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La Investigación previa al proceso penal canónico presenta aspectos delicados, pues puede afectar derechos fundamentales de los investigados por el tipo de actuaciones que se llevan a cabo. Se destaca la necesidad de que sea preceptivo que el investigado pueda conocer desde el primer momento la acusación y que desde ese momento se le dé oportunidad de defenderse.

Se exponen las principales novedades recogidas en el Motu Propio Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus referidas al juez único, a los jueces laicos y a los auditores. Se analizan antecedentes legislativos, magisteriales y doctrinales, y se explica que se ofrecen elementos que ayudan en la garantía de aspectos como la cercanía de tribunales a los fieles, el rigor en el tratamiento de las causas, y una optimización de tiempo y de personal sin merma de la seguridad jurídica.

To determine the influence of slaughter transports carried out under commercial conditions, 162 pigs weighing 98 kg and of both sexes were studied. A total of seven transports were performed in summer and in winter conditions, with durations of 1 h and 13 h 15 min within each season. Cortisol, glucose, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin and total protein serum concentrations were measured. All variables increased during transport and decreased during lairage (P < 0.001), with cortisol values being 3.47 ± 0.19, 8.52 ± 0.28, and 6.96 ± 0.18 μg/dl at loading, unloading and exsanguinations, respectively, except for glucose (0.54 ± 0.03, 0.44 ± 0.04, and 0.86 ± 0.03 g/l). Short journeys did not allow the total recovery from the loading stress. A certain level of dehydration was observed, especially during lairage on the longest journeys (increase of 6.87 ± 1.29 g/l for total proteins; P < 0.01). Winter transports were slightly more stressful (P < 0.01 for cortisol and LDH, and P < 0.001 for CPK), with poorer recovery during lairage (CPK decrease being -141 ± 559 and -2 906 ± 730 IU/l for winter and summer journeys, respectively; P < 0.01). Females showed higher stress reactivity. Genetics modulated the effect of the rest of influencing factors, with Nn individuals showing a rougher reaction in short and winter conditions, but with lower dehydration levels. Under Mediterranean commercial conditions, stress in transported slaughter pigs was largely determined by season and genetics, so that an adaptation of handling procedures to these seasonal variations appears crucial if transport stress is to be reduced. Also, an improvement in stress resistance could be obtained by controlling the halothane gene of pigs. © 2007, Veterinarni Medicina.

The article studies the concrete application in the Diocese of Salamanca of the legislation on marriage dispensations, by means of examining the cases which were dealt with in the period from 1871 to 1889. In this period,canonical and civil legislation on marriage was important and continuous at local, and national levels, as well as in the universal Church. The specific content of this study is the explanation and analysis of the canonical norm in each case. The understanding of this application leads on, firstly, to an explanation of the concurrent social, religious, canonical and legislative aspects. Secondly, an analysis is offered of how the norm is applied in the cases treated. The norm and its application have substantive and procedural aspects which are analysed in detail. The principal fact which stands out in this study is the reception and application of canonical and civil norms, proving the religiosity of the different villages of the diocese, leaving little influence to civil law. Consequently, the observance of the concurrent legislation (both canonical and civil) is highlighted, and the care taken by the Church to facilitate obtaining dispensations and to maintain or restore to normal the canonical status of the faithful, despite the severity of the canonical norm; in fact there are no other documents proper to the Bishops of Salamanca, nor any other dealings of a canonical type in this matter other than the reminder of catholic doctrine in this regard. The general considerations are corroborated by the data obtained in the study on the different cases, and the principal conclusions for each one of the Deaneries of the Diocese are explained.

In year 2005 a reform of the marriage and some aspects of the family right was carried out in Spain. The resolutions that affect the marriage, in diverse forms, have repercussion in other instances, as they can be the ecclesiastical tribunals on the occasion of the request of invalidity of the marriage. The resolutions have to be interpreted in one double sense: on the one hand the complex reality that usually has preceded to the married crisis, and of that every time less account in these resolutions occurs; of another part it is had to consider the legal reach, by sustantives and procedural modifications, that have ocurred v. gr. to the guard of the childrens, the compensatory pension, etc... Kronwing the new carried out configuration thorough one only can to take a reading fit to the reality, the most moved away of the personal and sometimes partial opinion of each one of the spouses.

To find the effect of journey duration on the stress levels of weaned piglets a combination of physiological welfare indicators was used. One hundred and thirty-six piglets were monitored in two replicates of a short (0.6 h) and a long (8.3 h) commercial transport from a rearing to a growing-finishing farm. Variables studied were haematocrit, red blood cell count (RBC), total white blood cell count (WBC), differential WBC counts, serum pig's major acute phase protein (Pig-MAP), haptoglobin (Hp), cortisol, glucose, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total protein, and albumin before loading and immediately after unloading. A marked increase in leucocytes (P < 0.01) and a tendency to lower eosinophil concentrations (P = 0.086) were observed in those piglets transported during the short journeys. On the other hand, the decrease in lymphocytes was particularly remarkable in the long journeys (P < 0.01). No increase in Hp concentrations after the transports was found, but an increase in Pig-MAP concentrations was observed at the end of the long journeys (P < 0.001). Cortisol concentrations did not show significant changes in either short or long journeys. According to CPK (P < 0.05) and LDH activities, some physical fatigue was detected at the end of transports, particularly in the short journeys. The decrease in haematocrit values in the short journeys (P < 0.05), and the absence of variations in RBC, albumin, and total protein concentrations would indicate that the loss of body water during both transport durations was reduced. Sex did not affect the response of piglets to transport, which could be attributable to the young age of the animals. Changes in albumin concentrations (P < 0.05), together with the tendencies to higher WBC (P = 0.092) and neutrophil counts (P = 0.076), suggest a more marked response to the stress of transport in heterozygous for the halothane gene (Nn) piglets than in homozygous negative (NN) piglets. Overall results indicate that, although transports were generally stressful, it is unclear which of the two durations was more detrimental for piglet welfare, and suggest a different stress response to transport with respect to that of older pigs. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The evolution of the technology has made proliferate means and supports that can have to be exhibited in the process. Due to this necessity, the author carries out a study of the concept and the practice in the matter of documentary evidence, from the forecast to incorporate to the process that information contained in other supports. The study begins analyzing the general document concept and its application to the process (civil and canonical); the document concept studies in canonical right, and indications become on the incorporation of the document to the canonical process; it is important to emphasize like foundation in this matter the probatory force of documents according to the canonical law. Together with the previous thing, also one considers the concept and the effectiveness in judgment of documents in the civil law, as a result of the c. 1540, §2°. The forecast of the present canonical legislation is to obtain a procedural system of ample document contribution in the canonical process. In this way the power of the judge replaces the apparent Straits limits of the norm, because the same judge has ample faculties of incorporation to the process of documents as well as of valuation. The author finalizes exposing who the possible admission of present means and supports in the canonical process, under the private document denomination (leaving another possible qualification out of danger). These documents are going to allow that other elements of judgment comprise of the process, favoring the process. The object of the process will be made agile but without less rigor.