, Fanyi, Zuo, Guangyu, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Lin, Long, Lan, Musheng, Wang, Hangzhou, Regnery, Julia, Krumpen, Thomas, Haapala, Jari, Rabe, Benjamin, Perovich, Donald K., Nicolaus, Marcel, Lei, Ruibo, Cheng, Bin, Hoppmann, Mario, Zhang, Fanyi, Zuo, Guangyu, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Lin, Long, Lan, Musheng, Wang, Hangzhou, Regnery, Julia, Krumpen, Thomas, Haapala, Jari, Rabe, Benjamin, Perovich, Donald K., and Nicolaus, Marcel

Published
2022

44. A New Structure for the Sea Ice Essential Climate Variables of the Global Climate Observing System

Author

Lavergne, Thomas, Kern, Stefan, Aaboe, Signe, Derby, Lauren, Dybkjaer, Gorm, Garric, Gilles, Heil, Petra, Hendricks, Stefan, Holfort, Jürgen, Howell, Stephen, Key, Jeffrey, Lieser, Jan L, Maksym, Ted, Maslowski, Wieslaw, Meier, Walt, Munoz-Sabater, Joaquin, Nicolas, Julien, Özsoy, Burcu, Rabe, Benjamin, Rack, Wolfgang, Raphael, Marilyn, de Rosnay, Patricia, Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Tietsche, Steffen, Ukita, Jinro, Vichi, Marcello, Wagner, Penelope, Willmes, Sascha, Zhao, Xi, Lavergne, Thomas, Kern, Stefan, Aaboe, Signe, Derby, Lauren, Dybkjaer, Gorm, Garric, Gilles, Heil, Petra, Hendricks, Stefan, Holfort, Jürgen, Howell, Stephen, Key, Jeffrey, Lieser, Jan L, Maksym, Ted, Maslowski, Wieslaw, Meier, Walt, Munoz-Sabater, Joaquin, Nicolas, Julien, Özsoy, Burcu, Rabe, Benjamin, Rack, Wolfgang, Raphael, Marilyn, de Rosnay, Patricia, Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Tietsche, Steffen, Ukita, Jinro, Vichi, Marcello, Wagner, Penelope, Willmes, Sascha, and Zhao, Xi

Published
2022

45. Spatial complexity in dissolved organic matter and trace elements driven by hydrography and freshwater input across the Arctic Ocean during 2015 Arctic GEOTRACES expeditions

Author

Williford, Tatiana, Amon, Rainer M.W., Kaiser, Karl, Benner, Ronald, Stedmon, Colin, Bauch, Dorothea, Fitzsimmons, Jessica N., Gerringa, Loes J.A., Newton, Robert, Hansell, Dennis A., Granskog, Mats A., Jensen, Laramie, Laglera, Luis M., Pasqualini, Angelica, Rabe, Benjamin, Reader, Heather, van der Rutgers Loeff, Michiel, Yan, Ge, Williford, Tatiana, Amon, Rainer M.W., Kaiser, Karl, Benner, Ronald, Stedmon, Colin, Bauch, Dorothea, Fitzsimmons, Jessica N., Gerringa, Loes J.A., Newton, Robert, Hansell, Dennis A., Granskog, Mats A., Jensen, Laramie, Laglera, Luis M., Pasqualini, Angelica, Rabe, Benjamin, Reader, Heather, van der Rutgers Loeff, Michiel, and Yan, Ge

Abstract

This study traces dissolved organic matter (DOM) in different water masses of the Arctic Ocean and its effect on the distributions of trace elements (TEs; Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, Cd) using fluorescent properties of DOM and the terrigenous biomarker lignin. The Nansen, Amundsen, and Makarov Basins were characterized by the influence of Atlantic water and the fluvial discharge of the Siberian rivers with high concentrations of terrigenous DOM (tDOM). The Canada Basin and the Chukchi Sea were characterized by Pacific water, modified through contact with productive shelf sediments with elevated levels of marine DOM. Within the surface layer of the Beaufort Gyre, meteoric water (river water and precipitation) was characterized by low concentrations of lignin and terrigenous DOM fluorescence proxies as DOM is removed during freezing. High-resolution in situ fluorescence profiles revealed that DOM distribution closely followed isopycnals, indicating the strong influence of sea-ice formation and melt, which was also reflected in strong correlations between DOM fluorescence and brine contributions. The relationship of DOM and hydrography to TEs showed that terrigenous and marine DOM were likely carriers of dissolved Fe, Ni, Cu from the Eurasian shelves into the central Arctic Ocean. Chukchi shelf sediments were important sources of dCd, dZn, and dNi, as well as marine ligands that bind and carry these TEs offshore within the upper halocline (UHC) in the Canada Basin. Our data suggest that tDOM components represent stronger ligands relative to marine DOM components, potentially facilitating the long-range transport of TE to the North Atlantic. Key Points Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) distribution in the Arctic Ocean is largely controlled by sea ice formation and melt processes DOM distribution in the Arctic Ocean reveals its potential as a tracer for halocline formation and freshwater source assignments Terrigenous and marine DOM are carriers of trace elements from shelves to th

Published
2022
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46. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition-Atmosphere INTRODUCTION

Author

Shupe, Matthew D., Rex, Markus, Blomquist, Byron, Persson, P. Ola G., Schmale, Julia, Uttal, Taneil, Althausen, Dietrich, Angot, Helene, Archer, Stephen, Bariteau, Ludovic, Beck, Ivo, Bilberry, John, Bucci, Silvia, Buck, Clifton, Boyer, Matt, Brasseur, Zoe, Brooks, Ian M., Calmer, Radiance, Cassano, John, Castro, Vagner, Chu, David, Costa, David, Cox, Christopher J., Creamean, Jessie, Crewell, Susanne, Dahlke, Sandro, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Deckelmann, Holger, Dethloff, Klaus, Duetsch, Marina, Ebell, Kerstin, Ehrlich, Andre, Ellis, Jody, Engelmann, Ronny, Fong, Allison A., Frey, Markus M., Gallagher, Michael R., Ganzeveld, Laurens, Gradinger, Rolf, Graeser, Juergen, Greenamyer, Vernon, Griesche, Hannes, Griffiths, Steele, Hamilton, Jonathan, Heinemann, Guenther, Helmig, Detlev, Herber, Andreas, Heuze, Celine, Hofer, Julian, Houchens, Todd, Howard, Dean, Inoue, Jun, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaiser, Ralf, Jokinen, Tuija, Jourdan, Olivier, Jozef, Gina, King, Wessley, Kirchgaessner, Amelie, Klingebiel, Marcus, Krassovski, Misha, Krumpen, Thomas, Lampert, Astrid, Landing, William, Laurila, Tiia, Lawrence, Dale, Lonardi, Michael, Loose, Brice, Luepkes, Christof, Maahn, Maximilian, Macke, Andreas, Maslowski, Wieslaw, Marsay, Christopher, Maturilli, Marion, Mech, Mario, Morris, Sara, Moser, Manuel, Nicolaus, Marcel, Ortega, Paul, Osborn, Jackson, Paetzold, Falk, Perovich, Donald K., Petaja, Tuukka, Pilz, Christian, Pirazzini, Roberta, Posman, Kevin, Powers, Heath, Pratt, Kerri A., Preusser, Andreas, Quelever, Lauriane, Radenz, Martin, Rabe, Benjamin, Rinke, Annette, Sachs, Torsten, Schulz, Alexander, Siebert, Holger, Silva, Tercio, Solomon, Amy, Sommerfeld, Anja, Spreen, Gunnar, Stephens, Mark, Stohl, Andreas, Svensson, Gunilla, Uin, Janek, Viegas, Juarez, Voigt, Christiane, von der Gathen, Peter, Wehner, Birgit, Welker, Jeffrey M., Wendisch, Manfred, Werner, Martin, Xie, ZhouQing, Yue, Fange, Shupe, Matthew D., Rex, Markus, Blomquist, Byron, Persson, P. Ola G., Schmale, Julia, Uttal, Taneil, Althausen, Dietrich, Angot, Helene, Archer, Stephen, Bariteau, Ludovic, Beck, Ivo, Bilberry, John, Bucci, Silvia, Buck, Clifton, Boyer, Matt, Brasseur, Zoe, Brooks, Ian M., Calmer, Radiance, Cassano, John, Castro, Vagner, Chu, David, Costa, David, Cox, Christopher J., Creamean, Jessie, Crewell, Susanne, Dahlke, Sandro, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Deckelmann, Holger, Dethloff, Klaus, Duetsch, Marina, Ebell, Kerstin, Ehrlich, Andre, Ellis, Jody, Engelmann, Ronny, Fong, Allison A., Frey, Markus M., Gallagher, Michael R., Ganzeveld, Laurens, Gradinger, Rolf, Graeser, Juergen, Greenamyer, Vernon, Griesche, Hannes, Griffiths, Steele, Hamilton, Jonathan, Heinemann, Guenther, Helmig, Detlev, Herber, Andreas, Heuze, Celine, Hofer, Julian, Houchens, Todd, Howard, Dean, Inoue, Jun, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaiser, Ralf, Jokinen, Tuija, Jourdan, Olivier, Jozef, Gina, King, Wessley, Kirchgaessner, Amelie, Klingebiel, Marcus, Krassovski, Misha, Krumpen, Thomas, Lampert, Astrid, Landing, William, Laurila, Tiia, Lawrence, Dale, Lonardi, Michael, Loose, Brice, Luepkes, Christof, Maahn, Maximilian, Macke, Andreas, Maslowski, Wieslaw, Marsay, Christopher, Maturilli, Marion, Mech, Mario, Morris, Sara, Moser, Manuel, Nicolaus, Marcel, Ortega, Paul, Osborn, Jackson, Paetzold, Falk, Perovich, Donald K., Petaja, Tuukka, Pilz, Christian, Pirazzini, Roberta, Posman, Kevin, Powers, Heath, Pratt, Kerri A., Preusser, Andreas, Quelever, Lauriane, Radenz, Martin, Rabe, Benjamin, Rinke, Annette, Sachs, Torsten, Schulz, Alexander, Siebert, Holger, Silva, Tercio, Solomon, Amy, Sommerfeld, Anja, Spreen, Gunnar, Stephens, Mark, Stohl, Andreas, Svensson, Gunilla, Uin, Janek, Viegas, Juarez, Voigt, Christiane, von der Gathen, Peter, Wehner, Birgit, Welker, Jeffrey M., Wendisch, Manfred, Werner, Martin, Xie, ZhouQing, and Yue, Fange

Abstract

With the Arctic rapidly changing, the needs to observe, understand, and model the changes are essential. To support these needs, an annual cycle of observations of atmospheric properties, processes, and interactions were made while drifting with the sea ice across the central Arctic during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition from October 2019 to September 2020. An international team designed and implemented the comprehensive program to document and characterize all aspects of the Arctic atmospheric system in unprecedented detail, using a variety of approaches, and across multiple scales. These measurements were coordinated with other observational teams to explore crosscutting and coupled interactions with the Arctic Ocean, sea ice, and ecosystem through a variety of physical and biogeochemical processes. This overview outlines the breadth and complexity of the atmospheric research program, which was organized into 4 subgroups: atmospheric state, clouds and precipitation, gases and aerosols, and energy budgets. Atmospheric variability over the annual cycle revealed important influences from a persistent large-scale winter circulation pattern, leading to some storms with pressure and winds that were outside the interquartile range of past conditions suggested by long-term reanalysis. Similarly, the MOSAiC location was warmer and wetter in summer than the reanalysis climatology, in part due to its close proximity to the sea ice edge. The comprehensiveness of the observational program for characterizing and analyzing atmospheric phenomena is demonstrated via a winter case study examining air mass transitions and a summer case study examining vertical atmospheric evolution. Overall, the MOSAiC atmospheric program successfully met its objectives and was the most comprehensive atmospheric measurement program to date conducted over the Arctic sea ice. The obtained data will support a broad range of coupled-system s

Published
2022

47. The Transpolar Drift as a Source of Riverine and Shelf‐Derived Trace Elements to the Central Arctic Ocean

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for Global Change Science, Charette, Matthew A., Kipp, Lauren E., Jensen, Laramie T., Dabrowski, Jessica S., Whitmore, Laura M., Fitzsimmons, Jessica N., Williford, Tatiana, Ulfsbo, Adam, Jones, Elizabeth, Bundy, Randelle M., Vivancos, Sebastian M., Pahnke, Katharina, John, Seth G., Xiang, Yang, Hatta, Mariko, Petrova, Mariia V., Heimbürger‐Boavida, Lars‐Eric, Bauch, Dorothea, Newton, Robert, Pasqualini, Angelica, Agather, Alison M., Amon, Rainer M. W., Anderson, Robert F., Andersson, Per S., Benner, Ronald, Bowman, Katlin L., Edwards, R. Lawrence, Gdaniec, Sandra, Gerringa, Loes J. A., González, Aridane G., Granskog, Mats, Haley, Brian, Hammerschmidt, Chad R., Hansell, Dennis A., Henderson, Paul B., Kadko, David C., Kaiser, Karl, Laan, Patrick, Lam, Phoebe J., Lamborg, Carl H., Levier, Martin, Li, Xianglei, Margolin, Andrew R., Measures, Chris, Middag, Rob, Millero, Frank J., Moore, Willard S., Paffrath, Ronja, Planquette, Hélène, Rabe, Benjamin, Reader, Heather, Rember, Robert, Rijkenberg, Micha J. A., Roy‐Barman, Matthieu, Rutgers van der Loeff, Michiel, Saito, Mak, Schauer, Ursula, Schlosser, Peter, Sherrell, Robert M., Shiller, Alan M., Slagter, Hans, Sonke, Jeroen E., Stedmon, Colin, Woosley, Ryan J., Valk, Ole, Ooijen, Jan, Zhang, Ruifeng, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for Global Change Science, Charette, Matthew A., Kipp, Lauren E., Jensen, Laramie T., Dabrowski, Jessica S., Whitmore, Laura M., Fitzsimmons, Jessica N., Williford, Tatiana, Ulfsbo, Adam, Jones, Elizabeth, Bundy, Randelle M., Vivancos, Sebastian M., Pahnke, Katharina, John, Seth G., Xiang, Yang, Hatta, Mariko, Petrova, Mariia V., Heimbürger‐Boavida, Lars‐Eric, Bauch, Dorothea, Newton, Robert, Pasqualini, Angelica, Agather, Alison M., Amon, Rainer M. W., Anderson, Robert F., Andersson, Per S., Benner, Ronald, Bowman, Katlin L., Edwards, R. Lawrence, Gdaniec, Sandra, Gerringa, Loes J. A., González, Aridane G., Granskog, Mats, Haley, Brian, Hammerschmidt, Chad R., Hansell, Dennis A., Henderson, Paul B., Kadko, David C., Kaiser, Karl, Laan, Patrick, Lam, Phoebe J., Lamborg, Carl H., Levier, Martin, Li, Xianglei, Margolin, Andrew R., Measures, Chris, Middag, Rob, Millero, Frank J., Moore, Willard S., Paffrath, Ronja, Planquette, Hélène, Rabe, Benjamin, Reader, Heather, Rember, Robert, Rijkenberg, Micha J. A., Roy‐Barman, Matthieu, Rutgers van der Loeff, Michiel, Saito, Mak, Schauer, Ursula, Schlosser, Peter, Sherrell, Robert M., Shiller, Alan M., Slagter, Hans, Sonke, Jeroen E., Stedmon, Colin, Woosley, Ryan J., Valk, Ole, Ooijen, Jan, and Zhang, Ruifeng

Published
2022

48. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice

Author

German Research Foundation, National Science Foundation (US), European Commission, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Department of Energy (US), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), European Space Agency, Canadian Space Agency, Research Council of Norway, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swiss Polar Institute, Dr. Werner-Petersen Foundation, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, Wendisch, Manfred, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, Boer, Gijs de, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niel, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Adreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik S., Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, K., Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randy, Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison, Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus, Tavrii, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, German Research Foundation, National Science Foundation (US), European Commission, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Department of Energy (US), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), European Space Agency, Canadian Space Agency, Research Council of Norway, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swiss Polar Institute, Dr. Werner-Petersen Foundation, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, Wendisch, Manfred, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, Boer, Gijs de, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niel, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Adreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik S., Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, K., Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randy, Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison, Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus, Tavrii, Aikaterini, and Tsamados, Michel

Abstract

Year-round observations of the physical snow and ice properties and processes that govern the ice pack evolution and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were conducted during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition of the research vessel Polarstern in the Arctic Ocean from October 2019 to September 2020. This work was embedded into the interdisciplinary design of the 5 MOSAiC teams, studying the atmosphere, the sea ice, the ocean, the ecosystem, and biogeochemical processes. The overall aim of the snow and sea ice observations during MOSAiC was to characterize the physical properties of the snow and ice cover comprehensively in the central Arctic over an entire annual cycle. This objective was achieved by detailed observations of physical properties and of energy and mass balance of snow and ice. By studying snow and sea ice dynamics over nested spatial scales from centimeters to tens of kilometers, the variability across scales can be considered. On-ice observations of in situ and remote sensing properties of the different surface types over all seasons will help to improve numerical process and climate models and to establish and validate novel satellite remote sensing methods; the linkages to accompanying airborne measurements, satellite observations, and results of numerical models are discussed. We found large spatial variabilities of snow metamorphism and thermal regimes impacting sea ice growth. We conclude that the highly variable snow cover needs to be considered in more detail (in observations, remote sensing, and models) to better understand snow-related feedback processes. The ice pack revealed rapid transformations and motions along the drift in all seasons. The number of coupled ice–ocean interface processes observed in detail are expected to guide upcoming research with respect to the changing Arctic sea ice

Published
2022

49. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition

Author

Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niels, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik, Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randall K., Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison M., Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, Tavri, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, Wendisch, Manfred, Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niels, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik, Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randall K., Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison M., Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, Tavri, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, and Wendisch, Manfred

Abstract

Year-round observations of the physical snow and ice properties and processes that govern the ice pack evolution and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were conducted during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition of the research vessel Polarstern in the Arctic Ocean from October 2019 to September 2020. This work was embedded into the interdisciplinary design of the 5 MOSAiC teams, studying the atmosphere, the sea ice, the ocean, the ecosystem, and biogeochemical processes. The overall aim of the snow and sea ice observations during MOSAiC was to characterize the physical properties of the snow and ice cover comprehensively in the central Arctic over an entire annual cycle. This objective was achieved by detailed observations of physical properties and of energy and mass balance of snow and ice. By studying snow and sea ice dynamics over nested spatial scales from centimeters to tens of kilometers, the variability across scales can be considered. On-ice observations of in situ and remote sensing properties of the different surface types over all seasons will help to improve numerical process and climate models and to establish and validate novel satellite remote sensing methods; the linkages to accompanying airborne measurements, satellite observations, and results of numerical models are discussed. We found large spatial variabilities of snow metamorphism and thermal regimes impacting sea ice growth. We conclude that the highly variable snow cover needs to be considered in more detail (in observations, remote sensing, and models) to better understand snow-related feedback processes. The ice pack revealed rapid transformations and motions along the drift in all seasons. The number of coupled ice–ocean interface processes observed in detail are expected to guide upcoming research with respect to the changing Arctic sea ice.

Published
2022

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