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Macrophomina phaseolina, the causal agent of charcoal rot, is one of the most destructive soil-borne pathogens that affect the global strawberry industry. Resistant cultivars are critical for ensuring the profitability of strawberry production without the protection historically provided by methyl bromide. Previously, three loci, namely, FaRMp1, FaRMp2, and FaRMp3, associated with quantitative resistance to Macrophomina phaseolina have been identified and validated across diverse populations and environments. Among those, the locus with the largest effect, FaRMp3, was initially detected in crosses with an exotic Fragaria xananassa selection. We introgressed the favorable FaRMp3 allele into elite germplasm in the University of Florida strawberry breeding program already segregating for FaRMp1 and FaRMp2 and confirmed its phenotypic effects across various genetic backgrounds. Subsequently, we developed a high-throughput genotyping assay to facilitate the transfer and selection of FaRMp3 in breeding populations via marker-assisted selection. Given that three quantitative trait loci (QTL) contribute to partial resistance to Macrophomina phaseolina, stacking them within a single genotype presents a potential strategy for enhancing resistance. We screened 564 individuals that segregate for favorable alleles at all three QTL to assess their effects singly and in combination across multiple genetic backgrounds and production seasons. Inoculated field trials revealed that the three QTL cumulatively enhanced resistance levels, and that two-way QTL combinations including FaRMp3 provide increased protection against the pathogen. Pyramiding all three loci achieved the strongest resistance and could provide substantial economic value to the strawberry industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malus baccata, a valuable germplasm resource in the genus Malus, is indigenous to China and widely distributed. However, little is known about the lineage composition and genetic basis of 'ZA', a mutant type of M. baccata. In this study, we compared the differences between 'ZA' and wild type from the perspective of morphology and ultrastructure and analyzed their chloroplast pigment content based on biochemical methods. Further, the complete mitogenome of M. baccata 'ZA' was assembled and obtained by next-generation sequencing. Subsequently, its molecular characteristics were analyzed using Geneious, MISA-web, and CodonW toolkits. Furthermore, by examining 106 Malus germplasms and 42 Rosaceae species, we deduced and elucidated the evolutionary position of M. baccata 'ZA', as well as interspecific variations among different individuals. In comparison, the total length of the 'ZA' mitogenome (GC content: 45.4%) is 374,023 bp, which is approximately 2.33 times larger than the size (160,202 bp) of the plastome (GC: 36.5%). The collinear analysis results revealed abundant repeats and genome rearrangements occurring between different Malus species. Additionally, we identified 14 plastid-driven fragment transfer events. A total of 54 genes have been annotated in the 'ZA' mitogenome, including 35 protein-coding genes, 16 tRNAs, and three rRNAs. By calculating nucleotide polymorphisms and selection pressure for 24 shared core mitochondrial CDSs from 42 Rosaceae species (including 'ZA'), we observed that the nad3 gene exhibited minimal variation, while nad4L appeared to be evolving rapidly. Population genetics analysis detected a total of 1578 high-quality variants (1424 SNPs, 60 insertions, and 94 deletions; variation rate: 1/237) among samples from 106 Malus individuals. Furthermore, by constructing phylogenetic trees based on both Malus and Rosaceae taxa datasets, it was preliminarily demonstrated that 'ZA' is closely related to M. baccata, M. sieversii, and other proximate species in terms of evolution. The sequencing data obtained in this study, along with our findings, contribute to expanding the mitogenomic resources available for Rosaceae research. They also hold reference significance for molecular identification studies as well as conservation and breeding efforts focused on excellent germplasms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural plant sources, particularly the fruits of several lesser-known species, are receiving increasing amounts of attention because they contain a variety of bioactive compounds that are advantageous to human health. The production of easy-to-grow, already-used, and full of nutrients crops could be a solution to the growing problem of a lack of healthful food. One such fruit is the quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.), which belongs to the Rosaceae family that originated in the Caucasian area and extends to other parts of the world. Quince has been studied for decades because of its unique importance in food and medicine. The characteristic pear-shaped fruit is golden yellow in appearance and has an aromatic, and acidic flavour. The low-fat fruit is rich in numerous necessary nutrients, minerals, dietary fibre, and antioxidants that have significant positive effects on health, but due to its bitterness, it is underutilized. Quince can be utilised as a raw material to create a variety of food products and is a good source of natural phenolic antioxidants, providing significant functional characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Whole‐genome duplication (neopolyploidy) can instantly differentiate the phenotype of neopolyploids from their diploid progenitors. These phenotypic shifts in organs such as roots and leaves could also differentiate the way neopolyploids interact with microbial species. While some studies have addressed how specific microbial interactions are affected by neopolyploidy, we lack an understanding of how genome duplication affects the diversity and composition of microbial communities. Methods: We performed a common garden experiment with multiple clones of artificially synthesized autotetraploids and their ancestral diploids, derived from 13 genotypes of wild strawberry, Fragaria vesca. We sequenced epiphytic bacteria and fungi from roots and leaves and characterized microbial communities and leaf functional traits. Results: Autotetraploidy had no effect on bacterial alpha diversity of either organ, but it did have a genotype‐dependent effect on the diversity of fungi on leaves. In contrast, autotetraploidy restructured the community composition of leaf bacteria and had a genotype‐dependent effect on fungal community composition in both organs. The most differentially abundant bacterial taxon on leaves belonged to the Sphingomonas, while a member of the Trichoderma was the most differentially abundant fungal taxon on roots. Ploidy‐induced change in leaf size was strongly correlated with a change in bacterial but not fungal leaf communities. Conclusions: Genome duplication can immediately alter aspects of the plant microbiome, but this effect varies by host genotype and bacterial and fungal community. Expanding these studies to wild settings where plants are exposed continuously to microbes are needed to confirm the patterns observed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rubus imperialis Chum. Schl. (Rosaceae) have demonstrated some pharmacological activities, including gastroprotective action. However, genotoxic effects of R. imperialis extract was also reported. Since niga‐ichigoside F1 (NIF1) is a major compound of this plant species, and which has proven pharmacological properties, it is essential to investigate whether this compound is responsible for the observed toxicity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the effects of NIF1 on HepG2/C3A cells for possible cytogenotoxicity, cell cycle and apoptosis influence, and expression of genes linked to the DNA damage, cell cycle, cell death, and xenobiotic metabolism. The results showed no cytogenotoxic effects of NIF1 at concentrations between 0.1 and 20 μg/ml. Flow cytometry also showed no cell cycle or apoptosis disturbance. In the gene expression analysis, none of the seven genes investigated showed altered expression. The data indicate that NIF1 has no cytogenotoxic effects, and no interruption of the cell cycle, or induction of apoptosis, apparently not being responsible for the cytotoxic effects observed in the crude extract of R. imperialis. Niga‐ichigoside F1 (NIF1) is a major compound of Rubus imperialis plant and has proven pharmacological properties. This study aimed to analyze the effects of NIF1 on HepG2/C3A cells for possible cytogenotoxicity. The results showed no genotoxic effects by the comet assay and no clastogenic/aneugenic effects by the micronucleus test at concentrations between 0.1 and 20 μg/ml. Flow cytometry also showed no cell cycle or apoptosis disturbance. None of the seven genes involved with this metabolic pathways showed altered expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endemic to Taiwan Province, China, Cotoneaster rosiflorus Kun-Cheng Chang & Fu-Yuan Lu 2011 (Rosaceae) holds significant ecological and ornamental importance. Despite its value, research on its molecular data and phylogenetic position has remained limited. In this study, we addressed this gap by sequencing the genome-skimming data, assembling its plastome, and investigating its phylogenetic position. The plastome, spanning 159,449 bp in length, consisted of a large single-copy (87,433 bp), a small single-copy (19,262 bp), and two inverted repeat regions (26,377 bp). We annotated a total of 128 functional genes, including 84 protein-coding genes, 36 transfer genes, and eight ribosomal RNA genes. The phylogenetic results indicated that C. rosiflorus is closely related to C. dammerii, suggesting that C. rosiflorus might have captured its chloroplast from C. dammerii through hybridization and introgression events. This study offered valuable insights for forthcoming phylogenetic and population genetic investigations of Cotoneaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the process of Prunus species floral development is crucial for developing strategies to manipulate bloom time and prevent crop loss due to climate change. Here, we present a detailed examination of flower development from initiation until bloom for early- and late-blooming sour cherries (Prunus cerasus) from a population segregating for a major bloom time QTL on chromosome 4. Using a new staging system, we show floral buds from early-blooming trees were persistently more advanced than those from late-blooming siblings. A genomic DNA coverage analysis revealed the late-blooming haplotype of this QTL, k , is located on a subgenome originating from the late-blooming P. fruticosa progenitor. Transcriptome analyses identified many genes within this QTL as differentially expressed between early- and late-blooming trees during the vegetative-to-floral transition. From these, we identified candidate genes for the late bloom phenotype, including multiple transcription factors homologous to Reproductive Meristem B3 domain-containing proteins. Additionally, we determined that the basis of k in sour cherry is likely separate from candidate genes found in sweet cherry—suggesting several major regulators of bloom time are located on Prunus chromosome 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various reports revealed that chemical constituents from many species of Rubus exhibit diverse biological activities. In this study, a novel flavonoid with a 2-(phenanthren-9-yl)-4H-chromen-4-one structure (1), a 5-phenylthiophene-2-carbaldehyde derivative (5) first isolated from a natural source, together with five known compounds including three polyketides (2–4) and two sesquiterpenoids (6–7) were isolated from a traditional Chinese medicine Rubus rosifolius S.Vidal (Rosaceae). The structures of new compounds were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis including NMR and X-ray single-crystal diffraction. The bioassays results indicated that, compound 1 displayed significant cytotoxicity against human colon cancer cell line HCT116 with IC50 value of 8.6 ± 1.9 μM, and compound 5 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-435 with IC50 value of 24.1 ± 0.8 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In this study, the Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene was identified for the first time in 14 different Rosaceae species. • Their evolutionary relationships were revealed using current bioinformatics methods. • Its expression was measured in two different rootstocks of apple, a model plant of the Rosaceae family, under salt, drought and waterlogging stresses. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is the catalytic subunit of the telomerase enzyme and TERT expression affects the telomerase activity. The RNA subunit of TERT serves as the template for reverse transcription in the elongation of telomeres. However, the evolutionary history and characteristics of the TERT gene in the Rosaceae family remain largely unclear to date. In this study, 23 TERT gene homologous were identified in 14 Rosaceae species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these TERT genes clustered into six groups within the Plantae kingdom. Gene structure analysis indicated that Rosaceae TERT genes within the same groups showed similar exon numbers and contained similar motifs. Several cis -elements related to light, hormones, and abiotic stress responses were predicted in the Rosaceae TERT promoters. Purifying selection was involved in the evolution of TERT genes in Rosaceae family. The gene ontology of Rosaceae TERTs revealed that these genes are involved in various biological processes beyond telomere biology, which aligns with the network analysis of MdTERT. Expression analysis based on transcriptomic data revealed that MdTERT exhibited different expression patterns in response to growth, development and abiotic stresses. The RT-qPCR results demonstrated that MdTERT responded to salt, drought, and waterlogging stresses in two different apple rootstocks. Overall, these findings provide a valuable resource for understanding the molecular evolution of TERT genes in the Rosaceae family and for future functional characterization analyses with MdTERT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new species Rosa aharbalensis is described and illustrated from Tehsil Damhal Hanjipura of Jammu and Kashmir. It is morphologically similar to Rosa canina, but characterized by having velvety leaves, leaves with up to 9 leaflets, hairy stipules with glandular margins, hairy and eglandular pedicels, one bract and two bracteoles, sepal margins with numerous pinnae, emarginate and obcordate petals, hairy style, larger number of hips per inflorescence, more numerous stamens per flower, hips (pseudo fruits) sub‐globose to ovoid, achenes with sparse hairs, thin pollen exine and indistinct striae and narrow grooves on the exine surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Rubus ser. Glandulosi provides a unique model of geographical parthenogenesis on a homoploid (2 n  = 4 x) level. We aim to characterize evolutionary and phylogeographical patterns in this taxon and shed light on the geographical differentiation of apomicts and sexuals. Ultimately, we aim to evaluate the importance of phylogeography in the formation of geographical parthenogenesis. Methods Rubus ser. Glandulosi was sampled across its Eurasian range together with other co-occurring Rubus taxa (587 individuals in total). Double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) and modelling of suitable climate were used for evolutionary inferences. Key Results Six ancestral species were identified that contributed to the contemporary gene pool of R. ser. Glandulosi. Sexuals were introgressed from Rubus dolichocarpus and Rubus moschus in West Asia and from Rubus ulmifolius agg. Rubus canescens and Rubus incanescens in Europe, whereas apomicts were characterized by alleles of Rubus subsect. Rubus. Gene flow between sexuals and apomicts was also detected, as was occasional hybridization with other taxa. Conclusions We hypothesize that sexuals survived the last glacial period in several large southern refugia, whereas apomicts were mostly restricted to southern France, whence they quickly recolonized Central and Western Europe. The secondary contact of sexuals and apomicts was probably the principal factor that established geographical parthenogenesis in R. ser. Glandulosi. Sexual populations are not impoverished in genetic diversity along their borderline with apomicts, and maladaptive population genetic processes probably did not shape the geographical patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rubus includes a group of important plants with medicinal and culinary significance, as well as ornamental value. However, due to its status as one of the largest genera in the Rosaceae family and frequent occurrences of apomixis, hybridization, and polyploidy among its species, the morphological identification of this genus is highly challenging. The plastid genome serves as a valuable tool for studying the evolutionary relationships among plants. Therefore, based on the raw data of the whole genomes from six popular Rubus taxa, the complete Cp genomes were assembled, annotated, and subjected to comparative and phylogenetic analyses. In this research, six newly complete Cp genomes were reported, which all had a representative quadripartite formation, with a similar GC content (37.06%–37.26%), and their size ranged from 155,493 bp to 156,882 bp. They all encode 111 unique genes, containing 79 PCGs, 28 tRNA, and 4 rRNA. The analysis of gene structure of different groups showed that the sequence and content of genes were relatively conservative, and there was no gene rearrangement. Most of their PCGs had a high frequency codon usage bias and all genes were in purifying selection states. A nucleotide variable analysis revealed that the IR areas had less variation than the SC areas, and there was the greatest diversity in the SSC area. Eleven hypervariable areas were identified, containing rpl32-trnL, rpl32, rps16-trnQ, trnT-trnL, trnQ-psbK, trnK-rps16, and rps15-ycf1, which could be used as labels for genetic diversity and taxa identification. The phylogenetic trees of 72 Rosaceae plants were constructed based on ML and BI methods. The results strongly support the theory that the Rubus genus was a monophyletic group and sampled species could be arranged into seven subgenera. Overall, this study sheds its new light into the phylogeny of the Rubus genus, providing valuable insights for future studies of the Cp genomes from the expanded taxa of the Rosaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rubus ellipticus Smith. (Family Rosaceae), often known as the yellow Himalayan raspberry (Yellow Hissar), is one of the most widely used edible fruits in Indian folk medicinal systems. The current review aims to identify the gap between research and existing applications of this fruit to help scientists explore the current trends and opportunities for future development. Fruits of R. ellipticus are the source of several classes of compounds. Fruits of R. ellipticus are also rich in nutrients such as carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. It has been shown to have significant medical value in a variety of studies, including as an anti-diabetic, nephroprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antitumor, wound healing, antifertility, oviposition deterrent, antibacterial, and antioxidant. Fruits of R. ellipticus have been the subject of several in vitro and in vivo investigations, all of which have corroborated their wide range of biological activities and demonstrated their potential for the identification of new therapeutic candidates and the development of innovative herbal food supplements. Additional mechanism-based pharmacological evaluation and clinical research should provide an adequate scientific basis for the traditional usage of R. ellipticus fruits, which is currently not sufficiently supported by the available research on its active components and molecular mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming exacerbates rainfall irregularity and causes a decline in water resources. Drought is one of the main limiting parameters in agricultural and fruit production. In this study, we established a standard method for measuring drought tolerance in Fragaria, the simplest genomic model in the Rosaceae, a plant family comprising important fruit species like almonds, apples, plums, etc. A quick screening method for monitoring Fragaria genotypes in response to dehydration involved conducting a short-term water deficit experiment. We measured two eco-physiological parameters associated with leaf water status, leaf relative water content (RWC), and leaf water loss rate (WLR) in a total of 20 strawberry cultivars (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) from different breeding programs. The plants included two ecotypes of the European diploid species, F. vesca, and one American octaploid species, F. chiloensis. Fragaria genotypes responded to drought stress, as measured by WLR and RWC, and DNA fingerprints further described select Fragaria genotypes using AFLP and candidate gene EST markers. We revealed correlations among specific DNA markers, leaf WLR, and RWC while navigating the possibility of using association mapping in a small set of Fagaria accessions. The ultimate aim was to create a set of correlated markers to the physiological drought-involved traits in Fragaria. Using F. vesca extensively as a characterized Rosaceae mod e-l plant species in this study can ensure the benefits of drought charact e-rization and plant-based responses in other important Rosaceae fruit species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dryas octopetala L. var. asiatica (Nakai) Nakai 1918 is a dwarf shrub that mainly grow in alpine and arctic zones of the Northern Hemisphere, representing an endemic variety in Asia. In the present study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of D. octopetala var. asiatica was first characterized and used for its phylogenetic analysis. The cp genome span 158,271 bp with an overall GC content of 36.5%. A total of 129 genes were identified, including 84 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. In addition, repetitive sequences and microsatellites were detected within this species. Phylogenetic analysis involving 39 cp genomes from Rosaceae family indicated that D. octopetala var. asiatica was sister to the clade of Amygdaloideae. This study contributes fundamental insights into the cp genome of Dryas octopetala var. asiatica, which will have expanded its use in photosynthesis and evolutionary study.

Red raspberries, Rubus idaeus L. 1753 are famous fruits which possess high value bioactive compounds. In this study, we report the complete chloroplast genome of R. idaeus, it displayed a typical quadripartite structure with 155687 bp in length. The genome encodes 127 genes including 79 protein coding genes, 8 rRNA genes and 40 tRNA genes, the overall GC content is 37.2%. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between R. idaeus and R. sachalinensis in Section Malaehobatus.

Abstract The preservation of the genetic resources of crop wild relatives (CWRs) is crucial for food production systems and is considered a vital measure for global agricultural health and food security. The identification of potential areas where CWRs can thrive is one of the first steps towards their conservation. In this study, we used a maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) to determine the habitat suitability of seven wild relatives of pears (Pyrus L.) for the first time. We aimed to identify high-priority areas for conservation and determine the hotspots for rich biodiversity in Iran. The study showed excellent predictive performance for all species studied (AUC value ≥ 90). The soil depth, solar radiation, minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6), and precipitation of the wettest quarter (Bio16) were the main environmental factors that influenced the habitat suitability of all seven species, according to permutation importance. The projected maps revealed that P. elaeagnifolia had the largest suitable habitat area, while P. glabra had the lowest. The results also showed that less than 5% of the suitable habitats for these seven species were in protected areas. This research highlights the need for national preservation policies and the development of cultivation and rehabilitation strategies for these threatened species.

Prunus is an economically important genus widely distributed in the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Previous studies on the genus using a variety of loci yielded conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses. Here, we generated nuclear reduced representation sequencing data and plastid genomes for 36 Prunus individuals and two outgroups. Both nuclear and plastome data recovered a well-resolved phylogeny. The species were divided into three main clades corresponding to their inflorescence types, - the racemose group, the solitary-flower group and the corymbose group - with the latter two sister to one another. Prunus was inferred to have diversified initially in the Late Cretaceous around 67.32 million years ago. The diversification of the three major clades began between the Paleocene and Miocene, suggesting that paleoclimatic events were an important driving force for Prunus diversification. Ancestral state reconstructions revealed that the most recent common ancestor of Prunus had racemose inflorescences, and the solitary-flower and corymb inflorescence types were derived by reduction of flower number and suppression of the rachis, respectively. We also tested the hybrid origin hypothesis of the racemose group proposed in previous studies. Prunus has undergone extensive hybridization events, although it is difficult to identify conclusively specific instances of hybridization when using SNP data, especially deep in the phylogeny. Our study provides well-resolved nuclear and plastid phylogenies of Prunus, reveals substantial cytonuclear discord at shallow scales, and sheds new light on inflorescence evolution in this economically important lineage.

• Indigenous birds and mammals are consumers of Cotoneaster pannosus fruits. • Birds swallow fruits whole and excrete viable seeds. • Pulp removal enhances germination rate regardless of whether this is mechanical or through bird ingestion. • Germination rate and success were extremely low across three different treatments. Shrubs from the Rosaceae family have become emerging invasive alien plants in the montane grasslands of South Africa. The most common of these species include Cotoneaster pannosus and Pyracantha angustofolia. We explored the seed dispersal and germination of C. pannosus, a species notorious for forming monocultures that can outcompete native plants. This was achieved through the identification of seed dispersers using observations and remote cameras, and by exploring the germination success and rate of C. pannosus seeds ingested by frugivorous birds using laboratory feeding experiments. Footage and direct observations revealed birds and mammals consumed C. pannosus fruits. Field observations and feeding experiments showed that birds ate whole fruits, and the seeds passed through the gastrointestinal tract within 15 min. The germination success was <8 % for the treatments (whole fruits, manually de-pulped fruits, defecated seeds). Germination rates for seeds that birds defecated were faster (192 days) than manually depulped seeds and seeds buried as whole fruits, although differences between treatments were non-significant. Birds and mammals were confirmed as consumers of C. pannosus fruits and, therefore, seed dispersers, but unlike other invasive Rosaceae species, such as P. angustifolia , ingestion by birds is not as crucial for speeding up germination. However, pulp removal improved the rate of germination, regardless of whether this is achieved through bird ingestion or manual de-pulping. Birds are, therefore, one of the disperser taxa driving the spread of C. pannosus in the grassland biome; however, the low germination rate is slowing the spread of the invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The rate of neonatal jaundice is increasing. Due to the complications associated with phototherapy, researchers have consistently sought alternative methods, including herbal remedies. Objectives: In this study, we conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the impact of Purgative manna consumption on the serum bilirubin levels of neonates. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we conducted an online search on various databases, including Barakat Gostar, scientific information database (SID), Magiran, IranDoc, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane and the Google Scholar search engine, without time restrictions, up to July 20, 2023. Data analysis was performed using the STATA software, version 14. Meanwhile, the significance level was considered P

Introduction: Pseudocydonia sinensis, also known as Chinese quince, is a perennial shrub or small tree highly valued for its edibility andmedicinal properties. Method: This study presents the first chromosome-level genome assembly of P. sinensis, achieved using HiFi sequencing and Hi-C scaffolding technology. Results: The assembly resulted in a high-quality genome of 576.39 Mb in size. The genome was anchored to 17 pseudo-chromosomes, with a contig N50 of 27.6 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 33.8 Mb. Comprehensive assessment using BUSCO, CEGMA and BWA tools indicates the high completeness and accuracy of the genome assembly. Our analysis identified 116 species-specific genes, 1196 expanded genes and 1109 contracted genes. Additionally, the distribution of 4DTv values suggests that the most recent duplication event occurred before the divergence of P. sinensis from both Chaenomeles pinnatifida and Pyrus pyrifolia. Discussion: The assembly of this high-quality genome provides a valuable platform for the genetic breeding and cultivation of P. sinensis, as well as for the comparison of the genetic complexity of P. sinensis with other important crops in the Rosaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a comparative micromorphological study on the leaves of all nine genera of the Rosaceae tribe Spiraeeae, including the monotypic Korean genus Pentactina. Spiraeeae possess amphistomatic and hypostomatic leaves. Leaf epidermal characteristics varied with the morphology of stomatal complexes, epidermal cells, trichomes, and epicuticular waxes. Specific leaf epidermal features may be systematically relevant for identifying lower taxonomic levels, genera, and/or species. For example, papillate epidermal cell types were consistently observed in Spiraea sect. Calospira. Hirtellous trichomes are diagnostic characteristics of the genera Holodiscus and Kelseya among this tribe. Short-stalked capitate glandular and crispate villous trichomes were only observed in Holodiscus microphyllus and Spiraea douglasii , respectively. We also confirmed that leaf epidermal characteristics strongly support the independent taxonomic position of the Korean endemic Pentactina and the transfer from Physocarpus to Spiraea of Physocarpus insularis. Moreover, we identified xeromorphic features in the studied taxa and inferred their ecological functions, such as water repellence and anti-transpirant activities. This study presents new perspectives for future research on character evolution and xeromorphic adaptation on the basis of leaf epidermal characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of a robust phylogenetic backbone has posed significant challenges to proposing an infrageneric taxonomic classification of the pear genus, Pyrus, a widely distributed Eurasian lineage of Rosaceae. This issue has been exacerbated by limited informative loci and inaccessible taxon sampling. To address these limitations, we conducted extensive taxon sampling, encompassing 78 Pyrus ingroup individuals representing 32 species, along with 4 outgroup species. This comprehensive sampling strategy covers a wide range of morphological and geographical variations. To enable accurate phylogenomic inference, we assembled 801 single‐copy nuclear genes and 72 plastid coding sequences from deep genome skimming (DGS) data. Additionally, we employed a tree‐based method for nuclear orthology inference, which led to the generation of three orthologous datasets: one‐to‐one orthologs (1to1), monophyletic outgroups (MO), and rooted ingroups (RT). The results yielded from both nuclear and plastid analyses consistently support the monophyly of Pyrus, and two well‐supported clades, the Occidental and Oriental clades, were recovered in nine nuclear and three plastid trees. Integrating evidence from morphology and phylogenomics, we propose an updated infrageneric classification of Pyrus, which consists of two subgenera: P. subg. Pyrus and P. subg. Pashia stat. nov. This revised classification provides a more robust framework for understanding the evolutionary relationships within the pear genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate water deficit stress on yield and essential oil components in Rosa damascena Herrm., an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications in Karaj/ Iran. The treatments included 90 mm (severe stress) and 45 mm (mild stress) of cumulative evaporation from the surface of the class A evaporation pan that was compared to the control treatment (no stress). Combined analysis performed in the years. The studied properties included flower yield, essential oil percent, essential oil yield, and some essential oil components in the R. damascena. The essential oil of fresh flowers was extracted using the water distillation method by the Clevenger apparatus. The essential oil components were identified using GC and GC/MS. The results showed that the effect of year and water deficit stress was significant on flower yield, essential oil yield, and some components in the essential oil. Maximum flower yield was obtained in the second year without stress conditions (1208 g/plant), significantly different from the others. In the essential oil, citronellol, and geraniol increased due to water deficit stress and included 24.48 and 2.89%, respectively. Applying water deficit stress reduced the amount of nonadecane, eicosane, and heneicosan. By applying different levels of water deficit stresses can be modified and manage the components in the essential oil of the R. damascena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vitro mass propagation of apple plants plays an important role in the rapid multiplication of genetically uniform, disease-free scions and rootstocks with desired traits. Successful micropropagation of apple using axillary shoot cultures is influenced by several factors, the most critical of which is the cytokinin included in the culture medium. The impact of medium composition from single added cytokinins on shoot proliferation of apple scion Húsvéti rozmaring cultured on agar-agar gelled Murashige and Skoog medium fortified with indole butyric acid and gibberellic acid was investigated. The optimum concentration for efficient shoot multiplication differs according to the type of cytokinin. The highest significant multiplication rate (5.40 shoots/explant) was achieved using 2.0 μM thidiazuron while the longest shoots (1.80 cm) were observed on the medium containing benzyladenine at a concentration of 2.0 μM. However, application of either thidiazuron or benzyladenine as cytokinin source in the medium resulted in shoots of low quality, such as stunted and thickened shoots with small leaves. In the case of benzyladenine riboside, the 8 μM concentration was the most effective in increasing the multiplication rate (4.76 shoots/explant) but caused thickened stem development with tiny leaves. In the present study, meta-topolin was shown to be the most effective cytokinin that could be applied to induce sufficient multiplication (3.28 shoots/explant) and high-quality shoots along with shoot lengths of 1.46 cm when it was applied at concentrations of 4 μM. However, kinetin was the least active cytokinin; it practically did not induce the development of new shoots. The superior cytokinin for in vitro axillary shoot development of apple scion Húsvéti rozmaring with high-quality shoots was the meta-topolin, but it may be different depending on the variety/genotype under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kocatepe Veterinary Journal / Kocatepe Veteriner Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), characterized by an increase in species richness from the poles to the equator, is one of the most pervasive biological patterns. However, inverse LDGs, in which species richness peaks in extratropical regions, are also found in some lineages and their causes remain unclear. Here, we test the roles of evolutionary time, diversification rates, and niche conservatism in explaining the inverse LDG of Potentilla (ca. 500 species). We compiled the global distributions of ~ 90% of Potentilla species, and reconstructed a robust phylogenetic framework based on whole-plastome sequences. Next, we analyzed the divergence time, ancestral area, diversification rate, and ancestral niche to investigate the macroevolutionary history of Potentilla. Results: The genus originated in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the late Eocene and gradually spread to other regions of the Northern Hemisphere posterior to the late Miocene. Rapid cooling after the late Pliocene promoted the radiating diversification of Potentilla. The polyploidization, as well as some cold-adaptive morphological innovations, enhanced the adaptation of Potentilla species to the cold environment. Ancestral niche reconstruction suggests that Potentilla likely originated in a relatively cool environment. The species richness peaks at approximately 45 °N, a region characterized by high diversification rates, and the environmental conditions are similar to the ancestral climate niche. Evolutionary time was not significantly correlated with species richness in the latitudinal gradient. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the elevated diversification rates in middle latitude regions and the conservatism in thermal niches jointly determined the inverse LDG in Potentilla. This study highlights the importance of integrating evolutionary and ecological approaches to explain the diversity pattern of biological groups on a global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Asexual organisms often differ in their geographic distributions from their sexual relatives. This phenomenon, termed geographic parthenogenesis, has long been known, but the underlying factors behind its diverse patterns have been under dispute. Particularly problematic is an association between asexuality and polyploidy in most taxa. Here, we present a new system of geographic parthenogenesis on the tetraploid level, promising new insights into this complex topic.We used flow cytometric seed screen and microsatellite genotyping to characterise the patterns of distribution of sexuals and apomicts and genotypic distributions in Rubus ser. Glandulosi across its range. Ecological modelling and local‐scale vegetation and soil analyses were used to test for niche differentiation between the reproductive groups.Apomicts were detected only in North‐western Europe, sexuals in the rest of the range in Europe and West Asia, with a sharp borderline stretched across Central Europe. Despite that, we found no significant differences in ecological niches. Genotypic richness distributions suggested independence of the reproductive groups and a secondary contact.We argue that unless a niche differentiation (resulting from polyploidy and/or hybridity) evolves, the main factors behind the patterns of geographic parthenogenesis in plants are phylogeographic history and neutral microevolutionary processes, such as clonal turnover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly 100% of Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica) and common quince (Cydonia oblonga) fruits are processed. It generates large amounts of seeds. One of the possible utilization of seeds is oil recovery. Seeds of both quinces were tested for their oil recovery using two methods—solvent‐free protocol by mechanical press and ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) applying n‐hexane, and phytochemistry of obtained oils was studied. The oil yield was nearly twice higher from common quince than Japanese quince (20.9% and 11.2%, respectively) for UAE. Compared to UAE, screw‐pressed allowed for 67% oil recovery. In general, the phytochemical profile of both quince seed oils was similar with some differences in the content of individual compounds. The two quince seed oils were dominated by the same molecules in different compound groups: fatty acids—linoleic acid; tocochromanols—α‐tocopherol; phytosterols—β‐sitosterol, and triterpenoid—squalene. Common quince seed oil was richer in tocochromanols, squalene, and linoleic acid, whereas Japanese quince seed oil was richer in phytosterols. The present study showed the oil potential of fruit industry by‐products and the relatively high oil recovery by the environmentally friendly/healthy technique of extraction (solvent‐free) to achieve ultimately high‐quality products in a "Natural‐Safe‐Green" strategy. Practical applications: Production of fruit each year, especially those used for processing, for example, common quince (C. oblonga), has been increasing in recent years, likely, so has processing and amounts of generated by‐products, including seeds. To reduce the costs, CO2 emissions, and other environmental safety aspects of production, different techniques of plant oil recovery are considered. The extraction method affects oil yield as well as its phytochemical composition. The generated information in the present study can contribute to improved effectiveness of the use of plant material thereby providing environmental, health, and economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Sorbus s.l. consists of small to medium‐sized trees primarily found in coastal areas, with three European hotspots of diversification: Fennoscandia, south‐east Europe and the British Isles. Taxonomic classification of Sorbus s.l. in Europe is still unresolved, and this study aims to address this issue by examining the pollen morphology of various Sorbus hybrids. Pollen morphology of 16 specimens from 13 species of Sorbus s.str., Aria and Hedlundia, some of them common, others are endemic and listed as threatened species, were studied. Measurements of the polar and equatorial axis of all pollen grains show that there are variations in pollen size and shape among different hybrids, with a correlation between ploidy levels and the equatorial diameter of the pollen. Surface structures of the pollen were observed using SEM. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to analyze the pollen characters, and the results show that it is possible to separate Aria from Sorbus and Hedlundia based on the length of the polar axis of the pollen grain, while the number of perforations is important for classification within Hedlundia. The study concludes that pollen morphology can be a useful tool for distinguishing between different Sorbus hybrids and can thus aid in understanding their past distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virginia spiraea (Spiraea virginiana Britton, Rosaceae) is a putative shade-intolerant, disturbance-adapted, riparian shrub species native to the southern Appalachian Mountains. This species was listed as threatened in 1990, and a federal recovery plan was developed in 1992. Current reassessment of the recovery plan includes proposals for propagation and out-planting to supplement and restore wild populations. Genotypes with greater shade acclimation would likely have higher survival in natural populations, would require less frequent shade-reduction management, and could be integrated into populations that need restoration. In summer 2022, we examined steady-state (maximum light-saturated photosynthetic, dark respiration rates, quantum yield, light compensation point) and dynamic (photosynthetic induction and loss patterns) photosynthetic characteristics, pigment concentrations, and specific leaf mass of cloned propagules from five elements of occurrence along the South Fork of the New River in Ashe County, North Carolina, along an artificial light gradient (100%, 75%, 50%, and 20% of full sun) in a common garden. Data were compared among light treatments using ANOVA or non-parametric tests. Light treatment had significant effects on maximum photosynthesis, dark respiration, specific leaf mass, and light compensation, but not quantum yield, pigment concentrations, or induction and loss times. Some parameters had plasticity similar to that seen in other woody shrubs, while others were less plastic. A surprising finding was that plants performed better under 75% full sunlight suggesting an ability to tolerate, and maybe even a preference for, partial shade in this species. Future studies should examine photosynthetic characteristics of individuals from genetically contrasting source populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaporins (AQPs) are small integral membrane proteins that facilitate the efficient transport of small solutes like water, metalloids, urea, and CO2 across the membrane. Plant aquaporins are known to be involved in vital physiological processes like seed germination, stomatal movement, cell elongation, and reproductive growth. In the present study, 36 AQPs were identified through genome-wide computational analysis performed in the rose genome. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis classified the AQPs into five subfamilies, including 10 Plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs), 8 Tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs), 9 Nodulin intrinsic proteins (NIPs), 3 Small intrinsic proteins (SIPs), and 6 uncharacterised intrinsic proteins (XIPs). Based on the prediction of silicon solute specificity, one of the NIPs is predicted to be a silicon transporter. Structural analysis revealed the characteristic six trans-membrane domains and two-half alpha helix harbouring two conserved NPA motifs in the majority of the predicted AQPs. The protein tertiary structures predicted with homology-based modelling were used to study the pore lining remains and to predict the solute transport activity of the AQPs. Expression profiling of the rose AQPs showed tissue-specific expression of many members. The data provided here will help in understanding the AQP-based solute transport system in roses and other related species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. The World Health Organization has presented alarming data stating that in 2019, 17.9 million people globally died due to cardiovascular diseases, constituting 32% of all deaths. Despite increasingly advanced pharmacological and procedural treatment methods for these diseases, there is still a quest for new therapeutic possibilities that promise even greater efficacy and safety. The overriding purpose of this study is to provide an insight into the traditional uses of species from the Apiaceae and Rosaceae families as well as to systematize knowledge regarding their scientifically proven cardiovascular activities (animal studies and clinical trials). The review is intended to indicate knowledge gaps for future studies concerning plants used in traditional medicine but without scientific research. As a result, various plant species from both Apiaceae and Rosaceae family have been collected and described based on their study that has proven their effectiveness and uses in cardiovascular diseases. Most of these plants have a hypotensive effect, followed by anti-hyperlipidemic, vasorelaxant, antithrombotic, and diuretic activity. These are the mechanisms that contribute to various cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attack, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Flora Montibérica is the property of Flora Montiberica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cotoneaster glaucophyllus is a semi-evergreen plant that blossoms in late summer, producing dense, attractive, fragrant white flowers with significant ornamental and ecological value. Here, a chromosome-scale genome assembly was obtained by integrating PacBio and Illumina sequencing data with the aid of Hi-C technology. The genome assembly was 563.3 Mb in length, with contig N50 and scaffold N50 values of ~6 Mb and ~31 Mb, respectively. Most (95.59%) of the sequences were anchored onto 17 pseudochromosomes (538.4 Mb). We predicted 35,856 protein-coding genes, 1,401 miRNAs, 655 tRNAs, 425 rRNAs, and 795 snRNAs. The functions of 34,967 genes (97.52%) were predicted. The availability of this chromosome-level genome will provide valuable resources for molecular studies of this species, facilitating future research on speciation, functional genomics, and comparative genomics within the Rosaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Rosaceae, the replacement of the traditional four-subfamily division (Amygdaloideae or Prunoideae, Maloideae, Rosoideae, and Spiraeoideae) by the three-subfamily division (Dryadoideae, Rosoideae, and Amygdaloideae), the circumscription, systematic position, and phylogeny of genera in Maleae need to be reconsidered. The study aimed to circumscribe Maleae, pinpoint its systematic position, and evaluate the status of all generally accepted genera in the tribe using complete chloroplast genome data. Results indicated that Maleae consisted of pome-bearing genera that belonged to Maloideae as well as four genera (Gillenia, Kageneckia, Lindleya, and Vauquelinia) that were formerly considered to be outside Maloideae. The tribe could be subdivided into four subtribes: Gilleniinae (Gillenia), Lindleyinae (Kageneckia and Lindleya), Vaugueliniinae (Vauquelinia), and Malinae (all other genera; the core Maleae). Among the 36 recognized genera, Aria, Docyniopsis, Chamaemespilus, and Mespilus were not considered distinct and more research is needed to determine the taxonomic status of Rhaphiolepis from Eriobotrya. Within the core Maleae, five groups were revealed, whereas Sorbus L. was split as its members belonged to different groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andrographis (A.) paniculata contains andrograpanin, which is both anti-inflammatory and anti-infective. Rosa comprises over 150-200 species from the family Rosaceae. Rosa exerts various properties, including anti-inflammatory property. Herbal mouthwash was made using A. paniculata leaf powder and Rosa extract. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using an albumin denaturation assay and egg albumin denaturation. The percentage of protein denaturation that is inhibited by the formulation of A. paniculata and Rosa indicates that it has strong anti-inflammatory effect. According to the findings, as concentration is raised, the formulation's anti-inflammatory activity rises. The formulation's percentage inhibition values are also equivalent to those of a typical anti-inflammatory medicine, indicating that it may be effective as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used a plastid ndhC-trnV intergenic spacer to reconstruct the genealogy of haplotypes and phylogenetic relationships of major taxonomic groups of the genus Rosa. We analyzed the data using the statistical parsimony, maximum likelihood, and NeighborNet approaches. According to our results, the majority of species may be subdivided into three groups roughly corresponding to the taxonomic sections Pimpinellifoliae, Rosa (former Cinnamomeae) and Synstylae + Chinenses + Gallicanae + Caninae. We assess their relationships as broadly paraphyletic, since the first group appears to be ancestral to the second and the third. The fourth group distanced from these three by many mutational steps consists of R. persica (subgenus Hulthemia) sequences. We argue that R. persica together with the North American R. minutifolia and R. stellata (section Minutifoliae) probably represent the only remnants of an ancient group of roses widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere in the Oligocene. Two major lineages of the section Caninae arose independently from different ancestors belonging to Synstylae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some phytophagous arthropods species acquire full potential to reach pest status, thus knowledge of control strategies is crucial. The use of biological agents is a promising tactic and, in this sense, it is key to identify the natural enemies that can act to control the phytophagous species. Selenothrips rubrocinctus is a thrips species recently found associated with roses (Rosa spp.) The objective of this work is to study the predatory capacity, the functional response and both search and handling times of Chrysoperla externa under S. rubrocinctus associated with roses. The bioassays were carried out for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd instars of C. externa, offering nymphs of S. rubrocinctus, under controlled conditions of laboratory. Chrysoperla externa larvae have great predatory capacity on S. rubrocinctus nymphs. Third instar larvae consumed a greater number of prey and had both shorter search and handling time. Their ability and voracity to control the pest was shown. The type II functional response confirmed that C. externa consumption rate was directly related to prey density, and a higher consumption rate whenever available at higher densities was verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the longstanding absence of a comprehensive phylogenetic backbone for the apple tribe Maleae, a deficiency attributed to limited taxon and marker sampling. We conducted an extensive taxon sampling, incorporating 563 plastomes from a diverse range of 370 species encompassing 26 presently recognized genera. Employing a range of phylogenetic inference methods, including RAxML and IQ-TREE2 for Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses, we established a robust phylogenetic framework for the Maleae tribe. Our phylogenomic investigations provided compelling support for three major clades within Maleae. By integrating nuclear phylogenetic data with morphological and chromosomal evidence, we propose an updated infra-tribal taxonomic system, comprising subtribe Malinae Reveal, subtribe Lindleyinae Reveal, and subtribe Vauqueliniinae B.B.Liu (subtr. nov.). Plastid phylogenetic analysis also confirmed the monophyly of most genera, except for Amelanchier, Malus, Sorbus sensu lato, and Stranvaesia. In addition, we present a comprehensive taxonomic synopsis of Photinia and its morphological allies in the Old World, recognizing 27 species and ten varieties within Photinia, three species and two varieties within Stranvaesia, and two species and three varieties within Weniomeles. Furthermore, we also lectotypified 12 names and made two new combinations, Photinia microphylla (J.E.Vidal) B.B.Liu and Weniomeles atropurpurea (P.L.Chiu ex Z.H.Chen & X.F.Jin) B.B.Liu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cherries (subg. Cerasus) belong to Prunus s.l. (Rosaceae) and are widely distributed in temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Given its ornamental and edible functions, it is a hugely preferred germplasm resource for human societies. However, the interspecific phylogenetic relationships, divergence times, and routes of this subgenus remain unclear. To reveal its enigmatic and intricate evolutionary history, we newly sequenced 12 subg. Cerasus species, reconstructed the plastome phylogeny with 24 previously published subg. Cerasus species. This study supports that subg. Cerasus split into five clades, among which P. mahaleb is the basal group of subg. Cerasus ; P. campanulata is genetically distantly related to P. cerasoides and is not recommended for treatment as a variety of the latter; P. subhirtella is involved in the speciation of P. yedoensis. Molecular dating and ancestral area reconstructions infer that subg. Cerasus originated in the Eastern Mediterranean–Central Asia before 11.57 Mya (95% HPD = 5.34–19.1 Mya) and subsequently spread into the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and adjacent regions. The first dispersal event of modern subg. Cerasus was facilitated by 'out-of-QTP', colonizing North America across the Bering Land Bridge and re-dispersing into Europe from the Late Miocene to Pliocene and forming the initial distribution pattern of extant subg. Cerasus in the Pliocene; The end of the Quaternary glacial period witnessed a second dispersal event, and core subg. Cerasus population diversity flourished radially in its separate refugia during the Late Pleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Rosaceae fruits have been used in traditional medicine for the prevention and treatment of diseases. However, these fruits have not extensively been studied regarding their phenolic composition. Thus, this research focuses on the determination of phenolic compounds by high‐performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, flavan‐3‐ols by high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, and the antioxidant activity by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid), and ferric reducing antioxidant power of the fruits of five species of genera Crataegus and Sorbus (Rosaceae). RESULTS: We found a total of 71 phenolic compounds from which 30 were identified in these berries for the first time. Crataegus monogyna and Crataegus laciniata revealed higher total phenolic and flavan‐3‐ol contents than the other species and the highest antioxidant activities. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, the fruits evaluated have demonstrated to be important sources of bioactive compounds with huge potential for being used in nutraceutical or food scopes. Additional studies could be needed to evaluate the influence of the different production areas on the phenolic content. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides detailed information about the ‘Profusion’ crabapple tree, including its growth requirements, characteristics, and uses. It highlights the tree’s adaptability to various soil types and urban conditions, its showy pink flowers and red fruit, and its applications in landscaping. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of selecting disease-resistant cultivars and managing common pests and diseases. Original publication date October 1999.

Macrophomina phaseolina, the causal agent of charcoal rot, is one of the most destructive soil-borne pathogens that affect the global strawberry industry. Resistant cultivars are critical for ensuring the profitability of strawberry production without the protection historically provided by methyl bromide. Previously, three loci, namely, FaRMp1, FaRMp2, and FaRMp3, associated with quantitative resistance to Macrophomina phaseolina have been identified and validated across diverse populations and environments. Among those, the locus with the largest effect, FaRMp3, was initially detected in crosses with an exotic Fragaria ×ananassa selection. We introgressed the favorable FaRMp3 allele into elite germplasm in the University of Florida strawberry breeding program already segregating for FaRMp1 and FaRMp2 and confirmed its phenotypic effects across various genetic backgrounds. Subsequently, we developed a high-throughput genotyping assay to facilitate the transfer and selection of FaRMp3 in breeding populations via marker-assisted selection. Given that three quantitative trait loci (QTL) contribute to partial resistance to Macrophomina phaseolina, stacking them within a single genotype presents a potential strategy for enhancing resistance. We screened 564 individuals that segregate for favorable alleles at all three QTL to assess their effects singly and in combination across multiple genetic backgrounds and production seasons. Inoculated field trials revealed that the three QTL cumulatively enhanced resistance levels, and that two-way QTL combinations including FaRMp3 provide increased protection against the pathogen. Pyramiding all three loci achieved the strongest resistance and could provide substantial economic value to the strawberry industry.