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The present article is about Niqabi women belonging to the private Telegram instant messaging channel Orgullo Niqabi (Spanish for ‘Niqabi Pride’). More specifically, our main objective is to explain what they are demanding, how they articulate their demands through that channel, and why they use it for communicating and to organize their actions. Said demands are mainly linked to their recognition as autonomous and political individuals within the different contexts in which they find themselves. First, our analysis will focus on categorizing their social and political demands for being recognized, not only as Muslims, but also as autonomous, independent, and political beings. Second, we intend to explain how those demands, expressed in the virtual world, are articulated in specific actions in the different societies and social contexts in which these women live. To this end, this article analyzes, following the procedures of the Grounded Theory, the discourses obtained through 27 in depth interviews conducted in the first half of the year 2019. The strength of this research lies in overcoming the difficult access to these women and their discourses as well as in clarifying who they are, what they are demanding from the societies in which they live, how and why they are virtually grouped and the consequences of their virtual grouping in the different societies in which each of them lives.

The high unemployment rate that is affecting Spain in recent years, along with the consolidation of labour market insecurity, have generated great changes in social behaviour, with a prominent tendency for young people to leave the country. With the aim of understanding, from the point of view of these new migrants, how their migration processes and sociocultural integration in their host countries are, this article follows the procedures of the Grounded Theory to analyse the discourses obtained through a discussion group and 41 in-depth interviews with young Spanish migrants while they were living abroad, during the period 2010-2015. The strength of this research lies in its construction of an empirical model consisting of three procedural categories: nostalgic adaptation, converted adaptation and cosmopolitan adaptation. These categories allow us to explain how the perception of young people about their home and host societies changes, as well as how their sociocultural adaptation to the new context is affected by the conducts and behaviours inherent to said perception.

The present paper, based on a research carried out in Chile between March and June 2016, on the one hand studies the sociodemographic characteristics and the profiles of those Spanish citizens who obtained their resident visa during the period 2010 2015 and, on the other hand, tries to understand the migration processes and the sociocultural insertion of those migrants. The first goal is achieved by analyzing the statistics provided by the Chilean Department of alien status and migration. The second one has been carried out following the procedures of the Grounded Theory to analyze the discourses obtained through a discussion group and eleven in depth interviews with Spanish residents in Chile. The age of the participants was between 25 and 35 years, they had an university degree, and arrived in the country between 2010 and 2015. Through these analyses, the research shows how Spanish migration is composed mainly of young people qualified in technical professions like engineering, architecture or geology. Likewise, the way in which these migrants –self styled ‘labor exiles’– seem to follow a socio cultural insertion in Chilean society that we could define as nostalgic and which is characterized, mainly, by the idealization of the context of departure and return, becomes evident., El presente trabajo, fundamentado en una investigación realizada en Chile entre los meses de marzo y junio de 2016, por un lado, y mediante las estadísticas proporcionadas por el Departamento de Extranjería y Migración, estudia las características sociodemográficas y los perfiles de aquellos ciudadanos españoles, que obtuvieron la visa de residencia durante el periodo 2010-2015. Y por otro lado, con la intención de comprender cómo son los procesos migratorios y la inserción sociocultural de estos migrantes, analiza, siguiendo los procedimientos de la Grounded Theory, los discursos obtenidos a través de once entrevistas en profundidad y un grupo de discusión, realizados a españoles residentes en Chile, con una edad comprendida entre los 25 y 35 años, con titulación universitaria, y que llegaron al país entre 2010 y 2015. A través de dichos análisis, se muestra cómo esta emigración española se compone principalmente por jóvenes cualificados en profesiones técnicas como la ingeniería, la arquitectura o la geología. E igualmente, se pone de manifiesto la manera en que estos migrantes autodenominados “exiliados laborales”, parecen seguir una inserción sociocultural en la sociedad chilena, que podríamos definir como nostálgica y que se caracteriza, principalmente, por la idealización del contexto de partida y del retorno.

The high unemployment rate that is affecting Spain in recent years, along with the consolidation of labour market insecurity, have generated great changes in social behaviour, with a prominent tendency for young people to leave the country. With the aim of understanding, from the point of view of these new migrants, how their migration processes and sociocultural integration in their host countries are, this article follows the procedures of the Grounded Theory to analyse the discourses obtained through a discussion group and 41 in-depth interviews with young Spanish migrants while they were living abroad, during the period 2010–2015. The strength of this research lies in its construction of an empirical model consisting of three procedural categories: nostalgic adaptation, converted adaptation and cosmopolitan adaptation. These categories allow us to explain how the perception of young people about their home and host societies changes, as well as how their sociocultural adaptation to the new context is affected by the conducts and behaviours inherent to said perception.

The economic crisis begun in 2008 caused that the migratory balance of Spain, after more than two decades of being positive, in 2011 became again negative, as it was for much of the twentieth century. However, unlike the emigrants of yesteryear, today’s university emigrants are between 25 and 35 years old and without family dependents. This article examines how these new Spanish emigrants rebuild their identities during their migration processes and the factors that influence them. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were carried out with the aim of knowing the life stories of 15 young people with migration experiences during the period from 2008 to 2014. The information obtained is analyzed following the Grounded Theory method, which enables the differentiation of three discursive categories in the evolution of the identities of the young university emigrants. So, these identities are named here as Spanish-phobia (Rejection of Spanish society), Spanish-philia (longing for the Spanish society), and the mutation to a new hybrid identity, in which cultural patterns of origin are intermingled with those of the new society where the migrants live. By means of the said three categories the successive transformations in the identities of young migrants are conceptualized. In turn, these transformations depend upon a series of factors, such as the degree of knowledge that migrants have about the host country language, their degree of habituation to the climate of that country, the social status they achieve after migration, their interactions with the local population, among others. Therefore, the above mentioned three identities are not essential or static, but social constructions that are defined and/or redefined (built and/or rebuilt) according to the situations of interaction (socio-cultural and/or psychological) entailed by the migratory process., La crisis económica iniciada en 2008 ha conllevado que el saldo migratorio español, tras más de dos décadas siendo positivo, volviera a partir de 2011 a ser negativo, como lo fue durante gran parte del siglo XX. Pero, a diferencia de los emigrados de antaño, los actuales son profesionistas entre 25 y 35 años y sin cargas familiares. El objetivo del presente artículo fue establecer cómo los jóvenes españoles reconstruyen sus identidades a lo largo de sus procesos migratorios y qué factores influyen en ello. Se realizaron una serie de entrevistas en profundidad, encaminadas a obtener los relatos de vida de 15 jóvenes con experiencias migratorias en el periodo de 2008 a 2014. El análisis de la información conseguida, siguiendo la Grounded Theory, posibilita la determinación de tres categorías discursivas en la evolución de las identidades de esta población migrante, las cuales se tipifican aquí como la españofobia (rechazo de la sociedad española), la españofilia (añoranza de la sociedad española) y la mutación a una nueva identidad híbrida, en la que los patrones culturales de origen se entremezclan con los de la nueva sociedad donde residen. Las sucesivas transformaciones en las identidades de los jóvenes migrantes, que se tratan de conceptuar a través de dichas categorías, están influenciadas por una serie de factores, tales como su nivel de conocimiento del idioma del país receptor, su grado de habituación al clima de dicho país, el estatus social logrado tras la emigración y las interacciones con la población autóctona, entre otras. Por lo tanto, dichas identidades no son esenciales o estáticas, sino construcciones sociales que se van definiendo y redefiniendo (construyendo y reconstruyendo), según las situaciones de interacción (sociocultural y/o psicológica) que el proceso migratorio propicia.