Search

Certain moments in British Romantic poetry and art depict a state from which the attributes of existence – time and space, subject and object, language and visuality – have fallen away, leaving a domain prior to the world and to thought, the condition of mere existence. As Blank Splendour demonstrates, poems by Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, and Clare as well as paintings by Turner evoke a condition that transpires in a time without time, a life without life. David Collings argues that these works invite us to move beyond the subtle remnants of ontology that linger in current versions of posthuman thought, such as affect theory and speculative realism, by opening up a domain of affect without affect, a world without objects. Anticipating the philosophers Emmanuel Levinas and Maurice Blanchot, these works bring into view the mode of a deconstruction that emerged before the linguistic turn, one that meditates on the blank condition underlying modernity. Ultimately, Blank Splendour reveals how these works speak to our own moment, when thought, forced to contemplate its own extinction, enters a new form of mere existence.

From the birth of the museum to the explosion of mass-produced illustrated books, the Romantic period (c. 1770-1840) was a moment of rapid change and fruitful experimentation in the fields of art and literature alike. New advances in print production encouraged a wider range of readers to engage with literary forms that opened a path into the once aristocratic field of the visual arts. This Companion captures the way recent engagements with visual studies have reshaped how we approach and understand the boundaries between print and visual culture in the period. It brings together 27 research-led chapters that offer a detailed account of the productive, if sometimes tense, interactions between emergent forms of intermedial expression that were redefining culture in the Romantic period -- as they continue to do today.

An interdisciplinary examination of nineteenth-century French art pertaining to religion, exile, and the nation's demise as a world power, this study concerns the consequences for visual culture of a series of national crises—from the assault on Catholicism and the flight of émigrés during the Revolution of 1789, to the collapse of the Empire and the dashing of hope raised by the Revolution of 1830. The central claim is that imaginative response to these politically charged experiences of loss constitutes a major shaping force in French Romantic art, and that pursuit of this theme in light of parallel developments in literature and political debate reveals a pattern of disenchantment transmuted into cultural capital. Focusing on imagery that spoke to loss through visual and verbal idioms particular to France in the aftermath of the Revolution and Empire, the book illuminates canonical works by major figures such as Eugène Delacroix, Théodore Chassériau, and Camille Corot, as well as long-forgotten images freighted with significance for nineteenth-century viewers. A study in national bereavement—an urgent theme in the present moment—the book provides a new lens through which to view the coincidence of imagination and strife at the heart of French Romanticism. The book will be of interest to scholars working in art history, French literature, French history, French politics, and religious studies.

The world is disenchanted. Rationalization, intellectualization, and scientism rule the day. We used to see the world as a magical place, but now it's just a material space. How did we get here? The shift comes in part from the rise of a certain kind of secularism, one that reduces human experiences to whatever is explainable through observation. Love? It's just a biological drive. Joy, a rush of adrenaline. Beauty, an influx of dopamine. If you can't test it, it isn't true; or so the thinking goes. The Romantic Life draws upon eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Romanticism to provide five strategies to re-enchant the world, five ways to imbue the world with meaning, truth, and beauty. According to the Romantics, far from being useless, encounters with'impractical'things like the imagination, nature, symbolism, sincerity, and the sublime give our lives a richness and depth that cannot be attained on a purely material account of the world. By learning from their example, we can come to see'into the life of things,'as William Wordsworth called it. We can be re-enchanted.

Can we really trust the things our bodies tell us about the world? This work reveals how deeply intertwined cultural practices of art and science questioned the authority of the human body in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Focusing on Henry Fuseli, Anne-Louis Girodet and Philippe de Loutherbourg, it argues that romantic artworks participated in a widespread crisis concerning the body as a source of reliable scientific knowledge. Rarely discussed sources and new archival material illuminate how artists drew upon contemporary sciences and inverted them, undermining their founding empiricist principles. The result is an alternative history of romantic visual culture that is deeply embroiled in controversies around electricity, mesmerism, physiognomy and other popular sciences. This volume reorients conventional accounts of romanticism and some of its most important artworks, while also putting forward a new model for the kinds of questions that we can ask about them.

This collection of essays explores the remarkable range and cultural significance of the engagement with ‘infancy'during the Romantic period. Taking its point of departure in the commonplace claim that the Romantics invented childhood, the book traces that engagement across national boundaries, in the visual arts, in works of educational theory and natural philosophy, and in both fiction and non-fiction written for children. Essays authored by scholars from a range of national and disciplinary backgrounds reveal how Romantic-period representations of and for children constitute sites of complex discursive interaction, where ostensibly unrelated areas of enquiry are brought together through common tropes and topoi associated with infancy. Broadly new-historicist in approach, but drawing also on influential theoretical descriptions of genre, discipline, mediation, cultural exchange, and comparative methodologies, the collection also seeks to rethink the idea of a clear-cut dichotomy between Enlightenment and Romantic conceptions of infancy.

This collection of essays takes a fresh look at the important role of illustration in Romantic literature. The late eighteenth century saw an explosion of illustrated editions of literary classics and the emergence of a new culture of literary art, including the innovative literary galleries. The impact of these developments on the reading and viewing of literary texts is explored in a series of case studies covering poetry, historical texts, drama, painting, reproductive prints, magazines and ephemera. Romanticism and Illustration argues for a more detailed study of illustration which includes the context of a wider circulation of images across different media. The modern understanding of the word'illustration'fails to convey the complex relationship between the artist, the engraver, the publisher, the text and the audience in Romantic Britain. In teasing out the implications of this dynamic cultural matrix, this book opens up a new field of Romantic studies.

Romanticism, the brooding and intensely personal eighteenth-century art and literary movement, takes on a new lease of life in this carefully curated collection of interviews with contemporary artists from around the world. Informed by the writings of the renowned psychoanalyst James Hillman, Romanticism is reconsidered from a twenty-first-century perspective. Moving past a purely formal presentation of the artists'work, this text strives to uncover the deeper meaning and more pressing issues present in the artworks. All connected by a similar romantic vein, Emma Coccioli explores each artist's individual practice through a series of carefully selected questions. For Coccioli, discussions of ‘the moral issue'and the future of the world also form an important part of the interviews. Coccioli acknowledges that artists have often been asked questions about their role in relation to the moral issue and the problem of nihilism. However, even if we have an inherent understanding of the concepts of good and evil, Coccioli argues that there is a need to re-examine the modern-day psyche as it tends to be apathetic and with little emotional resonance on our actions and behaviour. Global overpopulation, climate change, and the planet's limited resources are also meaningfully discussed in this collection of interviews. In questioning the artists, whose work addresses, even remotely, these topics, Coccioli encourages them to consider what they believe to be the greatest threats to today's global community and to suggest solutions that might be adopted by future generations. This original and engaging look at contemporary art practice presents a sophisticated discussion of some of the most pressing issues for modern-day society. The interdisciplinary nature of this book means that it will appeal to students, scholars, artists and to anyone with an interest in the fascinating world of contemporary art.

‘Classico'e ‘romantico'sembrano a prima vista termini chiaramente distinti e diametralmente opposti tanto dal punto di vista delle caratteristiche formali e di contenuto che dal punto di vista della periodizzazione storica. In realtà le periodizzazioni variano talvolta anche considerevolmente da paese a paese e in riferimento alle varie arti. Al di là di alcuni elementi formali e di contenuto effettivamente divergenti, le due ‘correnti'artistiche hanno inoltre molte proprietà in comune, cosicché non è difficile rinvenire elementi romantici in opere comunemente considerate classicistiche ovvero elementi classici in opere attribuite al Romanticismo. Proprio questi momenti di trasversalità, di contaminazione e di sovrapposizione di ‘classico'e ‘romantico'nelle discussioni estetiche, nelle opere letterarie o nelle composizioni musicali, ma anche nella produzione pittorica o nelle creazioni architettoniche di diversi paesi europei costituiscono il tema su cui riflettono i contributi raccolti in questo volume.

Carl Blechen (1798 – 1840) war nach seinem Tod nicht so vergessen wie etwa Caspar David Friedrich. Mehrere Berliner Privatsammler besaßen Werke von ihm. Die Akademie der Künste erwarb von der Witwe den Nachlass und bezog Blechens Werke in mehrere Ausstellungen ein. Die Nationalgalerie veranstaltete 1881 die erste große Blechen-Ausstellung überhaupt. Aber erst die Jahrhundertausstellung 1906 brachte für ihn, wie für alle Romantiker, die überregionale Wiederentdeckung und Neubewertung. Sammlungen wurden neu geordnet oder, wie 1913 in seiner Geburtsstadt Cottbus, neu begründet. Seitdem hat die Blechen-Forschung einen enormen Aufschwung erfahren. Die Bewunderung für sein Werk wächst. Immer wieder werden weitere Werke entdeckt. Einige sind nachweislich von Blechens Hand, andere harren der eindeutigen Zuschreibung. Mit welchem methodischen Rüstzeug näherten sich die Pioniere der Blechen-Forschung Guido Joseph Kern und Paul Ortwin Rave dem Werk des Künstlers? Der auf einer Tagung basierende Band stellt erstmals die kunstgeschichtliche Carl-Blechen-Forschung zwischen 1830 und 2015 in den Fokus. Er bewegt sich im Spannungsfeld zwischen akademischer Disziplin, kuratorischer Praxis und internationalem Kunstmarkt und eröffnet so eine Diskussion, wie man sich auch künftig diesem Künstler und seinem Werk nähern kann.

This book examines the links between the unprecedented visual inventiveness of the Romantic period in Britain and eighteenth-century theories of the sublime. Edmund Burke's Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757), in particular, is shown to have directly or indirectly challenged visual artists to explore not just new themes, but also new compositional strategies and visual media such as panoramas and book illustrations, by arguing that the sublime was beyond the reach of painting. More significantly, it began to call into question mimetic representational models, causing artists to reflect about the presentation of the unpresentable and drawing attention to the process of artistic production itself, rather than the finished artwork.

Wie konnte das historische, sich um 1800 in Jena und Berlin konstituierende Phänomen ‚Romantik‘ in zeitlich späteren Phasen bis in die Gegenwart hinein fortwirken? Bereits im 19. Jahrhundert wird wahrgenommen, dass Begriffsverwendungen und die mit ‚dem Romantischen‘ verbundenen Vorstellungen sich pluralisieren. Seither versucht man zu verstehen, in welchem Verhältnis die historische Romantik zu ihren in viele gesellschaftliche Bereiche ausgreifenden Fortschreibungen steht. Dies kann mit Hilfe von modelltheoretisch grundierten Analysen nun besser gelingen. Über die Bedeutung von Modellen und über ihre zentrale Rolle für die Wissenschaft ist man sich vielerorts einig. Der Erkenntnisfortschritt durch die Analyse und die Anwendung von Modellen wird von der Literaturwissenschaft allerdings bisher unterschätzt. Deshalb werden im vorliegenden Buch klassische und neueste modelltheoretische Positionen auf ihre Verwendbarkeit hin gesichtet und konkret für das Verständnis von Rezeptionsprozessen fruchtbar gemacht.

Indian Renaissance: British Romantic Art and the Prospect of India is the first comprehensive examination of British artists whose first-hand impressions and prospects of the Indian subcontinent became a stimulus for the Romantic Movement in England; it is also a survey of the transformation of the images brought home by these artists into the cultural imperatives of imperial, Victorian Britain. The book proposes a second - Indian - Renaissance for British (and European) art and culture and an undeniable connection between English Romanticism and British Imperialism. Artists treated in-depth include James Forbes, James Wales, Tilly Kettle, William Hodges, Johann Zoffany, Francesco Renaldi, Thomas and William Daniell, Robert Home, Thomas Hickey, Arthur William Devis, R. H. Colebrooke, Alexander Allan, Henry Salt, James Baillie Fraser, Charles Gold, James Moffat, Charles D'Oyly, William Blake, J. M. W. Turner and George Chinnery.

After a century of Rationalist scepticism and political upheaval, the nineteenth century awakened to a fierce battle between the forces of secularization and the crusaders of a Christian revival. From this battlefield arose an art movement that would become the torchbearer of a new religious art: Nazarenism. From its inception in the Lukasbund of 1809, this art was controversial. It nonetheless succeeded in becoming a lingua franca in religious circles throughout Europe, America, and the world at large. This is the first major study of the evolution, structure, and conceptual complexity of this archetypically nineteenth-century language of belief. The Nazarene quest for a modern religious idiom evolved around a return to pre-modern forms of biblical exegesis and the adaptation of traditional systems of iconography. Reflecting the era's historicist sensibility as much as the general revival of orthodoxy in the various Christian denominations, the Nazarenes responded with great acumen to pressing contemporary concerns. Consequently, the artists did not simply revive Christian iconography, but rather reconceptualized what it could do and say. This creativity and flexibility enabled them to intervene forcefully in key debates of post-revolutionary European society: the function of eroticism in a Christian life, the role of women and the social question, devotional practice and the nature of the Church, childhood education and bible study, and the burning issue of anti-Judaism and modern anti-Semitism. What makes Nazarene art essentially Romantic is the meditation on the conditions of art-making inscribed into their appropriation and reinvention of artistic tradition. Far from being a reactionary move, this self-reflexivity expresses the modernity of Nazarene art. This study explores Nazarenism in a series of detailed excavations of central works in the Nazarene corpus produced between 1808 and the 1860s. The result is a book about the possibility of religious meanin

The modernist aesthetic and, later, Nazi ideology split German Romantic painting into two opposed phases, an early progressive movement, represented by Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840) and Philipp Otto Runge (1777-1810), and a later reactionary one - epitomized by Friedrich Overbeck (1789-1869) and Peter von Cornelius (1783-1867). In this rich and engaging book, Mitchell Frank explores the continuities between these two phases to reconstruct the historical position that existed in the nineteenth century and to look once again at the Nazarenes - and Overbeck in particular - as a fully integrated part of the Romantic movement. His innovative book is crucial to an understanding of German Romanticism and the legacy of this period in European art.

In a moving intervention into Romantic-era depictions of the dead and wounded, Philip Shaw's timely study directs our gaze to the neglected figure of the common soldier. How suffering and sentiment were portrayed in a variety of visual and verbal media is Shaw's particular concern, as he examines a wide range of print and visual media, from paintings to sketches to political prose and anti-war poetry, and from writings on culture and aesthetics to graphic satires and early photographs. Whilst classical portraiture and history painting certainly conspired with official ideologies to deflect attention from the true costs of war, other works of art, literary as well as visual, proffered representations that countered the view that suffering on and off the battlefield is noble or heroic. Shaw uncovers a history of changing attitudes towards suffering, from mid-eighteenth century ambivalence to late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century concepts of moral sentiment. Thus, Shaw's story is one of how images of death and wounding facilitated and queried these shifts in the perception of war, qualifying as well as consolidating ideas of individual and national unanimity. Informed by readings of the letters and journals of serving soldiers, surgeons'notebooks and sketches, and the writings of peace and war agitators, Shaw's study shows how an attention to the depiction of suffering and the development of'liberal'sentiment enables a reconfiguring of historical and theoretical notions of the body as a site of pain and as a locus of violent national imaginings.

Varied and deliberately diverse, this group of essays provides a reassessment of the life and work of the popular nineteenth-century artist Samuel Palmer. While scholarly publications have been published recently which reassess Palmer's achievement, those works primarily consider the artist in isolation. This volume examines his work in relation to a wider art world and analyses areas of his life and output that have until now received little attention, reinstating the study of Palmer's work within broader debates about landscape and cultural history. In Samuel Palmer Revisited, the contributors provide a fresh perspective on Palmer's work, its context and its influence.

Le musée de la Vie romantique (Paris) a consacré du 4 mars au 15 juin 2008 une exposition à L'Âge d'or du romantisme allemand, aquarelles et dessins à l'époque de Goethe. Dans sa Préface au catalogue, Pierre Rosenberg avoue préférer le sous-titre: Aquarelles et dessin à l'époque de...À PROPOS DE L'ENCYCLOPAEDIA UNIVERSALISReconnue mondialement pour la qualité et la fiabilité incomparable de ses publications, Encyclopaedia Universalis met la connaissance à la portée de tous. Écrite par plus de 7 200 auteurs spécialistes et riche de près de 30 000 médias (vidéos, photos, cartes, dessins…), l'Encyclopaedia Universalis est la plus fiable collection de référence disponible en français. Elle aborde tous les domaines du savoir.

Already in the century before photography's emergence as a mass medium, a diverse popular visual culture had risen to challenge the British literary establishment. The bourgeois fashion for new visual media - from prints and illustrated books to theatrical spectacles and panoramas - rejected high. Romantic concepts of original genius and the sublime in favor of mass-produced images and the thrill of realistic effects. In response, the literary elite declared the new visual media an offense to Romantic idealism.'Simulations of nature,'Coleridge declared, are'loathsome'and'disgusting.'The Shock of the Real offers a tour of Romantic visual culture, from the West End stage to the tourist-filled Scottish Highlands, from the panoramas of Leicester Square to the photography studios of Second Empire Paris. But in presenting the relation between word and image in the late Georgian age as a form of culture war, the author also proposes an alternative account of Romantic aesthetic ideology- as a reaction not against the rationalism of the Enlightenment but against the visual media age being born.

Décryptez l'art de Caspar David Friedrich en moins d'une heure!« Cet homme a découvert la tragédie du paysage. » C'est en ces termes qu'un sculpteur français décrit l'art de Caspar David Friedrich. À juste titre : dans une Allemagne où le romantisme en est à ses premiers balbutiements, Friedrich compose des paysages chaotiques brouillant les repères visuels du spectateur. Car ce qu'il cherche avant tout, c'est à montrer comment le divin s'impose à l'homme à travers la grandeur des paysages.Ce livre vous permettra d'en savoir plus sur :- Le contexte politique et culturel dans lequel Caspar David Friedrich s'inscrit- La vie de l'artiste et son parcours- Les caractéristiques et spécificités de son art- Une sélection d'œuvres-clés de Friedrich- Son impact dans l'histoire de l'artLe mot de l'éditeur :« Dans ce numéro de la série'50MINUTES | Artistes', Céline Muller se penche sur le parcours de Caspar David Friedrich, incarnation par excellence du génie romantique tourmenté. Marqué dès son enfance par la perte de plusieurs de ses proches, il crée une œuvre dominée par la mort et le mysticisme. L'auteure nous donne un bel aperçu, à travers une sélection d'œuvres variées, de toute la richesse de son art. Elle analyse notamment Le Voyageur contemplant une mer de nuages, Femme à la fenêtre ou encore La Mer de glace.»Stéphanie FeltenÀ PROPOS DE LA SÉRIE 50MINUTES | ArtistesLa série « Artistes » de la collection « 50MINUTES » aborde plus de cinquante artistes qui ont profondément marqué l'histoire de l'art, du Moyen Âge à nos jours. Chaque livre a été conçu à la fois pour les passionnés d'art et pour les amateurs curieux d'en savoir davantage en peu de temps. Nos auteurs analysent avec précision les œuvres des plus grands artistes tout en laissant place à toutes les interprétations.

Décryptez l'art de Théodore Géricault en moins d'une heure!Né dans les affres de la Révolution française, Théodore Géricault brise le carcan de l'art officiel pour proposer une œuvre où la passion emporte tout sur son passage... Préférant l'exaltation des couleurs, la fougue du mouvement et l'exaspération des sentiments à la précision du trait, à la sobriété et à la rationalité néoclassiques, il livre des tableaux tout en contrastes qui ouvrent la voie à l'un des plus grands mouvements de l'histoire de l'art : le romantisme. Ce livre vous permettra d'en savoir plus sur : - Le contexte politique et culturel dans lequel évolue Théodore Géricault- La vie de l'artiste et son parcours- Les caractéristiques et spécificités de son art- Une sélection d'œuvres-clés de Géricault- Son impact dans l'histoire de l'artLe mot de l'éditeur :« Dans ce numéro de la série'50MINUTES | Artistes', Eliane Reynold de Seresin revient sur la destinée du père du romantisme français : Théodore Géricault. Après un rappel du contexte politique et culturel dans lequel il s'inscrit, l'auteure se penche sur ce qui fait l'originalité du peintre. Mais le principal intérêt de ce document réside dans l'analyse minutieuse de quelques-unes des plus grandes œuvres de Géricault, notamment le célèbre Radeau de la Méduse, tableau jouant un rôle majeur dans le développement du mouvement romantique. »Stéphanie FeltenÀ PROPOS DE LA SÉRIE 50MINUTES | ArtistesLa série « Artistes » de la collection « 50MINUTES » aborde plus de cinquante artistes qui ont profondément marqué l'histoire de l'art, du Moyen Âge à nos jours. Chaque livre a été conçu à la fois pour les passionnés d'art et pour les amateurs curieux d'en savoir davantage en peu de temps. Nos auteurs analysent avec précision les œuvres des plus grands artistes tout en laissant place à toutes les interprétations.

With his usual wit and élan, esteemed historian Peter Gay enters the contentious, long-standing debates over the romantic period. Here, in this concise and inviting volume, he reformulates the definition of romanticism and provides a fresh account of the immense achievements of romantic writers and artists in all media.  Gay's scope is wide, his insights sharp. He takes on the recurring questions about how to interpret romantic figures and their works. Who qualifies to be a romantic? What ties together romantic figures who practice in different countries, employ different media, even live in different centuries? How is modernism indebted to romanticism, if at all?  Guiding readers through the history of the romantic movement across Britain, France, Germany, and Switzerland, Gay argues that the best way to conceptualize romanticism is to accept its complicated nature and acknowledge that there is no “single basket” to contain it. Gay conceives of romantics in “families,” whose individual members share fundamental values but retain unique qualities. He concludes by demonstrating that romanticism extends well into the twentieth century, where its deep and lasting impact may be measured in the work of writers such as T. S. Eliot and Virginia Woolf.

That the Romantic movement was an international phenomenon is a commonplace, yet to date, historical study of the movement has tended to focus primarily on its national manifestations. This volume offers a new perspective. In thirteen chapters devoted to artists and writers of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, leading scholars of the period examine the international exchanges that were crucial for the rise of Romanticism in England and the United States. In the book's introduction, Andrew Hemingway -- building on the theoretical work of Michael Lowy and Robert Sayre -- proposes that we need to remobilize the concept of Weltanschauung, or comprehensive worldview, in order to develop the kind of synthetic history of arts and ideas the phenomenon of Romanticism demands. The essays that follow focus on the London and New York art worlds and such key figures as Benjamin West, Thomas Bewick, John Vanderlyn, Washington Allston, John Martin, J. M. W. Turner, Thomas Cole, James Fenimore Cooper, George Catlin, Edgar Allan Poe, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Herman Melville. Taken together, these essays plot the rise of a romantic anti-capitalist Weltanschauung as well as the dialectic between Romanticism's national and international manifestations. In addition to the volume editors, contributors include Matthew Beaumont, David Bindman, Leo Costello, Nicholas Grindle, Wayne Franklin, Janet Koenig, William Pressly, Robert Sayre, William Truettner, Dell Upton, and William Vaughan.

Extrait :'A quoi bon? –Vaste et terrible point d'interrogation, qui saisit la critique au collet, dès le premier pas qu'elle veut faire dans son premier chapitre. L'artiste reproche tout d'abord à la critique de ne pouvoir rien enseigner au bourgeois, qui ne veut ni peindre ni rimer, –ni à l'art, puisque c'est de ses entrailles que la critique est sortie. Et pourtant que d'artistes de ce temps-ci doivent à elle seule leur pauvre renommée!'

A brilliant brief account of romanticism and its influence from one of the most important philosophers and intellectual historians of the twentieth centuryIn The Roots of Romanticism, one of the twentieth century's most influential philosophers dissects and assesses a movement that changed the course of history. Brilliant, fresh, immediate, and eloquent, these celebrated Mellon Lectures are a bravura intellectual performance. Isaiah Berlin surveys the many attempts to define romanticism, distills its essence, traces its developments from its first stirrings to its apotheosis, and shows how it still permeates our outlook. He ranges over a cast of some of the greatest thinkers and artists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, including Kant, Rousseau, Diderot, Schiller, the Schlegels, Novalis, Goethe, Blake, Byron, and Beethoven. The ideas and attitudes of these and other figures, Berlin argues, helped to shape twentieth-century nationalism, existentialism, democracy, totalitarianism, and our ideas about heroic individuals, self-fulfillment, and the exalted place of art.This new edition, illustrated for the first time, also features a new foreword by philosopher John Gray, in which he discusses Berlin's belief that the influence of romanticism has been unpredictable and contradictory in the extreme, fuelling anti-liberal political movements but also reinvigorating liberalism; a revised text; and a new appendix that includes some of Berlin's correspondence about the lectures and the reactions to them.

Poet, draughtsman, engraver and painter, William Blake's work is made up of several elements – Gothic art, Germanic reverie, the Bible, Milton and Shakespeare – to which were added Dante and a certain taste for linear designs, resembling geometric diagrams, and relates him to the great classical movement inspired by Winckelmann and propagated by David. This is the sole point of contact discernible between the classicism of David and English art, though furtive and indirect. Blake is the most mystic of the English painters, perhaps the only true mystic. He was ingenious in his inner imagination, and his interpretations of ancient and modern poets reveal as true and candid a spirit as the title of his first work – poems he composed, illustrated and set to music, Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience. Later he achieved grandeur, power and profundity, especially in certain tempera paintings. Just like others, Blake was considered an eccentric by most of his contemporaries, until his genius was recognised in the second half of the nineteenth century.

In this beautifully illustrated study of intellectual and art history, Dorothy Johnson explores the representation of classical myths by renowned French artists in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, demonstrating the extraordinary influence of the natural sciences and psychology on artistic depiction of myth. Highlighting the work of major painters such as David, Girodet, Gerard, Ingres, and Delacroix and sculptors such as Houdon and Pajou, David to Delacroix reveals how these artists offered innovative reinterpretations of myth while incorporating contemporaneous and revolutionary discoveries in the disciplines of anatomy, biology, physiology, psychology, and medicine. The interplay among these disciplines, Johnson argues, led to a reexamination by visual artists of the historical and intellectual structures of myth, its social and psychological dimensions, and its construction as a vital means of understanding the self and the individual's role in society. This confluence is studied in depth for the first time here, and each chapter includes rich examples chosen from the vast number of mythological representations of the period. While focused on mythical subjects, French Romantic artists, Johnson argues, were creating increasingly modern modes of interpreting and meditating on culture and the human condition.