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This study analyzes the structural transformations of the occupations of all off-farm rural laborers in China over the period 2007–2022. The changes in the rural labor market are mainly reflected in the decrease in the share of routine manual laborers from 66.59 percent to 52.77 percent, and the increases in the shares of non-routine cognitive and non-working laborers by 4.48 and 10.73 percentage points from 2007 to 2022, respectively. By adopting decomposition analysis, which improves the definition of occupational classification based on information on sub-sectors in industries and job contents using a dataset with a nationally representative sample covering 2000 rural households, the results show that both composition effect and propensity effect play important roles in the decrease in routine manual occupations; the composition effect dominates the changes in the non-routine cognitive occupation category, while the propensity effect is the main driver of the increasing trend in the non-working group. The economic model further illustrates the results of decomposition analysis. These findings imply that the government should further improve education in rural areas and pay greater attention to female and low-education-attainment groups among rural laborers. This study provides a reference for policies aimed at promoting the sustainable development of the rural labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Rurales is the property of ALASRU / CEIL-CONICET and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines socioeconomic, demographic, and geographical factors determining individuals' participation in India's biggest flagship social security program, that is, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), across three southern states. Logistic regression estimates suggest that MGNREGS has benefited the marginalized rural households belonging to the most backward castes. The adverse effects of climate and the ongoing Covid pandemic would have been more critical without the existence of MGNREGS. We recommend wide-scale implementation of the MGNREGS, particularly for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, women, and those living in an uncertain climate with less access to land and irrigational facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Economic Science is the property of Modern Economic Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia Agraria is the property of Historia Agraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Expanding employment channels for rural households is a crucial means of enhancing the income of rural residents and enhancing the quality of rural employment. This study examines the impact of digital skills on rural laborers' employment choices and explores the underlying mechanisms by using data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) spanning 2014–2018. By employing various models, including the Probit, IV, mediated effects, and propensity-score-matching methods, the study reveals that digital skills have a significant impact on rural laborers' employment choices. Specifically, digital skills increase rural labor's employment opportunities in nonfarm and employed employment while reducing the proportion of informal employment. Additionally, the analysis indicates that the main channels through which digital skills influence rural labor's employment choices are human and social capital. A heterogeneity analysis further reveals that work-study and social-entertainment skills have a more significant effect on rural laborers' nonfarm and employed employment opportunities while inhibiting informal employment. Hence, to enhance the quality of future rural employment, the government must encourage rural workers to enhance their digital literacy and digital application skills while improving digital infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the relationship between human capital and rural laborers' willingness to return to their hometowns based on the moderating effect of identity in China. The results show that the level of human capital significantly affects the willingness of the mobile population to return to their hometowns, but this effect is reversed, i.e., the increase in the level of human capital reduces the willingness of rural laborers to return to their hometowns. The urban identity of rural laborers after flowing into cities has a significant positive moderating effect on their willingness to return to their hometowns. Improving the carrying capacity of economic development in rural areas, further strengthening infrastructure construction in rural areas to provide the material basis for rural revitalization and labor force return, and at the same time strengthening the education and training of farmers to enhance their main status is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic and social transition toward modernization is characterized by a massive outflow of rural labor, which raises problems such as rural job–housing separation and rural decline. Few studies have used rural labor employment microdata to quantitatively analyze the degree of separation between housing and jobs in different types of villages, especially in ecologically fragile mountainous and hilly regions. This article is based on a 2021 survey of 6181 rural households in 158 villages of Chongqing, a mountainous and hilly region of China, and divides villages into city edge, suburban, and outer suburban villages. In this study, the separation degree of housing–jobs (SDHJ) measurement model was created in order to explore the degree of separation between rural jobs and housing in terms of space–time dimension separation in these areas, and the different job–housing separation characteristics under different village types were distinguished. The results show the following. (1) The county's rural SDHJ has a clear regional differentiation law, and the degrees of separation between housing and jobs in all counties are in the following order: main urban area < northeast of Chongqing < southeast of Chongqing. The degree of separation between housing and jobs presents a spatial pattern of "medium–low perimeter high, local prominence" according to both the degree of temporal separation and the degree of spatial separation. (2) The degrees of separation between housing and jobs in various village types are in the following order: urban fringe villages < suburban villages < outer suburban villages. The distance effect was verified. The SDHJ is typically low in urban fringe villages and moderate in suburban villages, with distinct geographical disparities in labor distribution. The SDHJ is typically higher in the outer suburban villages, where laborers choose long-term long-distance employment. (3) This study proposes some countermeasures that could reduce the SDHJ for different types of villages. The findings have important policy implications for China's mountainous rural development and serve as a model for other developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuity and increase in the tendency of rural labor to shift to non-agricultural sectors in Turkey cause concerns. Accurate identification of aforementioned labor movement is important; therefore, this study was conducted using primary data collected from individuals living in a region where the labor movement is active. The aim of this study was to reveal the relationship between the labor potential in rural households and the tendency to shift to non-agricultural jobs with some socio-economic factors. The main material of the study was the survey data, which was conducted through face-to-face questionnaires with 105 families in 5 villages selected from the Tokat Kazova Great Plain Conservation Area. The data obtained were interpreted through percentage distributions, minimum, maximum and average values, and the relationship between the selected socio-economic criteria. The tendency to shift to non-agricultural jobs was evaluated using Chi-square analysis. The results indicated that the education level of men in the 26–50 age range was relatively higher. In addition, the tendency to work in non-agricultural jobs was higher among individuals who have smaller agricultural land, low-income level, no social security and work only in their farms. • *Individuals demanding job in non-agricultural areas are more men who are young and productive age range. • Individuals demanding job in non-agricultural areas are higher education level compared to the rest of the people in the region. • *Individuals demanding job in non-agricultural areas are low-income level. • *Individuals demanding job in non-agricultural areas are without social security and those engaged in farming is higher than expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Historique (0035-3264) is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Tamoios is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objectives] To analyze and study the characteristics of rural labor flow to the tourism industry in Taian City of Shandong Province, and propose some measures for solving the problems of labor support in the development of rural tourism in Taian City. [Methods] The indicators were analyzed using the time series based on the relevant data on the labor employment and flow of rural households in Taian City in 2005 - 2013. [Results] In Taian City, the number of rural laborers engaged in the primary industry decreased at the rate of 96 people/year, while the number of laborers engaged in the secondary and tertiary industries increased at the rate of 29 people/year and 3 people/year, respectively. The proportion of the three traditional tourism elements of transportation, lodging and catering in the tourism industry has been fluctuating, and the minimum was not lower than 30%. The recreational category was decreasing year by year, and only accounted for 1.7% in 2010. In summary, in the development of rural tourism in Taian City, the labor flow has problems such as low rural social security, weak attraction to young people, and large psychological barriers to returning to the hometown for employment. [Conclusions] In view of the problems, it is recommended to implement the rural revitalization strategy, attach importance to regional labor competition, give full play to the advantages of tourist cities, highlight product characteristics, increase cultural added value and improve the quality of operators to develop rural tourism. This study is intended to provide a scientific reference for talent support for rural revitalization in Taian City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic and social transition toward modernization is characterized by a massive outflow of rural labor, which raises problems such as rural job–housing separation and rural decline. Few studies have used rural labor employment microdata to quantitatively analyze the degree of separation between housing and jobs in different types of villages, especially in ecologically fragile mountainous and hilly regions. This article is based on a 2021 survey of 6181 rural households in 158 villages of Chongqing, a mountainous and hilly region of China, and divides villages into city edge, suburban, and outer suburban villages. In this study, the separation degree of housing–jobs (SDHJ) measurement model was created in order to explore the degree of separation between rural jobs and housing in terms of space–time dimension separation in these areas, and the different job–housing separation characteristics under different village types were distinguished. The results show the following. (1) The county’s rural SDHJ has a clear regional differentiation law, and the degrees of separation between housing and jobs in all counties are in the following order: main urban area < northeast of Chongqing < southeast of Chongqing. The degree of separation between housing and jobs presents a spatial pattern of “medium–low perimeter high, local prominence” according to both the degree of temporal separation and the degree of spatial separation. (2) The degrees of separation between housing and jobs in various village types are in the following order: urban fringe villages < suburban villages < outer suburban villages. The distance effect was verified. The SDHJ is typically low in urban fringe villages and moderate in suburban villages, with distinct geographical disparities in labor distribution. The SDHJ is typically higher in the outer suburban villages, where laborers choose long-term long-distance employment. (3) This study proposes some countermeasures that could reduce the SDHJ for different types of villages. The findings have important policy implications for China’s mountainous rural development and serve as a model for other developing countries.

Based on the disordered multi-class logistic regression model, using the data from the rural household survey conducted by the Sichuan Rural Development Survey Team in 2016, we analyzed the impact of human capital and social capital on the rural division of labor and gender division of labor in China. In general, human capital factors and social capital factors have important influences on rural family division decision-making and gender division of labor: the improvement of education level promotes the choice of non-agricultural work for both husband and wife. The overall family labor force has a negative impact on the choice of the wife to engage in non-agricultural work alone. Compared with men, women's family division is affected by more kinds of social capital. The conclusion provides an important policy idea for promoting the rural labor force to achieve stable employment and urbanization strategies in the non-agricultural sector and to promote rural revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the factors affecting rural-to-urban migration have been discussed and analyzed in detail, few studies have examined the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of rural migrants' employment and working-cities in the post-immigrate era, which is essential for the citizenization and social integration of new-type urbanization in China. This study uses survey data from rural migration laborers across the eastern, central, and western China to construct a comprehensive labor migration stability index, and compares the determinants of the migration stability of rural labor among cities and industries using Geodetector. The results are as follows: 1) Compared with the midwestern cities, eastern cities have attracted younger and more skilled rural labor, and industries with higher technical content have higher migration stability among rural laborers. 2) Rural laborers more often adapt to changes by changing employment instead of changing working-cities. 3) The individual experiences of rural laborers and urban characteristics have significant impacts on the stability of migration, and family and societal guanxi (Chinese interpersonal relationships) enhance migration stability. 4) A unified labor market and convenient transportation have somewhat slowed industrial transfers and labor backflow. This study enhances our understanding of the roles of industrial transfer and new-type urbanization in shaping the labor geography landscape and provides policy implications for the promotion of people-oriented urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important representation of the evolution of the rural human–land relationship in the process of urban–rural transformation development, labor migration between rural and urban areas has become the core impetus for agricultural transformation in China's traditional farming areas. An in-depth analysis of the internal mechanism of the evolution of agricultural production patterns driven by rural–urban migration at different phases helps to find solutions for ensuring the sustainable development of the countryside. This paper analyzes the relationship between rural–urban migration and the evolution of the rural human–land relationship, then introduces the city power and the rural power in the push–pull theory, and finally establishes an interactive analysis framework for rural–urban migration and agricultural transformation. The results demonstrate that the part-time rural labor and the frequent rural–urban migration in Yucheng City are the normal conditions for the labor to participate in agricultural production; and the low registered population urbanization rate and the return of the elderly labor have become the main features of the rural–urban migration in the new era. Furthermore, the state of rural–urban migration in Yangqiao Village has become the impetus of the farmland use transition and homestead use change at the village level; the arrangement fragmentation of agricultural production and the change in traditional agriculture production modes are the important factors affecting agricultural transformation in Yangqiao Village. In the context of rural vitalization, agricultural transformation in traditional farming areas needs to pay more attention to the future livelihood systems of small peasants. It is important to promote rural transformation to create more employment opportunities based on local conditions and attract rural migrants to return to start businesses in the countryside. • Analysis framework about rural-urban migration and agricultural transformation is established based on 'push–pull' theory. • The effects of rural-urban migration on agricultural transformation in China's traditional farming areas are analyzed. • The low urbanization rate and the return of the elderly migrants become the main feature of the rural labor migration. • Creating employment opportunities and attracting return migrants to start businesses is important for rural vitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research article, I study seasonal labor migration in rural western India to understand gender negotiations in the course of labor migration. Based on qualitative research conducted in six villages in rural Maharashtra state in Western India during the early Kharif cropping season in 2014 and during Kharif and Rabi cropping seasons in 2015–16, I examine gendered labor in migrant home communities and at various rural and urban employment destinations, the relationship of labor to the social construction of masculinities, and gender negotiations across space. I show that in their home communities, the politics of resistance of returnee laborers can be understood by examining how returnee men deploy 'protest masculinities' to subvert claims on their body and labor by elite men who have historically been in a dominant relationship with the laborers. Yet, these protest masculinities are buttressed by the continued exploitation of women's labor. I also show the flexibility of masculinities. More broadly, I show that migrant destinations themselves are gendered spaces that are constructed by the active consensual work of women and male migrants and employers alike. Second, seasonal migrants enter migration cycles from rural spaces that are gendered, both in production and social reproduction. I find that rural workplaces are the preferred choice of destination for migrant women; a choice that migrant men find reasonable. This is so because rural destinations are already gendered as spaces conducive for social reproduction and discursively constructed in the same terms as the idealized woman subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continued transfer of agricultural labor into the industrial sector is crucial to China's transformation into an industrial economy. We argue in this paper that rural industry offers an alternative to urban industry for receiving agricultural labor from areas without off-farm employment opportunities. Characteristics of rural industry differ from their urban counterparts. These characteristics may serve to shape the growth in employment for incoming workers in rural areas, provide opportunities for certain types of workers, and affect the impacts these workers have on the local economy.In this paper we examine the features of China's rural-to-rural labor movement and the villages where these workers are employed. Using a nationally representative sample of 215 villages, we show that the growth in rural-to-rural labor movement between 1988 and 1995 has been much faster than in rural-to-urban movement or in local off-farm employment. The rapid growth in rural-to-rural commuting and migration has not negatively affected off-farm income earning opportunities for workers living in the receiving villages. Rural-to-rural labor movement also has many positive effects. Labor movement into rural villages provides opportunities for workers generally underrepresented in other parts of the off-farm labor market, appears to dampen upward pressure on wages that allows rural industry to maintain labor intensive practices, and promotes national economic integration.

The focus of land economics is on how to decrease the misallocation of resources to achieve an optimal allocation of resources. Both the theories of new economics of labor migration (NELM) and the conclusions of empirical studies reveal that land resources will inevitably be reallocated (e.g., rented out) if the resources of family labor are reallocated (e.g., off-farm employment). However, this study reveals that off-farm employment does not inevitably lead to land rent out. More precisely, this study uses survey data on 8031 peasant households from 27 provinces in China and explores the relationship between off-farm employment and land rent out by describing spatial features and through empirical analysis (e.g., IV-Probit model and IV-Tobit model). The results show the following: 1) There is an indirect relationship between off-farm employment and land rent out regarding spatial area aggregation, i.e., regions with a higher ratio of off-farm employment also have a lower area of land rent out. 2) Off-farm employment is significantly positively correlated with the behavior of land rent out, but its square is significantly negatively correlated with the behavior, i.e., there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between off-farm employment and the behavior of land rent out, with the turning point being 55.55% off-farm employment. 3) Off-farm employment is significantly positively correlated with the area of land rent out, but its square is significantly negatively correlated with the area, i.e., there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between off-farm employment and the area of land rent out, with the turning point being 56.22% off-farm employment. This study helps explain why China has a high ratio of off-farm employment but a lower rate of land rent out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • African rural household economic diversification came to fore in the 1980s alongside decline in male export crop production. • Female and youth involvement in cash earning activities conterminously expanded. • Three decades later, labour participation sex ratios indicate women are dominant in agriculture and men in non-agriculture. • Rural women work longer hours on domestic tasks in the home than men. • Residentially, older women exceed men in rural areas but the gender gap has been balancing in urban areas. Abstract This article traces smallholder peasant household production and reproduction trends against the background of profound change in African agriculture's terms of trade between 1980 and 2015. The gender and generational dynamics of African peasant households, which evolved under European colonial policies from the late 19th century and largely persisted in the early post-independence era, were disrupted by the 1970s oil crises. By the 1980s, peasant labor displacement was gaining momentum, as evidenced by declining smallholder commercial agriculture, often but not always accompanied by rural out-migration. Ensuing differentiated involvement of peasant smallholder family members in unfolding processes of deagrarianization and depeasantization are explored on the basis of statistical data and qualitative case studies. The article's broad spatial focus and 35-year overview are accommodated in a human geography methodology, which synthesizes multi-disciplinary social scientists' research findings on the gender/age division of labor, allocation of decision-making power and welfare provisioning patterns within smallholder households. Spatial and temporal analysis of sex/age ratios derived from published data on sectoral labour force participation, quantitative surveys of intra-household labour time allocation and national census population data provide insight into the differential effects of deagrarianization on household members. Salient trends are: labor contraction in male commercial peasant family farming, smallholder subsistence-based land cultivation squeezed by medium-scale commercial farmers, female resource control and labor autonomy continuing to be impinged by male patriarchal attitudes, and an emerging tendency for "older women left behind" in the countryside, who provide an agrarian fallback for returned migrant family members and other members engaged in local non-agricultural occupations needing subsistence food support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing combination of technology and biotechnology in agricultural production and the overlap between agroindustrial and financial capitals in agriculture transformed not only the way of production but also social relations in the countryside and the countryside-city relationship. This process of technological modernization and expansion of oligopolistic capital in agriculture is the main brand of soybean expansion in the Center-West region of Brazil. Through statistical surveys, bibliography and semi-structured interviews, this study aims to present an overview of the world of work in soybean capitalist agriculture developed in the State of Mato Grosso and to evaluate the significance of the development model engendered by this activity to the world of the well-being of rural wage earners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the role of the Common AgriculturalPolicy in creating non-agricultural jobs in rural Poland.The analyses were based on monitoring indicators of RuralDevelopment Program 2007–2013 and public statistics. Thepaper argues that dynamic technological changes in agriculturerequire redefining the approach towards challenges relatedto the decreasing demand for human labor in agriculture.Although the CAP proves to have a positive impact on ruraljob creation in Poland, the results are a long way from meetingthe needs. Therefore, this paper calls for a strategic re-orientationof CAP objectives and indicates the need for a moreintegrated policy which offers synergies with other types ofEU and national public aid. Only such a policy mix can enablea more effective creation of quality jobs in rural areas.

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a dinâmica sócio-ambiental da moderna agricultura sucroalcooleira. O texto desenvolve uma análise concreta do fenômeno do agronegócio, resgatando as relações significativas que lhe dão sentido concreto - isto é, que lhe conferem posição compreensiva na unidade do diverso. Para tanto, são abordadas as dimensões de exploração do trabalho social e dos recursos naturais no âmbito deste fenômeno - com ênfase no caso da região de Ribeirão Preto, interior do Estado de São Paulo. As conclusões do estudo indicam: a) as relações autoritárias que compõem o fenômeno estudado, próximas daquelas descritas por M. Weber em sua interpretação do capitalismo Junker alemão e; b) a necessidade de articulação das esferas social e ambiental nas análises dos processos de acumulação no campo, desvendando as dimensões materiais e simbólicas que amparam a modernização conservadora representada pelo agronegócio no Brasil.This paper discusses the socio-environmental dynamics of the modern sugarcane farming. The article develops a concrete analysis of the agribusiness phenomenon, rescuing the significant relationships that give it concrete meaning - i.e., that give it a comprehensive position within the unity of the diverse. To this end, the paper examines the dimensions involved in the exploitation of social labor and natural resources within this phenomenon - emphasizing the region of Ribeirão Preto, in the interior of São Paulo state. The study concludes that: a) the authoritarian relations that constitute the agribusiness phenomenon are in line with those described by M. Weber in his interpretation of the Junker capitalism in Germany; and b) it is necessary to articulate the social and environmental spheres in the analysis of the accumulation processes in the agricultural field, revealing the material and symbolic dimensions that support the conservative modernization represented by the agribusiness in Brazil.

The various kinds of work may interfere in the laborer's quality of sleep. Among the factors, the unemployment caused by the period between the coffee harvests on the agriculture of South Minas may influence the appearance of anxiety and depression symptoms, and it may cause impairments to the quality of life and changes in the rural laborers' pattern of sleep. OBJECTIVE: To appraise the sleep and the effects on the quality of life in the rural laborers in the period between the coffee harvests. METHOD: In the study-group, 40 patients, rural laborers, were evaluated, and in the control-group, 40 patients, fixed laborers. Instruments used: clinical interview, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality, Index Beck Anxiety Inventory, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and World Health Organization Quality of Life. RESULTS: The study-group showed impairment in the quality of the sleep; anxiety and depression signals and symptoms were high in both groups; being them higher in the harvesters laborers; the quality of life presented good levels in both groups, with losses in the domain "social relationship" between the harvesters; the sleep disturbances influenced the appearance of anxiety and depression signs and symptoms, but they did not interfere in the perception of the quality of life. CONCLUSION: The rural laborers that have fixed labors are less exposed to the symptoms of anxiety and depression - along with sleep disorders - than the harvesters laborers. Thus, the study-group's perception of the quality of life is better than the control-group's.As diversas formas de trabalho podem interferir na qualidade do sono do trabalhador. Entre os fatores, o desemprego ocasionado pela entressafra da cultura cafeeira nas lavouras sul mineiras pode influenciar no surgimento de sintomas de ansiedade e de depressão e causar prejuízos na qualidade de vida e alterações no padrão do sono dos trabalhadores rurais. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o sono e as repercussões na qualidade de vida em trabalhadores rurais na entressafra cafeeira. MÉTODO: No grupo-estudo foram avaliados 40 pacientes trabalhadores rurais e no grupo-controle 40 pacientes trabalhadores fixos. Instrumentos utilizados: entrevista clínica, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Beck anxiety Inventory, Hamilton depression rating Scale e World Health Organization Quality of Life. RESULTADOS: O grupo-estudo apresentou prejuízo na qualidade do sono; sinais e sintomas de ansiedade e depressão foram elevados nos dois grupos, sendo maior nos trabalhadores safristas; a qualidade de vida apresentou bons níveis nos dois grupos, havendo perdas no domínio "relações sociais" entre os safristas; os distúrbios do sono influenciaram no surgimento de sinais e sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, mas não interferiram na percepção da qualidade de vida. CONCLUSÃO: Trabalhadores rurais detentores de trabalho fixo estão menos expostos aos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão - acompanhados de distúrbios do sono - que os trabalhadores safristas. Assim, a percepção da qualidade de vida do grupo-estudo é melhor que a do grupo-controle.

This study employed stratified random sampling approach to collect the input-output and socioeconomic data set to see the impact of credit on the growth of livestock sector in the rural areas. The income elasticities of meat and livestock products were highest compared to all other food items except fruits, defining the future role of livestock sector in our food basket. It was observed that credit availability expanded the livestock sector more than double (economies of size), which increased per family per month income from livestock sector by 181%. The elasticity values of family size, literacy rate (schooling years) and credit were 0.18, 0.05 and 0.06, respectively. The elasticity of family size was highest, followed by credit and literacy rate, indicating that adequate potential exists that can be explored to utilize unemployed and untrained rural labor in the agriculture sector. It would help to mitigate the increasing population pressure on mega cities of Pakistan by providing employment opportunities at the door steps of rural community.

Este artículo, basado en el trabajo de campo realizado en áreas rurales del Alto Valle de Río Negro, Argentina, desde el año 1999, tiene como propósito presentar las relaciones en las cuales se insertan hombres y mujeres chilenas que residen y trabajan en "chacras" destinadas a la producción frutícola. Las diferentes actividades en las chacras se organizan según el sexo y la edad, definiéndose una segmentación del mercado de trabajo en la que se ven involucrados los diferentes miembros de la familia. Como desarrollaré, ser trabajadores chilenos en la fruticultura del Alto Valle de Río Negro reproduce una identidad étnica y nacional en el seno de la cotidianeidad familiar y laboral.This article, based on field work conducted in rural areas of the Alto Valle de Río Negro, Argentina, from 1999 on, analyzes the relations in which Chilean men and women who reside and work in small farms destined to fruit production are inserted. The different activities in the small farms are organized according to sex and age, circumscribing a segment of the labor market in which different members of the family are involved. As I will demonstrate, to be a Chilean worker in the fruit growing region of the Alto Valle is to reproduce an ethnic and national identity through work routines mediated by family relations.

Copyright of Mundo Agrario is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)