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Third molar removal surgery usually comes accompanied by postoperative discomfort, which could be influenced by the surgical approach chosen. This scoping systematic review aimed at compiling the available evidence focused on the influence of flap design, including envelope flap (EF), triangular flap (TF), and modified triangular flap (MTF), on postoperative pain, swelling, and trismus, as primary outcome measures, and any result mentioning healing promotion or delay, as secondary outcome measure, after mandibular third molar extraction surgery. An electronic search, complemented by a manual search, of articles published from 1999 to 2020 was conducted in the Medline (PubMed), EMBASE and Web of Science databases including human randomized controlled trials, prospective, and retrospective studies with at least 15 patients. The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed either with the Cochrane's Risk of Bias tool or with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Every step of the review was performed independently and in duplicate. The initial electronic search recovered 2102 articles. After applying the inclusion criteria, 12 articles were included. For patient's perceived postoperative pain, TF and MTF frequently reported better results than EF. For swelling, the literature is divided, despite a trend favoring EF. For trismus, data showed that its occurrence is mostly associated with the duration of the surgery rather than with the chosen flap. For healing, the limited data is inconclusive. Finally, randomized studies showed a high risk of bias, whereas nonrandomized studies were mostly of good quality and low risk of bias. Although there was no clear consensus regarding the influence of different flap designs for third mandibular molar extraction on postoperative clinical morbidities; the surgeon's experience, estimated surgical difficulty, molar position and orientation, and surg ery duration should be considered when choosing among the different flap designs

To evaluate the margin quality of direct resin composite restorations comparing the enamel-dentin adhesive standard procedure with additional use of adhesive layer at the external outline. METHODS: A total of 648 teeth with Class I occlusal lesions in molars and premolars were randomly selected and distributed into two groups of 324 each in order to compare the margin quality with two restoration strategies. Lesions were sealed with the standard adhesion procedure for direct resin composite restorations (Group 1) and with an additional procedure of enamel adhesive on the outer boundary of the finished restoration (Group 2). Evaluation of marginal quality at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 months was performed and described as good marginal adaption or as poor quality defined as Inadequacy A (IA): overhanging resin or change of color; Inadequacy B (IB): the presence of a gap at the enamel-composite interface that retained the probe tip; or Inadequacy C (IC) presence of gap at the enamel-composite interface with explorer tip penetration of more than 1 mm. RESULTS: Data showed a higher number of Inadequacy A for restorations with the additional technique for marginal seal (Group 2): 16 of 24 total (57%) at 6 months; 28 of 37 total (76%) at 12 months; 36 of 44 total (82%) at 18 months; 22 of 33 total (67%) at 24 months; 14 of 21 total (70%) at 36 months and 16 of 25 total (64%) at 48 months. The Inadequacy B and C of marginal seal were more prevalent for restorations without the additional marginal seal (Group 1): 18 of 28 total (64%) at 12 months with inadequacy B; 19 of 25 total (76%) with inadequacy B and 16 total (100%) with inadequacy C at 18 months; 9 of 17 total (53%) with Inadequacy B and 13 total (100%) with Inadequacy C at 24 months; 12 of 17 total (70%) with Inadequacy B and 9 of 13 total (73%) with Inadequacy C at 36 months; 14 of 24 total (58%) with Inadequacy B and 7 of 11 total (63%) with Inadequacy C at 48 months. Purpose: To evaluate the margin quality of direct resin composite restorations comparing the enameldentin adhesive standard procedure with additional use of adhesive layer at the external outline. Methods: A total of 648 teeth with Class I occlusal lesions in molars and premolars were randomly selected and distributed into two groups of 324 each in order to compare the margin quality with two restoration strategies. Lesions were sealed with the standard adhesion procedure for direct resin composite restorations (Group 1) and with an additional procedure of enamel adhesive on the outer boundary of the finished restoration (Group 2). Evaluation of marginal quality at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 months was performed and described as good marginal adaption or as poor quality defined as Inadequacy A (IA): overhanging resin or change of color; Inadequacy B (IB): the presence of a gap at the enamel-composite interface that retained the probe tip; or Inadequacy C (IC) presence of gap at the enamel-composite interface with explorer tip penetration of more than 1 mm. Results: Data showed a higher number of Inadequacy A for restorations with the additional technique for marginal seal (Group 2): 16 of 24 total (57%) at 6 months; 28 of 37 total (76%) at 12 months; 36 of 44 total (82%) at 18 months; 22 of 33 total (67%) at 24 months; 14 of 21 total (70%) at 36 months and 16 of 25 total (64%) at 48 months. The Inadequacy B and C of marginal seal were more prevalent for restorations without the additional marginal seal (Group 1): 18 of 28 total (64%) at 12 months with inadequacy B; 19 of 25 total (76%) with inadequacy B and 16 total (100%) with inadequacy C at 18 months; 9 of 17 total (53%) with Inadequacy B and 13 total (100%) with Inadequacy C at 24 months; 12 of 17 total (70%) with Inadequacy B and 9 of 13 total (73%) with Inadequacy C at 36 months; 14 of 24 total (58%) with Inadequacy B and 7 of 11 total (63%) with Inadequacy C at 48 months.

Glutathione, the most abundant non-enzymatic cellular thiol, regulates the redox environment through a balance of its reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) forms. Its antioxidant tasks include the defence against oxidative damages caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), detoxification from toxic compounds, protection from oxidation of protein sulfhydryls. Hence, this tripeptide affects many cellular functions, such as tran- sport, metabolism, cell cycle, carcinogenesis, apoptosis; furthermore, it is involved in the post-translational regulation of protein functions through the S-glutathionylation of specific cysteine residues. The enzyme me- chanism for GSH biosynthesis is conserved throughout prokaryotes and eukaryotes and includes two sequen- tial steps for the assemblage of glutamate, cysteine and glycine into GSH, the driving force being guaranteed by the hydrolysis of ATP. In most prokaryotes, the two reaction steps are catalysed by two distinct enzymes, γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase (GshA) and glutathione synthetase (GshB). In this work, the GSH biosynthesis was investigated for the first time in a cold-adapted microorganism, such as Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis. This psychrophile, perfectly adapted to ROS protection, exhibits intriguing features in the functional role and biosynthesis of GSH. First, some antioxidant enzymes from this source are S-glutathionylated; second, differently from other proka- ryotes containing a single GshA and GshB, P. haloplanktis has two redundant GshA gene products (GshA I and GshA II) besides one GshB. In this study a detailed characterization of the recombinant forms of these enzymes was realised, focusing on the different role played by the redundant GshAs. The cold adaptations of the three enzymes of P. haloplanktis were compared and two distinct complete systems for GSH synthesis were reconstituted and analysed in order to dissect partial and complete reaction rates for GSH biosynthesis, even for potential biotechnological applications.

Many attempts have been made in the last fifteen years for the better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying dental tissue response to an injury i.e. caries, dental trauma, restoration and/or preparation, providing for new dentin formation, tertiary dentin. Tertiary dentin represents dental tissues of two variants “reactionary” and “reparative” ones, sharing the inductive nature but characterized by different healing processes, related to the extent of tooth injury. This paper discusses the current knowledge about tooth response to injury by reviewing the literature.

This article reviews the most recent papers on root canal irrigants and summarize the chemistry, biology and procedures for safe and efficient root canal irrigation. A PubMed and PMC search for papers by using the keywords ‘root canal irrigants’ and ‘endodontic irrigants’ and the reference lists of each article were manually checked for additional articles of relevance.