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Rapid urbanization and industrialization with corresponding economic growth have increased concrete production, leading to resource depletion and environmental pollution. The mentioned problems can be resolved by using recycled aggregates and industrial waste ashes as natural aggregate and cement replacement in concrete production. Incorporating different by-product ashes and recycled plastic (RP) aggregates are viable options to produce sustainable self-compacting concrete (SCC). On the other hand, compressive strength is an essential characteristic among other evaluated properties. As a result, establishing trustworthy models to forecast the compressive strength of SCC is critical to saving cost, time, and energy. Furthermore, it provides valuable instruction for planning building projects and determining the best time to remove the formwork. In this study, four alternative models were suggested to predict the compressive strength of SCC mixes produced by RP aggregates: the artificial neural network (ANN), nonlinear model, linear relationship model, and multi-logistic model. To do so, an extensive set of data consisting of 400 mixtures were extracted and analyzed to develop the models, various mixture proportions and curing times were considered as input variables. To test the effectiveness of the suggested models, several statistical evaluations, including coefficient of determination (

Concrete has relatively high compressive strength (resists breaking when squeezed) but significantly lower tensile strength (vulnerable to breaking when pulled apart). The compressive strength is typically controlled by the ratio of water-to-cement when forming the concrete, and tensile strength is increased by additives, typically steel, to create reinforced concrete. In other words, we can say concrete is made up of sand (which is a fine aggregate), ballast (which is a coarse aggregate), cement (which can be referred to as a binder), and water (which is an additive). Highly ductile material engineered cementitious composites (ECC) were developed to address these issues by spreading short polymer fibers randomly throughout a cement-based matrix. It has a high tensile strain capacity of more than 3%, hundreds of times more than conventional concrete. On the other hand, among the other examined qualities, compressive strength (CS) is a critical property. Consequently, developing reliable models to predict an ECC’s compressive strength is crucial for cost, time, and energy savings. It also includes instructions for planning construction projects and calculating the optimal time to remove the formwork. The artificial neural network (ANN), nonlinear model (NLR), linear relationship model (LR), multi-logistic model (MLR), and M5P-tree model were all proposed as alternative models to estimate the CS of ECC mixtures created by fly ash in this research (M5P). To create the models, a large amount of data were gathered and evaluated, totaling roughly 205 mixes. Various mixture proportions, fiber length, diameter, and curing durations were explored as input variables. To test the effectiveness of the suggested models, several statistical evaluations, including determination coefficient (R2), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Scatter Index (SI), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and Objective (OBJ) value, were utilized. Based on the statistical evaluations, the ANN model performed better in forecasting the CS of ECC mixes incorporating fly ash than other models. This model’s RMSE, MAE, OBJ, and R2 values were 4.55 MPa, 3.46 MPa, 4.39 MPa, and 0.98, respectively. A large database presented in this investigation can be used as the bench mark for future mixture proportions of the ECC. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis showed the contribution of each mixture ingredient on the CS of ECC.

Reusing the industrial waste materials is one of the main aims of sustainability and achieve the environmental protection. However, concrete is the main production for recycling waste materials and cleaning the climate. The utilization of self-consolidating lightweight concrete (SCLC) can achieve two important advantages of the structure self-weight reduction and improving workability. This paper examined the effect of waste expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads on the workability and hardened characteristics of sustainable SCLCs. Six different EPS volume fractions up to 80% replaced with normal coarse aggregate to produce SCLC mixtures with water to binder (w/b) ratio of 0.35. A total binder content of 500 kg/m3 by including 20% waste ceramic powder with 80% Portland cement and fine aggregate consist of river sand and fine ceramic with 1:1 ratio in all SCLC mixes. The workability of SCLCs was examined by slump flow time and diameter, L-box height ratio, V-funnel flow time, and segregation resistance. Moreover, the hardened properties tested at different curing periods such as compressive strength at 7, 28, and 90 days; flexural strength at 28 and 90 days; and splitting tensile strength, dry density, voids percent, water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV); and scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 28 days. The results verified that workability of SCLCs enhanced as EPS incorporation increased and achieved the limitations required for self-compacting concrete (SCC) while the strengths value curtailed but the compressive strength satisfied the lower value indicated by ACI for structural purposes. Depending on the water absorption and UPV, results illustrated that all produced sustainable SCLC mixtures had a good durability. Furthermore, a high linear correlation was noticed between the results.

The evolution of nanotechnology brings materials with novel performance and during last year’s much attempt has been established to include nanoparticles especially nano-silica (NS) into the concrete to improve performance and develop concrete with enhanced characteristics. Generally, NS is incorporated into the self-compacting concrete (SCC) aiming to positively influence the fresh, mechanical, microstructure, and durability properties of the composite. The most important mechanical property for all types of concrete composites is compressive strength. Therefore, developing reliable models for predicting the compressive strength of SCC is crucial regarding saving time, energy, and cost-effectiveness. Moreover, it gives valuable information for scheduling the construction work and provides information about the correct time for removing the formwork. In this study, three different models including the linear relationship model (LR), nonlinear model (NLR), and multi-logistic model (MLR) were proposed to predict the compressive strength of SCC mixtures made with or without NS. In this regard, a comprehensive data set that consists of 450 samples were collected and analyzed to develop the models. In the modeling process, the most important variables affecting the compressive strength such as NS content, cement content, water to binder ratio, curing time from 1 to 180 days, superplasticizer content, fine aggregate content, and coarse aggregate content were considered as input variables. Various statistical assessments such as Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Scatter Index (SI), OBJ value, and the coefficient of determination (R2) were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed models. The results indicated that the MLR model performed better for forecasting the compression strength of SCC mixtures modified with NS compared to other models. The SI and OBJ values of the MLR model were 18.8% and 16.7% lower than the NLR model, indicating the superior performance of the MLR model. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the curing time is the most affecting variable for forecasting the compressive strength of SCC modified with NS.

Due to the high consumption of Medium-density fiberboard (MDF), waste products of this material are growing worldwide. In this research, the feasibility of using Medium-density fiberboard waste ash (MDFWA) as part of cement in concrete was investigated. For this purpose, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% of the cement in concrete was substituted with MDFWA. For all design mixes, the water/blind ratio and the volume of aggregates were same. The slump, compressive strengths, SEM, EDX, TGA, DSC, and FTIR tests were conducted on the samples. At 28 days, the results demonstrated that the compressive strength of the sample containing 20% MDFWA increased by 13.6% compared to the control sample. Furthermore, the microstructure of the concrete show that the voids of the sample containing 20% MDFWA reduced compared to the control sample and also more calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) crystal formed.

This paper reports an experimental study on the micro-structure as well as mechanical properties of concrete mixes with partial replacement of cement by Tagouk ash as a type of natural Pozzolan. Partial cement replacement by waste natural materials such as Tagouk ash would be a promising solution toward reducing greenhouse gases emissions as well as environmental pollutions. Typically found in rocky environments, Tagouk is a species of wild trees belonging to the Cannabaceae family of plants. Tagouk normally grows up to about 25 m in height and 40 cm in diameter and contains high amounts of minerals including silica and calcium, making it an ideal candidate to be used as a pozzolanic supplement in concrete. In this research, the effects of partial replacement of cement with Tagouk ash by the amounts of 5, 10, 15, and 20% of the cement weight in the mix were studied. In all mixes, the water-to-cement (W/C) ratio was considered to be constant and equals to 0.4. Also, the amount of aggregates was constant for all design mixes. The compressive strengths of all samples at the ages of 7, 28, and 90 days were recorded. Scanning of specimens was performed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) to investigate the micro-structure, too. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDX), X–ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the samples were also studied. Results show significant enhancement in compressive strength of the concrete samples with 15% TA replacement by approximately 48% and 43% at 28 and 90 days, respectively. Moreover, the results of SEM as well as those of EDX spectroscopy demonstrate that Tagouk ash results in reducing the porosity of concrete and also forming secondary C–S–H products. It appears that Tagouk ash is an efficient natural Pozzolan for partial replacement with cement in concrete.

An investigational study is conducted to examine the effects of different amounts of binders and curing methods on the mechanical behavior and ductility of Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concretes (UHPFRCs) that contain 2% of Micro Steel Fiber (MSF). The aim is to find an optimum binder content for the UHPFRC mixes. The same water-to-binder ratio (w/b) of 0.12 was used for both water curing (WC) and steam curing (SC). Based on the curing methods, two series of eight mixes of UHPFRCs containing different binder contents ranging from 850 to 1200 kg/m3 with an increment of 50 kg/m3 were produced. Mechanical properties such as compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, static elastic module, flexural tensile strength and the ductility behavior were investigated. This study revealed that the mixture of 1150 kg/m3 binder content exhibited the highest values of the experimental results such as a compressive strength greater than 190 MPa, a splitting tensile strength greater than 12.5 MPa, and a modulus of elasticity higher than 45 GPa. The results also show that all of the improvements began to slightly decrease at 1200 kg/m3 of the binder content. On the other hand, it was concluded that SC resulted in higher mechanical performance and ductility behavior than WC.

Geopolymer concrete is an inorganic concrete that uses industrial or agro by-product ashes as the main binder instead of ordinary Portland cement; this leads to the geopolymer concrete being an eco-efficient and environmentally friendly construction material. A variety of ashes used as the binder in geopolymer concrete such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, rice husk ash, metakaolin ash, and Palm oil fuel ash, fly ash was commonly consumed to prepare geopolymer concrete composites. The most important mechanical property for all types of concrete composites, including geopolymer concrete, is the compressive strength. However, in the structural design and construction field, the compressive strength of the concrete at 28 days is essential. Therefore, achieving an authoritative model for predicting the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete is necessary regarding saving time, energy, and cost-effectiveness. It gives guidance regarding scheduling the construction process and removal of formworks. In this study, Linear (LR), Non-Linear (NLR), and Multi-logistic (MLR) regression models were used to develop the predictive models for estimating the compressive strength of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete (FA-GPC). In this regard, a comprehensive dataset consists of 510 samples were collected in several academic research studies and analyzed to develop the models. In the modeling process, for the first time, twelve effective variable parameters on the compressive strength of the FA-GPC, including SiO2/Al2O3 (Si/Al) of fly ash binder, alkaline liquid to binder ratio (l/b), fly ash (FA) content, fine aggregate (F) content, coarse aggregate (C) content, sodium hydroxide (SH)content, sodium silicate (SS) content, (SS/SH), molarity (M), curing temperature (T), curing duration inside ovens (CD) and specimen ages (A) were considered as the modeling input parameters. Various statistical assessments such as Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Scatter Index (SI), OBJ value, and the Coefficient of determination (R2) were used to evaluate the efficiency of the developed models. The results indicated that the NLR model performed better for predicting the compressive strength of FA-GPC mixtures compared to the other models. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the curing temperature, alkaline liquid to binder ratio, and sodium silicate content are the most affecting parameter for estimating the compressive strength of the FA-GPC.

Previous research regarding the performance of self-compacting concrete (SCC) incorporating nano-fly ash (NFA), especially after exposure to elevated temperatures, is scarce. Therefore, this experimental research was conducted to investigate the influence of NFA particles on the performance of SCC at normal and elevated temperatures. The effects of NFA particles were also compared with the influence of fly ash (FA) particles at the same replacement percentages. The experimental program was managed at two stages. At the first stage, the microparticles of FA were transformed into nanoparticles using electric milling process. The size, shape, and consistency of the FA and NFA particles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. In the second stage, experimental tests were performed to examine the influences of FA and NFA particles on the performance and characteristics of SCC. The investigated parameters included fresh density, dry density, T50 slump flow time, slump flow diameter, elastic modulus, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and compressive as well as flexural strength. Furthermore, the residual compressive strength, weight loss, and UPV after exposing the concrete samples to 700 °C were also investigated. The results showed that addition of FA and NFA can cause a reduction in the workability as well as flowability of SCC mixtures. On the other hand, the transformation of FA to NFA significantly enhanced the microstructure of the SCC, which led to the enhancement of its mechanical properties and boosted the resistance of the SCC to high temperatures. The outcomes of this study also illustrated that through transforming the particles of FA from microscale to nanoscale, a sustainable and high-performance SCC can be produced.

This study examines the effects of high-volume micro-steel fibers (MSF) content on the mechanical properties, fracture parameters, and ductility of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRCs). The MSFs used in this experiment had an aspect ratio of 37.5 with average length of 6 mm. The investigated parameters include very low water/binder (w/b) ratio and fiber content. Sixteen UHPFRC mixes were examined, eight mixes were made with w/b of 0.12 and eight fiber contents (0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5, 4%) while the other eight mixes were made with the same fiber contents but with w/b of 0.14. The UHPFRC mixes were examined for various strengths (compressive, splitting tensile, flexural), elastic modulus, and fracture parameters. The experimental results showed that the mixture with 4% of MSFs content and 0.12 w/b ratio exhibited a compressive strength of more than 160 MPa, splitting tensile strength higher than 12 MPa, and modulus of elasticity greater than 43 GPa. Moreover, the results also demonstrated that with increasing MSFs content from 0 to 4% the load–displacement behavior, ductility, and all other fracture parameters were improved significantly.

A huge amount of expanded polystyrene (EPS) and PET plastics are produced every year all around the world. However, if not treated properly, after their consumption, EPS and PET caused numerous environmental problems. Therefore, the utilization of these wastes in concrete production can contribute to the sustainability of construction materials. This experimental study aims to investigate the behavior and properties of pervious concrete incorporating both EPS aggregates and waste PET fibers. A total of ten concrete mixtures were designed with different percentages of PET fibers and the same amount of EPS content. The investigated parameters included: abrasion resistance, dry density, compression as well as flexural strength, porosity ratio and water permeability coefficient. From the results obtained in this study, it has been shown that the proposed mixes are reliable to use in the construction field. The compressive strength, abrasion resistance and density decreased by incorporating EPS and PET fibers. However, the flexural strength increased by using PET fibers up to 1% in volume. On the other hand, the porosity ratio and the water permeability coefficient increased through the addition of PET fiber. The empirical models among different properties were also provided. This experimental study can be contributed to promote sustainable construction materials as mixtures contained a considerable amount of waste materials.

Due to the urbanization and the need to develop the transportation services, it is inevitable to deal with ground characterized by undesirable geotechnical properties. The problematic soils are divided into swelling soils, collapsible and dispersive soils. The arid to semiarid climate of the Middle East has provided the conditions for the expansion of them. The presence of problematic soils in Iraqi Kurdistan has given rise to many damage to the construction projects of this region. The under-construction road of Gali Ali Bag designed in the vicinity of the Erbil-Haji Omeran highway in Iraqi Kurdistan was faced with pavement settlement and collapse of side slopes due to the passing through the collapsible soils. The presence of collapsible soils in the vicinity of the aforesaid international highway grew concerns about the occurrence of such settlements during its construction. Therefore, how to treat or reduce the collapsibility, especially by the use of practical methods on the site, was addressed as one of the major challenges. In this study, the behavior of treated host soil by four cementitious materials including cement, quicklime, gypsum and NaCl was determined by applying indirect and direct methods. The results show that the addition of 6% quicklime will have the greatest effect on the reduction in collapsibility. After implementing this plan on the site, the collapsibility index decreased by an average of 2.92%.

Due to uncertainties in determining the geotechnical parameters, it is inevitable to change the supporting system and excavation method during the tunnel construction projects. Such changes will in many cases lead to an increase in the foreseen time and cost. Since the beginning of the 1960s, value engineering (V.E.) was raised based on three principles of safety, cost optimization and sustainable design. Iraqi Kurdistan has had an increasing trend in design and implementation of development projects since 2008, but high safety factors considered to compensate for uncertainties in geotechnical parameters has imposed high construction costs to these projects. The design of more than 70 km of tunnels, 212 dams and more than 500 km of highways under construction in this region necessitates performing applicable case studies on the implementation of V.E. in these development projects. The Heybat Sultan twin tunnels project is being constructed as a part of the Erbil–Koya–Sulaymaniyah highway in Iraqi Kurdistan. Preliminary studies showed that the outlet portals of these tunnels had been designed with a high factor of safety. Hence, the decision was made to make changes based on V.E. principles prior to the commencement of the excavations and at the time of site mobilization. For this purpose, the most optimal method statement was selected for the outlet portal, and then the slope stability was evaluated using numerical analysis. By implementing the optimized design, the factor of safety was increased from 1.27 to 2.48 and the corresponding construction costs was decreased for 2.4 million USD compared to the original plan.

Municipal solid waste materials are growing worldwide due to human consumption. Nowadays, a different type of goods on large-scale is produced in the factories which is going to generate numerous amount of solid waste materials in the near future. Therefore, the management of these solid waste materials is a great concern around the world. Inadequate landfill, environmental pollution and its financial burden on relevant authorities, recycling and utilization of waste materials have a significant impact compared to disposing them. Studies have been done to reuse of waste materials as one of the elements of concrete composites. Each of the elements gives the concrete strength; however, the reuse of these wastes not only makes the concrete economical and sustainable, but also helps in decreasing environmental pollution. There are a number of different types of waste materials such as plastics, carpets, steels, tires, glass, and several types of ashes. In this paper, a comprehensive review was carried out on the influence of recycled plastic fibers (RPFs), recycled carpet fibers (RCFs) and recycled steel fibers (RSFs) on the fresh, mechanical and ductility properties of concrete. The previous studies were investigated to highlight the effects of these waste product fibers on the most important concrete properties such as slump, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, energy absorption, ductility, and toughness. In this regard, more than 200 published papers were collected, and then the methods of preparation and properties of these recycled fibers (RF) were reviewed and analyzed. Moreover, empirical models using mechanical properties were also developed. As a result, RPFs, RCFs and RSFs could be used safely in concrete composites due to it is satisfactory fresh, physical and mechanical properties.

The objective of this study is to utilize artificial cold bonded fly ash aggregate (AFA) in pervious concrete to produce a sustainable, and permeable concrete. The AFA were manufactured through cold bonding pelletization of fly ash (90 %) and Portland cement (10 %) in an inclined pan at ambient temperature. In this study, pervious concrete is manufactured by replacing the natural aggregates (NA) with AFA in five levels of replacements 0–100% with 25 % increments of the total aggregate’s volume. Two different concrete series were manufactured at 0.27 and 0.32 water-to-cement ratios (w/c). Totally, 10 pervious concretes were manufactured in this study. The utilized NA and AFA were uniformly graded and ranged 12.5 mm to 8 mm. In this study, the dry density and content of voids were determined. Furthermore, for the produced pervious concretes some tests were conducted such as compressive strength, splitting tensile, permeability and abrasion resistance. Besides, GLM-ANOVA as a statistical tool was employed to examine the effective parameter(s) on the properties of pervious concrete made using AFA. The results showed that with replacing the natural aggregate with 100 % AFA, the dry density of pervious concretes has decreased up to 22.4 % and the content of void and abrasion value has increased up to 20.8 %, and 153.8 %, respectively, for 0.27 w/c. In addition, the full replacement of NA with AFA resulted in a decrease of 51.5 % and 57.2 % in compressive strength and splitting tensile values made with w/c of 0.27. While, utilizing AFA significantly enhanced the permeability coefficient of the pervious concrete reaching maximum value of 10.27 mm/sec at w/c of 0.32.

Solid waste management can be regarded as one of the major environmental concerns across the globe. Annually, substantial quantities of plastics are produced. The utilization of this waste can result in a variety of huge problems such as health hazards, disposal, and environmental pollution. In this paper, the workability and rheological characteristics of self-compacting high strength concrete (SCHSC) made with recycled polypropylene plastic particles (RPPP) with fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF) are investigated. The SCHSC was employed by replacing the medium-coarse aggregate (MCA) with five percentages of RPPP contents at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by volume. The first group of mixtures contained 20% FA and 80% Portland cement (PC). On the other hand, the second group of the mixes made with 20% FA, 10% SF, and 70% PC. To investigate such workability-related properties as slump flow diameter (SFD), T50 slump flow time (SFT), V-funnel flow time (VFT), L-box height ratio (LHR), and L-box T200 and T400 flow times, 10 concrete mixtures were produced and tested. ICAR rheometer in the rheological testing of fresh SCHSCs was used to determine the rheological parameters. For all mixtures, the compressive strength was measured at 28 days. With respect to the experimental results of the current study, the Herschel-Bulkley and modified Bingham models can provide well defined rheological representations for SCHSC with RPPP. The mixtures containing a combination of FA, SF, and RPPP can have better fresh characteristics compared to those without SF. Moreover, all produced SCHSC mixtures can be at a satisfactory level with the limitations required for the fresh properties of SCC.

Due to the higher price of cement compared to other concrete ingredients, the problems associated with greenhouse gases emissions during its production and its high popularity have arisen concerns in its substitution with other supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). In this regard, the current experimental program was established to investigate the fresh and hardened performance of self-compacting concrete (SCC) made with coal ash (CA) and fly ash (FA) as fractional substitution of cement. In this paper an attempt was made to use the remaining CA from the barbecue process of the restaurants from Fallujah city, Iraq. A total number of 7 concrete mixes were prepared with unchanged (w/b) ratio of 0.37 and total cementitious content of 450 kg/m3. Reference mix was produced by using 100% cement without FA or CA. Then, other mixtures were batched with 10%, 20% and 30% (by weight) replacement of cement by FA and CA, respectively. The results illustrated that, in contrast to the FA, the CA has negative influences on the fresh properties of SCC but the results still meet the criteria for the fresh behavior of SCC. On the other hand, the inclusion of CA was significantly improved the strength and water absorption of SCC. Sustainable high strength SCC can be produced due to the addition of CA.

Given the frequent cost overruns and schedule delays associated with tunnel construction projects, it is imperative that a detailed estimation of both be developed and considered prior to starting construction. To this end, two artificial intelligence tools of Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) and Support Vector Regression (SVR) were used to forecast geology, construction time and construction costs of a road tunnel project. The initial training datasets applied in the prediction tools were accessed from the previously-constructed road tunnels and the pre-existing observations of the tunnel under consideration. Also, during the tunnel construction, more training datasets obtained in the constructed parts were added to the previous datasets and the pre-constructed predictions of the GPR and SVR tools were updated. Lastly, comparing the predictions made by the GPR and SVR tools with the actual mode of the tunnel, and comparing the pre-updating predictions with the post-updating ones, it was concluded that, the GPR and SVR tools have presented very good predictions and they have reduced the uncertainties regarding geology and construction time and costs to an acceptable level. But, the GPR tool has presented more accurate results than the SVR tool. Also, the updating procedure can significantly increase the predictions accuracy.

This study proposes that Shell Sunflower Ash (SSA) and Shell Pumpkin Ash (SPA) partially replace cement in concrete as pozzolanic materials. To trace the chemical composition of raw SSA and SPA, X–Ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized. Cement was replaced with 5, 10, 15 and 20% of the SSA and SPA. The slump of fresh concrete, elastic modulus, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test, SEM, energy dispersive x–ray (EDX), XRD and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) of the sample were studied. Pozzolanic reaction with percentage of SSA and SPA was lower than the control specimen in the early ages. The addition of the SSA to the mix by up to 15% increased the compressive strength of the sample by 27.3% at 28 days. The SEM and EDX results illustrate the replacement of cement with the SSA and the SPA can improve the microstructure of the mixtures at 28 days. The SEM also showed that the addition of 15% the SSA and the SPA decreased the voids in the matrix. XRD and TAG results also demonstrated the effect of SSA and the SPA on reduction of CH content due to pozzolanic reactions. The result show that use of the SSA and SPA as replacement of cement is feasible.

Due to manufacturing processes, municipal solid wastes and service industries, huge amount of waste materials are generated. Recently, a considerable growth in the plastic consumption across the globe can be observed. This has caused enormous quantities of plastic-related waste. Producing new materials such as mortar or concrete from recycling of plastic waste (PW) seems to be one of the best solution for disposing of PW since it is considered to be environmentally and economically advantageous. In modern constructions, self-compacting concrete (SCC) is employed as a main cementitious material, which functions complex formworks without mechanical vibrations with high segregation resistance and greater deformability. Reuse of recycled plastic (RP) in SCC mixes can provide an environmentally friendly and sustainable construction material. Therefore, it has been an ongoing topic for several researches, and a large number of studies investigating the properties of SCC comprising waste and RP materials have been conducted.- In this study, the current and most recent literatures considering plastic recycling method and the influence of plastic materials on the fresh and mechanical properties of SCC are summarized. So that a comprehensive review can be provided in which the reviewed studies are categorized into sub groups based on whether they dealt with SCC containing plastic aggregates (PAs) or plastic fibers (PFs). Furthermore, the effect of RP on the fresh and mechanical properties of various self-compacting composites like self-compacting mortar (SCM), self-compacting high strength concrete (SCHSC) and self-compacting light weight concrete (SCLC) have been reviewed to illustrate the differences with normal SCC. The empirical relationships among various mechanical properties were also developed. Based on the obtained results from previous studies, recycled plastic self-compacting concrete (RPSCC) can be used for structural applications due to its satisfactory fresh and mechanical properties. Moreover, this type of concrete is environmentally friendly and sustainable product due to replacing the natural aggregates (NA) with plastic materials.