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Interleukin-10 (IL-10) appears to stimulate HIV reproduction by activating tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Researchers studied the effect of IL-10 in a T cell culture that was infected with HIV-1. IL-10 inhibited viral reproduction but when TNF-alpha was added, HIV reproduction increased. IL-10 appeared to stimulate the production of TNF-alpha, which occurs naturally in the human body.

The central part of the mitochondrial coxIIgene was amplified from 38 different dicots and two monocots using polymerase chain reaction. In 30 of the 40 plants studied, the amplified coxllgene‐fragment contains an intron, ranging from 930 bp in Capsicum(pepper) in Solanaceae to 1,635 bp in Ampelamus albidans(climbing milkweed) in Asclepiadaceae. The composition of this intron varies as revealed by Southern hybridizations using oligonucleotide probes specific to the coxIIintron‐regions in maize, wheat, and rice. In the Apocynaceae, Calharanthus roseus(Madagascar periwinkle) and Vinca minor (common periwinkle) lack the coxIIintron, while other members of the same family (various Mandevillaspecies, Nerium oleanderand Apocynum cannabinum) and members of the closely related Asclepiadaceae (Asclepias incarnata, Ampelamus albidansand Asclepias tuberosa) retain the intron. Analysis of these data suggest a selective loss of the coxIIintron from a plant, ancestral to both Catharanthusand Vinca, after the divergence of the Asclepiadaceae and Apocynaceae. The remaining eight plants from the Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, and Onagraceae lacking the intron fall into a single group or clade using the phylogenetic tree proposed by Chase et al. (Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden: 80: 528–580, 1993) based on sequence of the chloroplast rbcLgene.