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The title of this research is "Implementation of DPRD Code of Conduct at the North Sulawesi Provincial DPRD Office". The research aims to find out and describe the process of resolving violations of the code of ethics carried out by the Honorary Board in the implementation of the DPRD Standing Orders at the North Sulawesi Provincial DPRD Office. The research method used was qualitative with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, documentation and secondary data analysis. The results showed that the implementation of the rules related to the process of resolving violations of the code of ethics in the DPRD of North Sulawesi Province had been implemented but not maximized, because: The enforcement of sanctions carried out by the Honorary Board has been implemented in accordance with the procedures and the results of the agreement decided in the plenary session, but the sanctions given do not have a deterrent effect on board members who violate the code of ethics. Sanctions given for violators of DPRD rules of conduct should be more firm and real. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the legal and practical aspects of implementing legislative initiative in Ukraine. The right to initiate legislation represents a fundamental component of a democratic system. A detailed analysis of the content of the right to legislative initiative was conducted, with the results indicating that the content of the right to legislative initiative encompasses a comprehensive range of issues. The aforementioned rights are subject to variation depending on the subject matter in question, namely the manner in which the right is realised. The differences in the content of the legislative initiative rights of various subjects are due to the necessity of differentiating the legal regulation of functions, which is essential for the implementation of the subjects' rights in the mechanism of state operation. Furthermore, the author puts forth a proposal to structure the content of the legislative initiative right by delineating two distinct categories of powers vested in the subjects of this right. The initial section delineates the powers exercised by the subject in relation to their own legislative initiative and the obligations that accompany the submission of an initiative to the Verkhovna Rada. The subsequent section outlines the avenues for participation of subjects of the legislative initiative right in the legislative process with regard to initiatives proposed by other subjects of this right. On the basis of the analysis, it was concluded that the mechanisms of the exercise of the right of legislative initiative in Ukraine should be improved and the transparency and efficiency of the legislative procedure should be increased. Different approaches to determining the forms and content of the exercise of the right of legislative initiative by different subjects are contained in the different Laws. The issues related to the exercise of the right of legislative initiative will be partially resolved when the amendments to the Rules of Procedure of the Verkhovna Rada come into force. This will, in particular, lead to an improvement in the quality of legislative initiatives and a reduction in the number of cases of abuse of the right of legislative initiative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara Haci Bayram Veli Universitesi Hukuk Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Law / Teise is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 1911, the School of Dentistry was founded, as a branch of the Medical School of Athens with the enactment of the Law ΓΩΚΓ΄ (Government Gazette Issue 178/12-7-1911) On the Organization of the National University. The following year, the first Program of Studies was prepared by Konstantinos Savvas, Professor of the Medical School of the National University and approved by the Board of Professors of the Medical School of Athens in May 1912. Due to Greece's participation in the Balkan Wars, the first Program of Studies became a Law of the Greek State in September 1916. It was applied for five years but in the meantime, it was revised because of the heavy load of medical courses for the Dental School students. Despite any particular weaknesses, it managed to educate the first generation of dentists, among whom are important university figures, such as Kosmas Aravantinos (1919) Professor of Dental Surgery, Pathology and Therapeutics and Konstantinos Adam Professor of Dental Prosthetics (1921), who demonstrated significant educational and dental work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 12 December 2022, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) received a request from the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law (COSIS) to render an advisory opinion in order to clarify the obligations of States under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to protect and preserve the marine environment in relation to climate change, including ocean warming, sea level rise, and ocean acidification. Although ITLOS has dealt with environment-related issues in the past, it has not yet specifically dealt with climate change and its (in)direct impacts. This contribution, drawing on the first opinion delivered by the Tribunal in 2015, aims to scrutinize some critical legal questions that the request will inevitably face, engaging particularly with its main procedural and substantive aspects. Since it is unlikely that ITLOS will encounter any unsurmountable obstacles to render the opinion, it would be expected that the Tribunal will take this opportunity to shed light on the implications of climate change for the legal regime of the sea, but also on the role of the Tribunal itself, to definitively clarify its advisory function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Facta Universitatis: Law & Politics is the property of University of Nis, Serbia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study shows how legal evidentiary rules intended to make trials fair also enable biodiversity loss, even in courts charged with environmental protection. The common law is premised on two types of rules. The first, substantive laws, set rules for how society should function—obstructing and punishing some behaviours while enabling and rewarding others. In contrast, procedural laws are intended to level the playing field when there is a dispute over substantive rules during litigation. This case study concerns a routine environmental dispute over land development in Sydney, Australia. It demonstrates how, by enabling courts to determine what evidence will and will not be considered, procedural rules and practices drive substantive outcomes by rendering certain places, dynamics, and connections visible and capable of judicial action while obscuring others. Specifically, the court's efforts to use evidentiary tools to make litigation more efficient drove substantive outcomes in two ways. First, work to narrow evidence to address factual disputes also narrowed the court's geographic scale of analysis to the property boundaries of the site, thus obscuring broader threats to a critically endangered ecological community. Second, these procedural evidentiary decisions drove substantive outcomes undermining biodiversity protection, while concealing their inherently substantive nature. Combined with the tendency of the court to use procedural informality to promote compromise between the parties, and a broader juridical treatment of intact ecological communities as species that can largely be moved at will, the evidentiary rules enabled an environmentally focused court to enable the victory of development over species protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept European is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Through this paper, the author analyzes the legislative framework that regulates the work schedule for judges. The paper is divided into three sections, the first aimed at the express regulation of the flexible work schedule for judges in the legislation prior to the new internal Rules of Procedure of the courts, and the second aims at analyzing the current regulatory framework, while the author aims to provide a key interpretation for current regulation, in the light of the tendency of judges to work more flexibly. The third section is related to the conclusions, being proposed some solutions of lege ferenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The aim of the paper is to point out the possibilities of the city district inhabitants to actively participate in decision-making on important issues of the functioning and development of the city district, which should be adjusted, in the Rules of Procedure through the analysis of the current legislation, using literature and research of the Rules of the Procedure of individual city districts in Košice Material and methods analysis Results There is a serious lack in current legislation, which could be considered as considerable disproportion, in the case of giving words to individual items on the agenda of a municipalities to a resident, a deputy of the National Council of the Slovak Republic, a deputy of the European Parliament, or a deputy of other state organ. Conclusions In our opinion, the lawgiver should in the Act on Municipal Establishment, as in the case of the above-mentioned persons, regulate the participation of the inhabitants of the municipality in the meetings of the Municipal Council, or set the conditions under which the citizen of the municipality must be given the word, which the municipalities will have to obligatorily list in their Rules of Procedure. On the other hand, we do not support the idea that the word should be granted to a resident of a municipality at a Local Council meeting whenever he / she asks for it, as it could result in disrupting the peaceful and smooth conduct of the negotiations. However, an appropriate solution would to set a limited period of time in the debate on the individual items of the agenda, within which the inhabitants of the municipality may also be involved. This solution would be adequate because the inhabitants of the municipality are considered as a source of power and their decisions determine the elected bodies of the municipality.

"awareness" is an acquired process that one acquires in interacting with others in the process of education. Given the rule of traditional rules in the field of diplomatic relations with Iran, it was necessary to update these rules. The gradual process of formation and institutionalization of the State Department during the Qajar era provided the opportunity to transform its diplomatic awareness resources and adapt to the administrative modernization of the institution by taking a step towards this cohesion. The sources of diplomatic awareness refer to the origin of knowledge in this field; the evolution of these sources is the problem of the present study. What are the sources of diplomatic awareness? And how was it during the Qajar era? It is a fundamental question that shapes the problem of the present study. Thus, the research hypothesis was adjusted as follows: The evolution of the sources of diplomatic awareness in Iran is a shift from acquiring oral awareness to education-based awareness. The evolution of the sources of knowledge in the Qajar period has a two-way relationship with the growth of the diplomatic institution, namely the change in the sources of consciousness has also led to the transformation of the institution; Empirical consciousness is also formed. In the period of the evolution of diplomatic organizations, we are witnessing the growth of empirical awareness and its steps towards education-based awareness. The present study deals with the evolution of this process through a descriptive-explanatory method.

Recent studies, as well as the judicial and criminalistic practice, show that senior citizens can testify as reliable witnesses in the process of proving the commission of a criminal offence and provide complete (valid) statements, provided that they are subejct to adequately conducted inquiry. According to the latest population census of the Republic of Serbia (from 2011), there was a total of 1.250.316 registered citizens over the age of 65. It implies that approximately every sixth citizen of Serbia belonged to the category of senior citizens. Considering the general improvement of the living standard, the development of medical science and diverse possibilities of medical treatment in the contemporary world, the percentage of senior citizens in the total population of Serbia will keep rising, and it may be expected that senior citizens will soon become the prevalent population category. If the growth of human average lifespan continues, according to certain calculations, an average lifespan in sixty years will be 100 years for men, and 103 years for women. Thus, it is quite probable that that senior citizens are likely to appear in criminal proceedings in the capacity of witnesses. For this reason, there is a need for more extensive rearch on the fundamental psychophysical characteristics of senior citizens and determining relevant criminal law rules and procedures which would create objective and subjective conditions for their participation in criminal proceedings, particularly in terms of obtaining a complete, accurate and valid tertimony in the process of proving the commisison of a criminal offence. Concurrently, it would prevent secondary victimization of these witnesses. In this paper, we indicate the psychophysical traits of senior citizes, elaborate on the issue of interrogating senior citizen witnesses from the aspect of criminal procedure norms and rules of criminal tactics, and discuss the current issues encountered by interrogators in the course of the inquiry, with the aim of ensuring a better quality of witness statements of senior citizens.

The authors explore the rules governing the burden and standard of proof in international administrative law, both from a general perspective and in specific contexts such as termination for misconduct, harassment, retaliation, performance and promotions, and service-incurred illnesses. They compare the rules applied by various international administrative tribunals with those applied by courts in domestic jurisdictions. They conclude that some international organizations should review their rules in the interest of coherence, and revert back to a contextualized application of the usual civil standard of proof instead of applying different standards depending on the circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical development of rules of debate in the UK House of Commons raises an important puzzle: why do members of parliament (MPs) impose limits on their own rights? Despite a growing interest in British Political Development and the institutional changes of nineteenth-century UK politics, the academic literature has remained largely silent on this topic. Three competing explanations have emerged in studies of the US Congress, focusing on efficiency, partisan forces and non-partisan (or: ideology-based) accounts. This article falls broadly into the third category, offering a consensus-oriented explanation of the historical development of parliamentary rules. Working from a new dataset on the reform of standing orders in the House of Commons over a 205-year period (1811–2015), as well as records of over six million speeches, the author argues that MPs commit more quickly to passing restrictive rules in the face of obstruction when legislator preferences are proximate within both the opposition and government, and when polarization between both sides of the aisle is low. The research represents, to the author's knowledge, the first systematic and directional test of a range of competing theories of UK parliamentary reform, shedding light on the process of parliamentary reform over a prolonged period of Commons history, and advancing several new measures of polarization in the UK House of Commons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Historique (0035-3264) is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article based on literary sources and Russian regulatory acts researches the process of a Zargo court development and judicial proceedings in Kalmykia in the XIX century. The article shows the step by step integration of the Kalmyks into Russian legislation system. In the XVII-XVIII centuries the highest judicial authority was represented by khan. Judicial authority was as well given to feudal aristocracy such as noyons and zaysangs. Zargo court, a Kalmyk court was an important judicial and administrative institute. Zargo was an advisory unit under Kalmyk khan and did administrative management and jurisdiction on the most important affairs. Judicial procedure in the XVII-XVIII centuries was based on mongol-oyrats’ laws of the 1640s and additional decrees of Kalmyk khan Donduk-Dashi. After the biggest part of the Kalmyk population left Russia, Russian government made arrangements in establishing management for the Kalmyks remained including the organization of the judicial procedure and functioning of the Zargo court. Rules for Kalmyk nation management dated by the year of 1825 determined that the Zargo court should deal with the civil cases up to 400 rubles, and ulus courts should deal with the cases up to 200 rubles. Criminal cases were considered by Russian authorities. After the Regulations of Kalmyk Nation Management of the years 1834 and 1847 were passed, Russian judicial fundamentals were established. According to the Regulation of the year 1834, the Zargo court became the Kalmyks’ highest judicial authority. In Zargo court one could appeal against judgments and decisions of ulus courts. The decisions of the Zargo court could be appealed against only in Senate. Criminal cases verdicts were to be confirmed by Astrakhan military governor who sent them for an execution. The Zargo court was disestablished after the issue of the Regulations of the year 1847. There remained only ulus Zargo courts where the civil cases up to 30 rubles and small crimes were considered. At the same time, civil cases of Kalmyks were considered according to Mongol-Oyrats’ (Kalmyk) rules and habits. Criminal cases needed to be considered according to Russian laws. So here how it comes that Kalmyks were integrated into Russian judicial system in the XIX century.

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper deals with the possibility of the municipality's inhabitants to actively participate in the self-government of the municipality through participation in the meetings of the Municipal Council. This right arises to the inhabitants from the current legislation. Municipal Councils have the possibility within their Rules of Procedure to regulate the active participation of its residents and other persons who have the right to participate in the administration of public matters in the municipal self-government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In April 2016, the International Court of Justice held a colloquium to commemorate the 70th anniversary of its establishment. One of the principal themes of this event was the potential adoption of improvements to the procedures and working practices of the Court. Responses to a Counsel Survey revealed a general interest in procedural reform at the Court, particularly with respect to the areas of evidence and procedural efficiency. The purpose of this article is to set out a case for procedural reform at the ICJ, presenting multiple options, with supplementary reference to the ITLOS. Whereas the work of the Committee also addresses procedural integrity or "the sound administration of justice", this contribution will focus upon the Court's case management procedures to call for their reform in order to enhance procedural economy. This would enable the Court to improve its "throughput" to be able to cope with an expanded caseload. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parliament is considered one of the most important institutions in representative democracies. However, Rules of Procedure as institutional regulation of its activity have been rarely analysed. This paper aims to fill this gap by conducting an analysis of amending the Rules of Procedure of the Slovak legislature in the period 1998-2016, almost its entire existence. The analysis not only covers passed amendments but also looks at proposed but unpassed ones. The main assumption is that through changing the parliamentary rules, the parliament adapts itself to specific trends. These are identified in the paper, as well as the main categories the proposed amendments concentrated on, distinguishing between redistributive and effective amendments. One of the key findings of the paper is that it is not the government that dominates the process of proposing amendments to the parliamentary rules. On the other hand, when we look at passed amendments only, the government is, then, the dominant actor. The assumption that the amendments of the Rules of Procedure are primarily of a redistributive character was not verified. Despite the fact that amending these rules may be used by the governmental majority to redistribute the power in the Slovak parliament, in practise, such behaviour is rather infrequent and cannot be described as the government's weapon against the opposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For years, the Court of Justice of the European Union has been overloaded with requests for preliminary rulings, given that these proceedings make up more than three-quarters of the Court caseload. Such circumstances constitute a significant constraint to the operation of the Court, which is unable to quickly and effectively respond to the preliminary questions which are referred to this Court by the national courts of Member States. In addition, the duration of the regular preliminary ruling proceedings jeopardizes the European standards not only in terms of the lengthy procedure but also in terms of observing the right of each individual to effective judicial protection within a reasonable time. In order to make the proceedings faster and more effective, the procedural rules have been repeatedly amended and supplemented. The applicable Rules of Procedure of the Court stipulate some exceptions from the regular preliminary ruling procedure. The first one is the so-called simplified procedure, where the Court renders a final decision in the form of a reasoned order, without scheduling an oral hearing and obtaining the written opinion of the Advocate-General. The Court may also decide to institute the expedited procedure, by means of which the case at issue is given absolute priority over other cases. The last exception is the urgent procedure, which is applicable only in the area of freedom, security and justice; it implies the omission of certain stages of the regular preliminary ruling procedure. The analyses presented in this paper show that the results achieved in terms of reducing the length of the regular preliminary ruling procedure are generally positive. Thus, the average time required for rendering a decision in the expedited procedure is approximately four and a half months, which is certainly a significant improvement as compared to the length of the regular procedure which takes sixteen to seventeen months. The initial results accomplished by instituting the urgent procedure are even more encouraging, as the average duration of this procedure is approximately two months. The time required for deliberation in an urgent procedure has never exceeded three months, which makes this procedure faster and more efficient than the expedited procedure.

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept al Afacerilor is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Female community of Kosovska Mitrovica is a humanitarian organization, which operated from in 1924 up in 1944 on the region of Mitrovica and its environment. The main goal, and also the task for which it was formed to work on national, human, economic and educational fields. In his twenty-operation with Belgrade Women's Society, which is a sub-committee of female community of Kosovska Mitrovica achieved remarkable results. The associations are generally tied to the professional education of female children, school work, management, financing, charitable and humanitarian activities. The action of female community of Kosovska Mitrovica is directed at improving the craft, handicrafts, humanitarian activity where mainly members involved and professionally qualified girls. There were many examples of humanity and human warmth heart but encouragement and hope for a society that is struggling daily with poverty, political and economic crises, illiteracy, making the existence of such associations was certainly a big help.

The procedure before the European Union Civil Service Tribunal is governed by particular procedural rules. When hearing cases, the Civil Service Tribunal applies these procedural rules, established in the EU primary law. These rules are further elaborated and complemented by documents that are adopted by the Civil Service Tribunal. In this respect, the Rules of procedure of the European Union Civil Service Tribunal are of fundamental importance. The new version of the Rules of Procedure was entered into force on 1st October 2014. By adopting the new version of its Rules of Procedure, the Civil Service Tribunal aimed to ensure that the procedural rules governing the legal proceedings brought before the Courts of the European Union are homogeneous. Nevertheless, during the adoption process, the specific nature of disputes in the civil service field was also taken into consideration. In some aspects, the procedural rules applied in the proceedings brought before the Civil Service Tribunal differ from the procedural rules governing the procedure before the two other Courts of the European Union. One of the most significant differences is the application, by the Civil Service Tribunal, of the general rule according to which the written part of a procedure in principle is to be limited to a single exchange of written pleadings. Such a general rule, first of all, is aimed at reducing the duration of proceedings. However, its application in some particular cases could give rise to concerns about the compatibility with the right to effective judicial protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the amendments brought by Romanian Government Ordinance no. 12 of 2014 to the Law for the repression of unfair competition no. 11 of 1991 as well as the links created and severed between the 1991 law and other normative provisions, the most relevant of which has become the Competition Law no. 21 of 1996. While the analysis is mostly focused on the changes made and effects thereof on the overall system for the combating of unfair competition in Romania, some considerations pertaining to the constitutionality of the Ordinance are also made. Moreover the paper takes into account the most recent legislative developments surrounding the Parliamentary debate concerning the adoption of a bill for a Law to approve the Ordinance and amendments proposed therein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first part of the article deals with the theoretical question of whether the Constitution of the Czech Republic and the Rules of Procedure of the Chamber of Deputies allow the plenary of the Chamber of Deputies to revoke a resolution of the Committee for European Affairs which had been adopted in relation to proposed EU legislation (where the Rules of Procedure provide for the existence of a legal fiction that such a committee resolution is, under certain circumstances, considered to be a representation of the Chamber of Deputies as a whole). This is particularly important in relation to the yellow and orange flag procedures in EU law in relation to alleged breaches of the principle of subsidiarity. The second part of the article deals with the powers of the Chamber of Deputies to deliberate staff nominations to European Union bodies. The theoretical part is devoted to the interpretation of the relevant provisions of the Rules of Procedure of the Chamber of Deputies and problematic issues. Following this, the article describes the application of these provisions using the example of the deliberation of the nomination of the candidate for General Court judge by the Committee for European Affairs, which took place in November 2012. The article further describes the procedure preceding the discussion in the Chamber of Deputies and the procedure which follows, including the response of the European Union and future prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Senate of Parliament of the Czech Republic counts among the most active parliamentary chambers in the scrutiny of European affairs. This article first shortly presents possible reasons why. Main part of the article then concentrates on the various procedures of European affairs scrutiny in the Senate. It describes the relevant legal provisions in the Rules of Procedure of the Senate, as amended following the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, and Senate's practice in their interpretation and application. Among the problems identified stand out the delays in delivering Senate's opinions caused by a complicated scrutiny procedure and a low priority of EU scrutiny in the Senate's schedule. Last part of the article summarises practices and rules the change of which may be considered in order to improve the effectiveness of the scrutiny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto is the property of Universidad de Deusto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)