Search

La liquenometría es un método de datación calibrada de superficies rocosas expuestas, de rango temporal Holoceno, pero recomendado durante los últimos 2000 años. Esta técnica de datación consiste en calibrar la curva de crecimiento anual de un liquen, para poder medir su edad de exposición sobre cualquier superficie a partir del diámetro máximo. Mediante la liquenometría podemos fechar eventos geomorfológicos como deslizamientos, escarpes de planos de falla, exposición súbita de superficies por denudación, basculamiento, retroceso glaciar, cambios del nivel de base y fenómenos erosivos, así como eventos climáticos y aplicarse en dataciones en arqueología. El principal problema de esta técnica es la ausencia de un método estandarizado, la fuerte dependencia de las tasas de crecimiento anuales de los líquenes de la especie elegida y de las condiciones ambientales. Por este motivo, los errores de medida pueden sobrepasar el 50% del resultado obtenido. Por el contrario, es una técnica económica y fácil de usar que no depende de una tecnología compleja y costosa. Es recomendable usarla como técnica complementaria y orientativa, o bien si no es posible, utilizar otra técnica más precisa. Los resultados obtenidos deben de ser usados con extrema precaución.

Purpose Because food waste is a serious problem today, society is currently aiming for more responsible consumption to minimize it, as defined in the 12th goal of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This study aims to examine whether an informative initiative can help to raise university students’ awareness of food waste consequences. Design/methodology/approach The initiative consisted of explaining the problem of food waste to students of two marketing subject modules within economics and business administration degrees and asking them to participate in an activity in which they analyzed their own behavior. To assess its impact, two questionnaires about the students’ food waste behaviors were administered, before and after the initiative, adopting an experimental design. Findings The results show that the information and awareness activities were successful, because, after the initiative, the students were more aware about the food waste problem and its consequences and were more critical of their behavior regarding the management of leftovers at home. Research limitations/implications Despite some circumstances under which the study was conducted (the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown), the practical and social implications are relevant. Practical implications This study offers some interesting practical implications for educational institutions that want to inform and train students in more responsible consumption behavior. It shows that an initiative in which students are involved, like collecting data about food waste, in their homes with a diary, and informative sessions can be useful to increase students’ awareness of food waste to behave in a more sustainable way. Social implications These findings may be of interest to academics for designing initiatives that try to train and educate young people in making more responsible personal and professional decisions. Originality/value This study analyzes the impact of an awareness-raising initiative about food waste in higher education, which is a relatively neglected topic in the literature.

The Sencelles Fault constitutes the main extensional structure of Mallorca Island (Spain), holds a NE-SE orientation, and has been identified as the possible seismic source of the 1851 CE Palma earthquake (VII EMS.) The SE termination of the fault (Sta. Eugenia Segment) features a linear bedrock fault scarp of a maximum of 3.15 m height. The last 840 m of this rocky scarp display a significant horizontal banding, with up to five differentially weathered ribbons colonized by lichens. The lichenometric analysis is based on the measurement of 155 specimens of Aspicilia calcarea (Ac) and Aspicilia radiosa (Ar) in tombstones and funerary monuments (with inscribed dates) from the nearby cemeteries of Sta. María del Camí, Sta. Eugenia and Sencelles, to obtain the local lichen growth rates (LGR), with the two last graveyards being directly located in the fault zone. Lichens were measured on variously oriented (N, S, NE, SW, etc…) horizontal and vertical surfaces, generating differentially oriented lichen populations (DOLPs) to be compared with the Ac and Ar specimens colonizing the studied fault scarp (38 measured individual specimens). After successive trial and error regression tests, vertical DOLPs resulted in the best appropriate groups for the analysis, with LGR of 0.23–0.31 mm/yr. Horizontal ones reached widths of up to 20 cm, with LGR up to 0.84 mm/yr, which were clearly oversized. The application of the selected LGR points to a human-induced origin for the thin basal lichen ribbon of the scarp (10–13 cm), which should have developed during the middle 20th century (c. 1950–1966) because of documented ground leveling works. However, the second ribbon of the scarp (23–47 cm) shows exposure dates of 1852 ± 40 (Ar) and 1841 ± 59 (Ac), overlapping the date of the 1851 CE earthquake. The study is complemented with data from a fault trench excavated in the year 2002 at the toe of the scarp. The combined data of lichenometry, fault trenching, and the length of the analyzed fault scarp (c. 840 m) indicate that the studied segment of the fault cannot be considered a co-seismic surface faulting related to the 1851 CE event as a whole, but a relevant secondary earthquake effect on a pre-existing fault scarp (e.g., sympathetic ground ruptures).

Agriculture located in arid-conditions is under high pressure for water resources, due to scarcity and poor quality of water resources to a large extent. Under these conditions, this sector may need up to 70% of the available water, and there is a high level of competition with other economic sectors. The Region of Murcia (Spain) is one of the main productive areas of the country and has the largest irrigated area in relation to its extension. The SE Spain is characterized by a robust hydraulic infrastructure, efficient irrigation systems and a high incorporation of technology for irrigation scheduling. Also, a significant decrease in water resources due to climate change is projected, so it is necessary to maximize irrigation water use efficiency (iWUE) to ensure the economic and environmental sustainability of the sector. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to increase the iWUE and nutrient use to maximize the sustainability of the lemon trees ‘Fino 95’ (Citrus limon L.) in Campo de Cartagena by monitoring the plant and soil water status, during two consecutive seasons. The orchard was established in a 6.5 × 4.5 m planting frame in 2010 with a drip irrigation. A randomized experimental design was established with 12 trees as an experimental unit. Two treatments with four replicates were tested: (i) a control (CTL) irrigated to satisfy the 110% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) during the entire crop cycle according to FAO; and (ii) a precision irrigation treatment (PI), irrigated in both seasons as CTL until the start of the fruit-phase II in which the irrigation was reduced by 40%. Several multispectral vegetation indices over canopy were calculated monthly to evaluate the irrigation effect on chlorophyll content and crop vigor. NDVI ranged from 0.8-0.87 and CGI from 4.3-8.7, both reaching maximum values in December, but no differences between treatments were detected. The results confirm the possibility of applying regulated deficit irrigation strategies on lemon trees, achieving a 34% increase in iWUE, and a water saving of around 25% with respect to the CTL treatment. However, the water deficit period should be better delimited according to the trunk growth in this period, as has recently been proven in other citrus fruits, in order not to affect the earliness of the harvest and to obtain a higher percentage of irrigation water savings.Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank the ‘Sindicato Central de Regantes del Acueducto Tajo-Segura’ for funding this experiment through the agreement “6217/20IA-C” with the UPCT.

Copernicus European Ground Motion Service (EGMS) currently provides a big amount of ground-motion data at national scale. This useful information is usually underused by management Authorities and decision-makers due to the difficulties to manage it. RASTOOL project aims to develop and apply new tools over EU borders in order to generate added-value maps detecting the deformation areas and assessing their potential impact to support geo-hazard management. Based on the first release of the EGMS data (Level-2 products), test sites have been selected over the Spanish-Portuguese border obtaining the first performance data of the RASTOOL tools.The thematic auxiliary data and database/inventories necessary to apply the tools have been gathered and prepared to: 1) identify active deformation areas applying advanced requirements and 2) characterize the detected active deformation areas, providing possible triggering factors. Previously unknown active ground deformation areas detected in the study area will be validated in situ through field work to determine the process which can originate such deformation. The final goal is to assess the potential impact of the detected active hazards, using the new tools that will provide information about the vulnerability of the exposed elements.

The Mediterranean agrosystem 'Campo de Cartagena' (Murcia, Spain) faces a complex challenge, due to almost permanent water scarcity and high diffuse nitrate contamination of the groundwater. The electrical conductivity (EC) of groundwater can reach ≈6.5 dS m-1 and ≈96 mg L-1 of N (NO3-). In contrast, the EC of water from the Tajo-Segura water transfer is ≈1.5 dS m-1 and contains 99%) and dry protein were not affected (10.4%). NDVI and GCI vegetation indices were calculated to evaluate the treatments effect on chlorophyll content and crop vigor, when plants reached 30 and 100% cover and pre-harvest. NDVI ranged from 0.3-0.71 and CGI from 1.5-3.37, both reaching maximum when the crop was fully covered, but no differences between treatments were detected. The results obtained validate the economic viability of barley cultivation irrigated with highly saline water and, from an environmental point of view, highlight the importance of incorporating quantitative and objective methods for irrigation scheduling to minimize water and nutrient leaching.Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank the ‘Estrella de Levante’ Foundation for funding this experiment through the agreement “6699/21IA-C” with the UPCT. In addition, we thank to Laura Soria-López for the technical support in the laboratory evaluations.

PurposeThis study aims to find the most relevant variables for understanding the gap between intention and behaviour in relation to food waste reduction among young consumers, providing a theoretical framework that reveals what theories can explain this gap.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative analysis based on two focus groups with participants aged 18–35 was developed to examine young consumers' intention–behaviour gap.FindingsThe results suggest that a combination of variables from different theories (the theory of planned behaviour, social practice theory and value-belief-norm theory) can better explain the gap, and that other variables such as emotions, price consciousness and situational factors should also be taken into consideration. The authors also find that although some situational variables tend to reduce the gap, some specific situations do the opposite.Originality/valueThe results offer a conceptual model that combines variables from diverse theoretical streams with the aim of understanding food waste among young consumers holistically, and identify new variables that had not been considered by previous research.

Simple Summary After the recent irruption of asciminib into the therapeutic arsenal for chronic myeloid leukemia, real-life data remain scarce to determine which patients may benefit most from this drug. Data on the efficacy of the drug in real-world setting have been reported, but a detailed analysis of the toxicity profile and the influence of prior intolerance to classical tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has not been performed. The aim of the present analysis is to study in detail the toxicity profile of asciminib as well as to describe the risk of cross-toxicity with classical TKIs. These results may help to select the patient profile with the best chance of therapeutic success with asciminib monotherapy. (1) Background: Despite the prognostic improvements achieved with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a minority of patients still fail TKIs. The recent introduction of asciminib may be a promising option in intolerant patients, as it is a first-in-class inhibitor with a more selective mechanism of action different from the ATP-competitive inhibition that occurs with TKIs. Therefore, our goal was to analyze toxicities shown with asciminib as well as to study cross-toxicity with previous TKIs. (2) Methods: An observational, multicenter, retrospective study was performed with data from 77 patients with CML with therapeutic failure to second-generation TKIs who received asciminib through a managed-access program (MAP) (3) Results: With a median follow-up of 13.7 months, 22 patients (28.5%) discontinued treatment: 32% (7/22) due to intolerance and 45% (10/22) due to resistance. Fifty-five percent of the patients reported adverse effects (AEs) with asciminib and eighteen percent grade 3-4. Most frequent AEs were: fatigue (18%), thrombocytopenia (17%), anemia (12%), and arthralgias (12%). None of the patients experienced cardiovascular events or occlusive arterial disease. Further, 26%, 25%, and 9% of patients required dose adjustment, temporary suspension, or definitive discontinuation of treatment, respectively. Toxicities under asciminib seemed lower than with prior TKIs for anemia, cardiovascular events, pleural/pericardial effusion, diarrhea, and edema. Cross-toxicity risk was statistically significant for thrombocytopenia, anemia, neutropenia, fatigue, vomiting, and pancreatitis. (4) Conclusion: Asciminib is a molecule with a good safety profile and with a low rate of AEs. However, despite its new mechanism of action, asciminib presents a risk of cross-toxicity with classical TKIs for some AEs.

PurposeThis paper analyzes the direct and indirect effects of the autonomy of smart home speakers on consumer experience, weighing its benefits and costs in the following areas: usefulness, interactivity, coolness, service failure severity and intrusiveness. Experience value is examined as an antecedent of repurchase intention.Design/methodology/approachStructural equation modeling is applied to data collected from 607 users of smart home speakers. Mediating effects are examined between autonomy and experience value.FindingsAutonomy has no direct effect on experience value, since the positive effect is fully mediated by interactivity, intrusiveness, perceived usefulness and coolness. Failure severity has no mediating effect and has no influence on experience value. Usefulness, coolness and interactivity show positive mediating effects between autonomy and experience value, while intrusiveness has a negative mediating effect. The better the consumer's experience response, the greater the repurchase intention.Practical implicationsCompanies should highlight the benefits (interactivity, usefulness and coolness) and attempt to reduce the costs (intrusiveness) associated with smart device autonomy. Firms can use these aspects to increase the rate of smart-device adoption.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the interactive research literature by empirically examining the mediating effect of interactivity and coolness. Additionally, this research offers evidence of the full mediation effect of usefulness, interactivity, coolness and intrusiveness. Finally, this research shows that failure severity is not always important and that it can be context specific.

This article presents a morpho-structural map at 1:50,000 scale of the confluence area between three regional units: (1) the Burgalesa Platform (Mesozoic; Cantabrian Mountains), (2) the Duero Basin and (3) the Ebro Basin (Cenozoic foreland basins). The map covers an area of 527 km2 in north Iberia. Additionally, structural lineaments such as joints are well preserved and documented in the Upper Cretaceous sediments of the Burgalesa Platform, represented by four main sets regarding their orientation. The foreland basins are incised in Miocene materials by rivers that have developed a complex drainage system controlling the deposition of the most recent alluvial sediments, following the four structural orientations. The map, together with the analysis of orthophotos and a Digital Terrain Model, and outcrop-scale observations, have led us to document the influence of the Miocene to present-day compression and strike-slip tectonic regime on the configuration of the drainage system and the geomorphological features.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has favored the expansion of telemedicine. Philadelphia-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (Ph-MPN) might be good candidates for virtual follow-up. In this study, we aimed to analyze the follow-up of patients with Ph-MPN in Spain during COVID-19, its effectiveness, and acceptance among patients. We present a multicenter retrospective study from 30 centers. Five hundred forty-one patients were included with a median age of 67 years (yr). With a median follow-up of 19 months, 4410 appointments were recorded. The median of visits per patient was 7 and median periodicity was 2.7 months; significantly more visits and a higher frequency of them were registered in myelofibrosis (MF) patients. 60.1% of visits were in-person, 39.5% were by telephone, and 0.3% were videocall visits, with a predominance of telephone visits for essential thrombocythemia (ET) and polycythemia vera (PV) patients over MF, as well as for younger patients ( 50 yr). The proportion of phone visits significantly decreased after the first semester of the pandemic. Pharmacological modifications were performed only in 25.7% of the visits, and, considering overall management, ET patients needed fewer global treatment changes. Telephone contact effectiveness reached 90% and only 5.4% required a complementary in-person appointment. Although 56.2% of the cohort preferred in-person visits, 90.5% of our patients claimed to be satisfied with follow-up during the pandemic, with an 83% of positive comments. In view of our results, telemedicine has proven effective and efficient, and might continue to play a complementary role in Ph-MPN patients' follow-up.

This research examines differences in the adoption of online reselling between old and young millennials across countries in Europe. National cultural values and government policies are included in the analysis as reasons for differences between countries. Responses from 35,390 individuals from 14 European countries are used to test a multilevel model. The results indicate that young millennials are less likely to resell online. Individualism and public investment in R&D have positive effects on reselling adoption, whereas uncertainty avoidance has a negative effect. Uncertainty avoidance and investment in R&D and in education explain differences between countries in reselling adoption by young versus old millennials.

One of the concerns of underground CO2 onshore storage is the triggering of induced seismicity and fault reactivation by the pore pressure increasing. Hence, a comprehensive analysis of the tectonic parameters involved in the storage rock formation is mandatory for safety management operations. Unquestionably, active faults and seal faults depicting the storage bulk are relevant parameters to be considered. However, there is a lack of analysis of the active tectonic strain field affecting these faults during the CO2 storage monitoring. The advantage of reconstructing the tectonic field is the possibility to determine the strain trajectories and describing the fault patterns affecting the reservoir rock. In this work, we adapt a methodology of systematic geostructural analysis to underground CO2 storage, based on the calculation of the strain field from kinematics indicators on the fault planes (ey and ex for the maximum and minimum horizontal shortening, respectively). This methodology is based on a statistical analysis of individual strain tensor solutions obtained from fresh outcrops from the Triassic to the Miocene. Consequently, we have collected 447 fault data in 32 field stations located within a 20 km radius. The understanding of the fault sets' role for underground fluid circulation can also be established, helping further analysis of CO2 leakage and seepage. We have applied this methodology to Hontomín onshore CO2 storage facilities (central Spain). The geology of the area and the number of high-quality outcrops made this site a good candidate for studying the strain field from kinematics fault analysis. The results indicate a strike-slip tectonic regime with maximum horizontal shortening with a 160 and 50∘ E trend for the local regime, which activates NE–SW strike-slip faults. A regional extensional tectonic field was also recognized with a N–S trend, which activates N–S extensional faults, and NNE–SSW and NNW–SSE strike-slip faults, measured in the Cretaceous limestone on top of the Hontomín facilities. Monitoring these faults within the reservoir is suggested in addition to the possibility of obtaining a focal mechanism solutions for micro-earthquakes (M

Wiki activities are among the most common online learning activities examined by previous research due to the collaborative learning properties wikis offer; however, students are not always satisfied with such activities. Due to this dissatisfaction, learners may finish the wiki activities but not repeat them. While wikis are primarily used to collate content, the wiki activity proposed in this study is used foremost as a discussion forum. Drawing on the value-based adoption model, this study examines the influence of perceived benefits, enjoyment, peer interaction, ease of use, and time and effort costs to explain students' reluctance to repeat the wiki activity. Furthermore, it assesses the moderating effect of peer interaction on the other variables. A survey was conducted, and 110 valid responses obtained. The findings reveal that the need to invest a lot of time and effort into the activity is the main reason for not repeating the activity proposed, while peer interaction and enjoyment help to reduce these perceived costs. Therefore, teachers should emphasize the benefits of in-group wiki activities with regard to not only the final learning performance but also the activities' hedonic and social value. Furthermore, teachers should offer a training session and a user's guide for each specific activity, as well as courses about the team management.

This study provides new evidence on the differences between generational cohorts in terms of the effects of technology-related attributes and previous negative privacy and security experiences on users’ propensity to pay for cloud services. Previous negative privacy and security experiences have been examined as a source of different protection behaviors, but little is known about their effect on payment for a premium version of the product or service. Results obtained from a sample of 2480 cloud users show that ubiquity, data loss protection and ease of sharing are relevant aspects for the likelihood of users from the Baby Boomer generation paying for cloud services; for younger users from the Millennial generation, access to greater online resources is the most important technology-related aspect. Previous negative security experiences have a greater impact on payment likelihood for users from Generation X, while privacy concerns are more important for younger Millennial users. The importance of having had a privacy problem in the past decreases as age increases. Cloud service providers and firms with a freemium price strategy should take account of different age cohorts when designing their value offering, emphasizing different aspects depending on the target market.

Purpose This paper aims to demonstrate that stress is a relevant feeling to take into account in mall experience and customer satisfaction management. Furthermore, it is proposed that its effects on mall experience and satisfaction differ depending on shopping motivation and frequency. Design/methodology/approach The method is based on seemingly unrelated regressions models and data were obtained through a survey of 1,088 mall clients. Mall experience is addressed through customer cognitive and affective responses. Both terms together with stress and customer satisfaction with the mall are constructs measured by seven-point Likert scales. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to validate these measures. Findings The results show that stress reduces customers’ affective response and satisfaction. The effect of low levels of stress on customer affective response is less negative for frequent shoppers, and the influence of high levels on satisfaction is less negative for them. Furthermore, stress has a U-shaped effect on customers’ cognitive response, an effect that is reduced for frequent shoppers. Practical implications Mall managers should try to reduce stress in the management of their customers’ experience. Moreover, they should increase the shopping frequency of their clients by implementing marketing strategies, such as frequency programs and serial concerts, and assist shoppers in reorganizing their shopping goals by implementing organizing tools and new recommendations and suggestions. Originality/value Given that previous work on shopping stress is scarce, this paper expands the extant literature by analyzing its effects on mall experience and customer satisfaction. Furthermore, it shows that these effects may vary depending on shopping frequency and motivation.

The exploitation of both conventional and non-conventional hydrocarbons may lead to still not well-known environmental consequences such as ground deformation and induced/triggered seismicity. Identifying and characterizing these effects is fundamental for prevention or mitigation purposes, especially when they impact populated areas. Two case studies of such effects on hydrocarbon-producing basins in Argentina, the Neuquén and the Golfo de San Jorge, are presented in this work. The intense hydrocarbon production activities in recent years and their potential link with the occurrence of two earthquakes of magnitude 4.9 and 5 near the operating well fields is assessed. A joint analysis of satellite radar interferometry and records of fluid injection and extraction demonstrate that, between 2018 and 2020, vertical ground displacements occurred in both study areas over active well fields that might indicate a correlation to hydrocarbon production activities. Coseismic deformation models of the two earthquakes constrain source depths to less than 2 km. The absence of seismicity before the beginning of the hydrocarbon activities in both areas, and the occurrence of the two largest and shallow earthquakes in the vicinity of the active well fields just after intensive production periods, points towards the potential association between both phenomena.

This paper reports on the expedition to the Cumbre Vieja volcano (Canary Islands, Spain) in November 2021 to assess stand-off laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for real-time measurements of the lava streams from a safe point. The paper provides insight on the analytical approach to the problem, the rationale of the instrument design and construction carried out in three weeks, the experience with the new-born instrument at the volcano and the preliminary results. Despite the subtle spectral differences among the samples and the signal variability induced by the strong wind gusts at site, a statistical approach to data processing such as PCA, made possible to extract sufficient information and provide a robust classification tool. We express our sincere gratitude to the Spanish Unidad Militar de Emergencias (UME) for providing essential support, security, and expertise at the field. We would like to thank Carlos Malag ́on (Astro- shop, M ́alaga, Spain) for donating the telescope used in the stand-off LIBS instrument, to the personnel of the Chemical Analysis Area and the Machine Shop of the Central Facility for Research Support (SCAI-UMA) and to Profs. E.R. Losilla and A. Cabeza (Dept. Química Inorgánica, Cristalografía y Mineralogía, UMA) and D. Marrero (Dept. Física Aplicada I, UMA) for their valuable comments and advice with the surrogate samples. This work has been partially supported by the I Plan Propio de Investigaci ́on de la Universidad de M ́alaga, the Extraordinary Funding (RD 1078/2021, 7th December, Núm. 293 Sec. I. P ́ag. 150,995) and PID2020-113407RB-I00 granted by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN). Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga / CBUA

This work presents a macroseismic analysis of the AD 1755 Lisbon Earthquake-Tsunami event by means of the combination of intensity data derived from the EMS-98 scale and the ESI-07 scale (Environmental damage). About 600 records of secondary earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) for the whole Spain have been used to define intensities, focused on the SW portion of the Iberian Peninsula. The Spanish data have been complemented with 308 EEEs records from Portugal. The analyses indicate maximum intensities of X EMS-ESI along the Atlantic margin of the Iberian Peninsula with 76 records of Tsunami environmental effects (TEEs). An important amplification (VIII – VII) occurred all along the Guadalquivir basin and the adjacent Betic front at epicentral distances of 300–700 km. In these zones 55 records of ground effects (ground cracks, Liquefactions and slope movements) are catalogued. In the rest of the territory of the Peninsula the most widespread effects were hydrogeological changes with 505 records in Spain and 196 in Portugal (total 701 records) covering all the intensity levels. Increase of flow discharges in springs and elevation of water level in wells was the common groundwater response to seismic shacking, especially in SW Iberia. In this zone water elevation in wells was between 5 and 3 m and persistent increases of discharges long-lasting (several days to two months). Persistent discharges on springs were linked in 143 cases to important SW-NE crustal faults (e.g., Alentejo-Plasencia Fault). From the Intensity distribution the historic seismic scenarios are explored by means of the development of empirical ShakeMaps. These consider the three classical seismic sources proposed for this earthquake: Gorringe Bank (G); Marques de Pombal Fault (M) and Atlantic delamination beneath the Gulf of Cadiz (C). However, individually these seismic sources are too small and unable to generate the resulting seismic scenario depicted by the intensity map developed in this work, with onshore seismic accelerations (PGA) up to 0.82 g. These acceleration values and the great amplification experienced throughout the Guadalquivir basin (0.34–0.52 g) are only possible considering a combination of the three seismic sources (GMC Source) probably related to shallow subduction or lithospheric delamination beneath SW Iberia and the Gulf of Cadiz. This will suggest an NNE-SSW offshore rupture length of 350–360 km with an overall rupture area of c. 84,500 km2 resulting in an event magnitude 8.6 Mw calculated from empirical relationships. The results demonstrate the efficacy of these kind of approaches for better identifying and modelling seismic sources for historical events, This work was supported by the Spanish Research Project MINECOFEDER CGL2015-67169-P (QTECSPAIN - USAL). It is a contribution of the Earthquake Geology Group (TPPT) of the INQUA TERPRO Commission. Authors are grateful to the constructive comments of Joao Fonseca and an anonymous reviewer who significantly improved the content of this paper

Students' affective inertia can lead to their resistance to conducting an activity. This article aims to identify the characteristics of an e-learning activity carried out via Twitter that can help teachers reduce the possible incidence of such inertia. The analysis, based on structural equation modelling and applied to a sample of 105 students, reveals that e-learning activities should be useful and enjoyable in order to reduce affective inertia. Furthermore, students that are more apprehensive towards using social networking sites (SNS) are more likely to experience affective inertia, and having high expectations regarding the activity's enjoyment are less likely to reduce their inertia, compared to those who are less apprehensive about SNS use. This research offers important implications for teaching practice on the designing of e-learning activities.

This research investigates whether interactivity of home voice assistants can reduce the consumer's perceptions of intrusiveness when using these products because of their autonomy. To do so, the authors applied structural equation modeling to 607 questionnaires. The results show that autonomy has a quadratic effect on intrusiveness and usefulness, being more intense for high levels of autonomy. Interactivity reduces intrusiveness both directly and indirectly through brand trust, and interactivity has a positive effect on usefulness. Furthermore, interactivity moderates the effect of autonomy on intrusiveness. These results lead to interesting managerial implications, such as the inclusion of interactive characteristics in smart products to enable consumers to control and communicate with them.

Twitter is a microblog that allows users to interact about a topic in online discussion. This makes it an interesting interactive tool with possibilities to increase student engagement and learning performance through active collaboration in an informal learning environment. However, few articles take a quantitative approach to investigate the creation of student engagement using this social networking site. To address this gap, we propose a series of activities conducted through Twitter to analyse the engagement generation process in a sample of 110 students in the first year of a business and administration degree at a large Spanish university. The results show that the engagement process is created through active collaborative learning and enjoyment, and that engaged students are more satisfied with the activity and perceive greater learning performance. This leads us to recommend teachers to encourage active and collaborative activities to make students more engaged and satisfied, and improve their performance. Implications for practice or policy: • Course leaders can use social networking sites to enhance learning performance and student engagement in collaborative learning activities. • Encouraging the engagement generation process in e-learning experiences positively affects students' satisfaction with these experiences and their learning performance. • Group activities are useful to promote student engagement in Twitter-based learning experiences. • Activities consisting of applying the concepts studied in class to practical environments, and activities where students browse for online information and take part in a debate, are more enjoyable.

The long-term managing from the geological hazard point of view of the Hontomín onshore pilot-plant for CO2 storage, located in Spain and recognized as the first and only key-test facility in Europe, is one of the main objectives stated in the ENOS European project. This project is led and funded by the European Network of Excellence on the Geological Storage of CO2 (CO2GeoNet).The complex geological emplacement of the Hontomín Carbon capture and storage plant is considered rather relevant to analyse the impact of fracturing and both local and regional strain field on the reservoir parameters. The reservoir of Hontomín pilot-plant is formed by highly fractured Middle Jurassic dolomites with associated secondary porosity. This parameter is one of the main concerns when managing CO2 storage and monitoring.In order to characterize the fracture pattern and its implications on a proper CO2 monitoring, we characterized the surface structural elements through the study area and their relationship with fractures affecting the reservoir porosity. The methodology followed in this work is mainly based on detailed geological mapping (field work complimented with orthophoto analysis), adding missing information from previous works. This analysis does not increase the cost for long-term monitoring, given that they are low-cost and the results are acquired in a few months.The main structural trend in the study area, concerning faults with a wide range of displacement and metric to decametric folds, follows a regional E-W orientation. On the other hand, fractures show two main sets of trends, from NW-SE to NE-SW.This fracturing pattern, considered as a conjugate fracture system, corresponds to the tectonic stress recorded in both Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary successions where the Hontomín pilot-plant is placed. Riddle faults formed from a nearby regional right-lateral strike slip fault (Ubierna Fault) are the responsible structures for the fracture system affecting the area and the reservoir. Moreover, this fracturing pattern is in agreement with local to regional active tectonic field from Cenozoic times to present-day, when the Ubierna Fault recorded its maximum right-lateral displacement (15 km).Secondary porosity within the reservoir can be produced from this fracture pattern, highly increasing the permeable migration paths for CO2 migration after the injection. Therefore, we state that a combination between fracture analysis and structural and tectonic study, should be considered as mandatory in the monitoring phases of the CO2 plume, during and after injection operations.

One of the concerns of underground CO2 onshore storage is the triggering of Induced Seismicity and fault reactivation. Hence, a comprehensive analysis of the tectonic parameters involved in the storage rock formation is mandatory for safety management operations. Unquestionably, active faults and seal faults depicting the storage bulk are relevant parameters to be considered. However, there is a lack of analysis of the active tectonic strain field affecting these faults during the CO2 storage monitoring. The advantage of reconstructing the tectonic field is the possibility to determine the strain trajectories and describing the fault patterns affecting the reservoir rock. In this work, we adapt a methodology of systematic geostructural analysis to the underground CO2 storage, based on the calculation of the strain field and defined by the strain field from kinematics indicators on the fault planes (ey and ex for the maximum and minimum horizontal shortening respectively). This methodology is based on statistical analysis of individual strain tensor solutions obtained from fresh outcrops. Consequently, we have collected 447 fault data in 32 field stations located within a 20 km radius. The understanding of the fault sets role for underground fluid circulation can also be established, helping for further analysis about CO2 leakage and seepage. We have applied this methodology to Hontomín onshore CO2 storage facilities (Central Spain). The geology of the area and the number of high-quality outcrops, made this site as a good candidate for studying the strain field from kinematics fault analysis. The results indicate a strike-slip tectonic regime with the maximum horizontal shortening with N160° E and N50º E trend for local regime, which activates NE–SW strike-slip faults and NE–SW compressional faults. A regional tectonic field was also recognized with N–S trend, which activates E–W compressional faults. Monitoring of E–W faults within the reservoir is suggested in addition with the possibility of obtaining focal mechanism solutions for micro earthquakes (M

On-line, del 4 al 8 de mayo de 2020, The hydrothermal caves linked to active faulting have subterranean atmospheres with a distinctive gaseous composition containing deep endogenous gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Ascending fluids through associated near-surface hydrothermal processes can mobilize endogenous gases into the Critical Zone and, ultimately, to the lower troposphere. Nitrogen oxides are polluting gases and can have adverse effects on human health, especially inhaled NO2. They also catalyse ozone (O3) production in the lower layers of the atmosphere and the greenhouse effect, when they react with volatile organic compounds. The largest source of NOx emissions is anthropogenic. The rest is produced naturally by microbial processes in soil and water, by lightning, volcanic activity, storms, etc. Production of N2O and NO2 is associated with soil and other active-geothermal ecosystems, far less is known about the sources and sinks of these gases within subterranean locations. Here, we report high N2O and NO2 concentrations detected along a hypogenic system associated with an active faulting (Vapour Cave, southern Spain), which enables direct gas exchange with the low-atmosphere. These anomalous concentrations of N2O and, NO2 are about ten and five times higher than the typical atmospheric background, respectively. Gaseous composition analyses of subterranean atmosphere were conducted by high precision field-deployable CRDS and FTIR spectrometers for measuring in situ the target tracer gases (NO2, N2O, CH4, CO2) and ¿13C of both carbon-GHGs. DNA extraction, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were conducted to characterize the microbial community of cave sediments. The results showed that N2O and NO2 emission depends on the activity of nitrification by ammonia oxidizing microorganisms (such as members of the family Nitrosomonadaceae and phylum Thaumarchaeota) and/or as a result of incomplete denitrification by heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria (such as Bacillus, Acinetobacter and Cupriavidus) from this hydrothermal and hypoxic ecosystem. On the other hand, CH4 concentrations and 13CH4 vary along the cave (with the deep), in deepest cave locations CH4 values are higher with lighter 13C values in comparison with the more superficial areas, which indicates a deep endogenous origin of methane. However, in areas near the entrance we observe lower concentrations of methane and heavier 13C values (CH4

This paper aims to find out whether sales associates and shopping companions, as two factors of the social servicescape, can help customers alleviate their levels of stress while shopping in crowded retail scenarios. Social Impact Theory is used to build a theoretical framework that is tested on a sample of mall shoppers. The findings demonstrate that sales associates can reduce customers' level of stress in crowded situations by employing their task and interaction competences. Customers with shopping companions feel less stress while shopping. When the companions are similar to the customer in shopping preferences, they can create boundaries to stress created by crowding. Finally, this research offers important implications for store managers as well as for sales associates.

El análisis de los daños producidos por eventos sísmicos en yacimientos arqueológicos proporciona mucha información sobre terremotos antiguos e históricos que pueden mejorar los análisis de peligrosidad sísmica. En este trabajo se propone una metodología de análisis que permite cuantificar la deformación a partir de los daños observados en un yacimiento de forma que se pueda establecer su posible origen sísmico. Esta metodología consta de tres fases: (a) Identificación e inventario de daños, (b) cuantificación de la deformación y (c) incorporación de los resultados a los catálogos sísmicos. La primera fase consiste en inventariar y cartografiar los daños siguiendo la clasificación de efectos arqueológicos de terremotos (EAE). La segunda fase consiste en cuantificar la deformación de esos daños, estableciendo diferentes parámetros como la dirección de máxima deformación horizontal (ey). Este análisis se realiza a diferentes escalas: individualmente para cada EAE inventariado, para el conjunto de daños del mismo tipo de efecto, y finalmente para todo el yacimiento considerado. El grado de homogeneidad en los resultados nos permite establecer el origen sísmico de las deformaciones. Esta metodología se ha desarrollado en al yacimiento romano de Baelo Claudia (Cádiz, España) y se ha aplicado a diferentes terremotos históricos de la Península Ibérica. Para calibrar este análisis, la metodología se ha aplicado a dos terremotos instrumentales: el terremoto de Lorca de 2011 (5,1 Mw; Murcia, España) y al terremoto de Emilia Romagna de 2012 (5,9 Mw; Italia)., Departamento de Geología y Geoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Departamento de Geología, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Ávila, Universidad Salamanca