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Recent increased regulatory restrictions on the use of a first-generation anticoagulant rodenticide, diphacinone, were put into place in California in January 2024 by the passage of California Assembly Bill 1322 in late 2023. Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides were listed as California Restricted Materials in 2014, and their uses were further restricted in 2021 with the passage of California Assembly Bill 1788. As a result of the passage of AB 1322, diphacinone was added to the Restricted Materials list and prohibited for use in all areas of the state except for specific exceptional uses and sites. Specific requirements for rodenticide applicators using diphacinone are described, along with exceptions to restrictions, as well as other related regulatory requirements for rodenticide users.

Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are an effective tool used to suppress rodent populations in urban and agricultural settings to reduce human disease risk and economic loss, but widespread use has resulted in adverse effects on predators globally. Attention has largely been focused on impacts of ARs on raptors, although there is increasing evidence that mammalian carnivores are also impacted. We conducted a literature review to assess the extent to which ARs have been documented in wild mammalian carnivores globally and identify potential overlap with imperiled carnivores. We found a small but growing body of literature documenting exposure to ARs in 8 Carnivora families, with Mustelidae (64% of studies), Canidae (44%) and Felidae (23%) most represented. At least 11 different AR compounds were documented in carnivores, and authors claimed that exposure caused mortality of at least one individual in 33.9% of species studied. ARs were listed as a threat for 2% of Red List carnivores, although we found that 19% of Red List carnivores had ranges that overlap countries that have documented AR exposure in carnivores. Collectively, our review highlights the need to prioritize conservation attention on the potential role of ARs on global carnivore declines. We suggest (1) expanding AR monitoring and research outside of the northern hemisphere, (2) supporting long‐term AR monitoring to understand the spatial and temporal variation of AR use and exposure risk, (3) expanding research across trophic levels and across the urban–wildland gradient and 4) research to further our understanding of the point at which morbidity and mortality occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document contains summaries of various research studies conducted in the field of veterinary medicine. The studies cover a wide range of topics, including the use of computed tomography in identifying surgical lesions in cats, injuries sustained by dogs in motor vehicle accidents, and the effects of mild hypothermia on fluid therapy in cats. The findings of these studies provide valuable insights into specific areas of veterinary emergency and critical care. The document also includes studies on topics such as the use of handheld ultrasound devices in dogs, the treatment of NSAID toxicosis in dogs, and the management of anemia in dogs using a rapid infuser device. These studies contribute to the understanding and improvement of veterinary medical practices. [Extracted from the article]

Frequent encounters with the greater bandicoot rats (Bandicota indica) following high rodent damage towards rice crops and lack of information on the species had encouraged this study to be conducted to test the relevance of using first- and second-generation rodenticide in a field efficacy test. This study also attempts to detect any sign of resistance of current rodent pest populations towards chlorophacinone (0.005%) and flucoumafen (0.05%) for the control of field rats predominant rice field agrosystem of the Kedah in northern peninsular Malaysia. Six different treatments over dry and wet rice planting season together with trapping exercise. The observation was evaluated based on the number of active burrows, counting tiller damage due to rodent attack and trapping index. The results indicated that flucoumafen gives better rodent control and has a better impact (p < 0.05) although chlorophacinone is still relevant to be applied (p < 0.05). Treatments during the off-planting season (September-February) are more effective compared to the main planting season (March-August). Rodent control during the early off-planting season is encouraged for better rodent management in the rice field and the use of bait stations to increase the weatherability of the baits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anticoagulants are widely used as potent cumulative rodenticides; however, they are also associated with adverse environmental effects, such as intoxication of non-target animals. To ensure user safety, in the EU the use of anticoagulants containing active substances of > 30 ppm is restricted to professionals as these substances are toxic to reproduction Kat.1 A or B. Therefore, new products with < 30 ppm anticoagulant substance have been developed and registered. While the biological efficacy of these new products has been evaluated, the effect of their application on liver residues in targeted rodents was not examined before product introduction to the market. Our laboratory no-choice study on wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) showed that baits with high (50 ppm) and low (25 ppm) brodifacoum concentrations (with identical nontoxic cereal-based food components) presented 100% efficacy, although the 25 ppm bait exhibited significantly higher palatability and 4.5 times higher liver residues. Rats consumed 13.6 and 167.7 g of the 50 and 25 ppm baits, respectively, which corresponded to 3.16 and 14.91 μg/g of brodifacoum liver residues at their time of death. The experiments demonstrated that a decreased concentration of brodifacoum anticoagulant in rodenticide baits may lead to greater accumulation in rodent liver, thus indicating the urgent need to perform a detailed study of the environmental risks of low-concentration anticoagulant baits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lyme disease continues to expand in Canada and the USA and no single intervention is likely to curb the epidemic. Methods: We propose a platform to quantitatively assess the effectiveness of a subset of Ixodes scapularis tick management approaches. The platform allows us to assess the impact of different control treatments, conducted either individually (single interventions) or in combination (combined efforts), with varying timings and durations. Interventions include three low environmental toxicity measures in differing combinations, namely reductions in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations, broadcast area-application of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, and fipronil-based rodent-targeted bait boxes. To assess the impact of these control efforts, we calibrated a process-based mathematical model to data collected from residential properties in the town of Redding, southwestern Connecticut, where an integrated tick management program to reduce I.xodes scapularis nymphs was conducted from 2013 through 2016. We estimated parameters mechanistically for each of the three treatments, simulated multiple combinations and timings of interventions, and computed the resulting percent reduction of the nymphal peak and of the area under the phenology curve. Results: Simulation outputs suggest that the three-treatment combination and the bait boxes–deer reduction combination had the overall highest impacts on suppressing I. scapularis nymphs. All (single or combined) interventions were more efficacious when implemented for a higher number of years. When implemented for at least 4 years, most interventions (except the single application of the entomopathogenic fungus) were predicted to strongly reduce the nymphal peak compared with the no intervention scenario. Finally, we determined the optimal period to apply the entomopathogenic fungus in residential yards, depending on the number of applications. Conclusions: Computer simulation is a powerful tool to identify the optimal deployment of individual and combined tick management approaches, which can synergistically contribute to short-to-long-term, costeffective, and sustainable control of tick-borne diseases in integrated tick management (ITM) interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Obesity is a pathological state that involves the dysregulation of different metabolic pathways and adipose tissue cells, constituting a risk factor for the development of other diseases. Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment. The study of the behavior of pollutants in situations of extreme weight loss can provide biomonitoring information and tools to manage diseases of environmental etiology. Aim: To determine the prevalence of serum persistent and non-persistent pollutants in obese patients subjected to bariatric surgery and analyze the impact of sociodemographic variables on these changes. Methods: GC-MS/MS and UHPLC-MS/MS were utilized to determine the detection rates and concentrations of 353 compounds, including persistent organic pollutants (POPs), pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and rodenticide, in serum samples of 59 obese patients before and after undergoing bariatric surgery. Results: Detection rates of p,p'-DDE, HCB, β-HCH, naphthalene, phenanthrene and PCB congeners 138, 153 and 180 significantly increased due to surgery-induced weight loss. Serum levels of p,p'-DDE, PCB-138, PCB-153 and PCB-180 also increased after surgery. Correlations between naphthalene levels, weight loss, variation of total lipids and time after surgery were found. Additionally, correlations were observed between concentrations of PCB-138 and weight loss, and between phenanthrene levels and reduction of total lipids. No statistically significant differences were observed for other groups of contaminants, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals included in the quantification methods. Conclusions: Increment of POPs was observed after bariatric surgery. Serum concentrations of POPs after surgery were influenced by adiposity-related variables. Although biomonitoring studies show a decreasing tendency of exposure, rapid weight loss leads to an increase of circulating POPs. Further research on the interplay between adipose tissue, POPs and peripheral organs is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Acute hepatic failure due to yellow phosphorus rodenticide ingestion is often lethal. This study aimed to analyze demographic characteristics and prognostic indicators, focusing on hyperlactataemia as a potential early indicator of mortality in patients poisoned with yellow phosphorus rodenticide. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective study of 96 patients poisoned with a yellow phosphorus-containing rodenticide (Ratol paste, which contains 3% yellow phosphorus). We examined demographic details, clinical symptoms, and biochemical markers to identify prognostic indicators. Results: Demographics were similar among survivors and non-survivors. Mortality (36.5%) correlated with a higher ingested dose and treatment delays, with a mean (±SD) of 5.26 ± 2.2 survival days among those who died. Symptoms, including gastrointestinal and neurological features, typically appeared 48 h after ingestion. Non-survivors developed increased aminotransferase activities (74.3%), prolonged prothrombin time (65.7%), and hyperbilirubinaemia (65.7%) during hospitalization, significantly more commonly compared to survivors (P < 0.0001). Hyperlactataemia (lactate concentration >2 mmol/L) was present in 97.1% of non-survivors, with increased serial lactate concentrations observed in 88.6%. The median (interquartile range) admission lactate concentration among non-survivors was 4.6 mmol/L (3.36–7.53 mmol/L), and their peak median (interquartile range) lactate concentration was 6.1 mmol/L (8.74–10.6 mmol/L). In non-survivors, an increased lactate concentration preceded increased aminotransferase activities and prolonged prothrombin time. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis confirmed that a 24 h lactate concentration ≥2.67 mmol/L predicted death with 94.3% sensitivity and 91.8% specificity. Discussion: The majority of patients who ingest yellow phosphorus remain asymptomatic initially and typically present to hospital following the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms, usually a day later. As progression to death occurs within a week of yellow phosphorus ingestion in most cases, determining prognosis as early as possible enables swift referral to a liver transplant centre. Based on our study, a 24 h lactate concentration ≥2.67 mmol/L appears to be an early prognostic indicator of death. In another study, a lactate concentration >5.8 mmol/L was found to be a poor prognostic indicator. Conclusions: Hyperlactataemia on admission and increased serial lactate concentrations appear to be early poor prognostic signs in patients with yellow phosphorus-induced liver failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Rodent management with lethal methods (e.g., rodenticides) comes with downsides for rodent welfare, the environment and non‐target species. To reduce chemical use and prevent rodent nuisance, pest controllers in the Netherlands must work according to the principles of integrated pest management (IPM). A condition for the success of IPM is that there is sufficient engagement of all parties involved, including clients of pest controllers. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the attitudes of clients regarding rodent control, IPM and the application of preventive measures. Insight into their attitudes may contribute to a better implementation of IPM and with that to a more sustainable rodent management based on more effective prevention. An online survey among 248 clients of Dutch pest controllers from both the agricultural and other sectors was carried out. RESULTS: Respondents from the agricultural sector had a relatively negative attitude towards IPM, the new IPM regulations in the Netherlands and had little confidence in prevention. In other sectors, respondents were more positive about IPM and had more confidence in prevention. The respondents from the latter subgroup had a similar attitude compared to Dutch pest controllers who participated in a previous survey. CONCLUSION: The findings of the study provide information for the further development and practical implementation of IPM and preventive measures and with that a more sustainable and animal friendly rodent management. They can also be helpful for a better communication and cooperation between pest controllers and their clients. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Rat eradication from islands is a very effective tool that can free entire ecosystems from the pressure of alien predators. In this study we present the case study of Ventotene (Ponziane Archipelago, central Italy), which to date is the island with by far the greatest number of human inhabitants ever freed from the negative implications of rats. Rat eradication was carried out in the framework of the Life PonDerat project, co‐financed by the European Union. Besides considering the conservation benefits due to the removal of rats, we also considered the socio‐economic and pathogenic impacts from introduced rats. RESULTS: The overall economic cost of the rats was quantified to be at least €18 500 per year to the residents of the island. Several zoonotic pathogens were detected in the rat population prior to eradication. A reduction in the rodenticide distributed over time on the island was also estimated. Identifying the origin of the rat population allowed for the development of more targeted and effective biosecurity measures. The eradication effort was challenged by the presence of domestic animals and variability in support for baiting in urbanised areas. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study open up new perspectives on island restoration projects. We demonstrated the cost‐effectiveness of the action, including ecosystem restoration, reduction of rat impacts in agricultural systems, and improving overall health and food safety. Our findings will have implications for similar interventions on other islands, potentially bringing significant benefits. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rodent management involves the use of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs). This use has resulted in the selection of numerous resistance alleles in the Vkorc1 gene, encoding the target enzyme of ARs. In Africa, although rodents are a major problem as a consequence of their transport and transmission of zoonotic pathogens, and damage to crops, the use of ARs and the spread of resistance alleles are poorly documented. We attempted to address both issues in Chad which is one of the largest countries in Africa. Owing to its location at the crossroads of central and northern Africa, Chad is representative of many African countries. Methods: Using a sampling of nearly 300 rodents composed of invasive and endemic rodents collected in six of Chad's largest cities, exposure to ARs was analyzed by their quantification in the liver; the spread of AR resistance alleles was analyzed by Vkorc1 sequencing. Results: We demonstrate the use of both ARs generations in Chadian cities and report the total sequencing of the Vkorc1 for 44 Mastomys natalensis with detection of two different haplotypes, the sequencing of the Vkorc1 for two other endemic rodent species, M. kollmannspergeri and Arvicanthis niloticus, and finally the detection of three new missense mutations – V29E, V69E and D127V – in R. rattus, potentially associated with resistance to ARs. Discussion: These results should argue for the implementation of a reasoned management of rodent populations in Africa to avoid the spread of ARs resistance alleles. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Administration of high-dose vitamin K1 (VK1) overcomes coagulopathy and bleeding elicited by acute poisoning with long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides (LAARs). However, long-term (months) treatment is required due to long LAAR biological half-lives that may lead to poor compliance and recurrent coagulopathy. The half-lives of LAARs are extended by slow metabolism, and similar to warfarin, are thought to undergo enterohepatic recirculation. We now show that treatment with the bile acid sequestrant cholestyramine (CSA) administered concomitantly with VK1 decreases plasma LAAR levels and increases LAAR fecal excretion. Daily CSA treatment for 14 days did not reduce plasma VK1 levels, or increase prothrombin time. Collectively, these data show that CSA accelerates LAAR clearance from rabbits without adverse effects on VK1 anticoagulation, and could provide an additional therapeutic option for treatment of LAAR poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baiting is widely used in wildlife management for various purposes, including lethal control, fertility control, disease and parasite control, and conditioned aversion programs for many invasive vertebrate species. The efficacy of baiting programs relies on the likelihood that target animals will encounter the bait, consume it and receive an appropriate dose of the active ingredient. However, there has been little focus on encounter rate of toxic baits combined with behavioural aversion, which are likely to be significant factors affecting efficacy.Following optimal foraging theory, the likelihood of an animal encountering and consuming a toxic grain bait should increase in proportion to its availability relative to background food quantity if it is neither more or less detectable or palatable. Furthermore, the probability of consuming toxic baits might also be influenced by bait aversion following ingestion of a non‐lethal dose of toxin.Using a model system of wild house mice (Mus musculus L.) in mouse‐proof enclosures in Australia, we manipulated background food, applied zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) baits and measured mouse mortality. When background food was scarce, mouse mortality was high, whereas an increasing abundance of background food led to reduced mortality. A scenario modelling random encounters and including bait aversion explained 78% of the variation in observed mortality outcomes and achieved a closer fit to the data than modelling random encounters alone. Mortality rates were predicted to be higher with a higher strength bait, which would overcome behavioural aversion.Ensuring that animals locate and consume a lethal dose of toxic bait is a critical factor for successful bait delivery and efficacy. This is particularly significant in toxic baiting programs, where sublethal doses can make animals feel sick, leading to a negative association with the bait, and the development of aversion.Synthesis and applications: Our findings explain why some toxic baiting programs might fail. To achieve successful control, efforts should be directed at reducing the availability of background food to increase the probability of encounter and uptake of toxic baits. It is important to measure and understand the role of background food on toxic baiting programs to explain variable outcomes and inform strategies for successful bait delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic (As) poisoning has become a global public problem threatening human health. Chelation therapy (CT) is the preferred treatment for arsenic poisoning. Nevertheless, efficient and safe arsenic removal in vivo remains a daunting challenge due to the limitations of chelators, including weak affinity, poor cell membrane penetration, and short half-life. Herein, a mercapto-functionalized and size-tunable hierarchical porous Zr-MOF (UiO-66-TC-SH) is developed, which possesses abundant arsenic chemisorption sites, effective cell uptake ability, and long half-life, thereby efficiently removing toxic arsenic in vivo. Moreover, the strong binding affinity of UiO-66-TC-SH for arsenic reduces systemic toxicity caused by off-target effects. In animal trials, UiO-66-TC-SH decreases the blood arsenic levels of acute arsenic poisoning mice to a normal value within 48 h, and the efficacy is superior to clinical drugs 2,3-dimercaptopropanesulfonic acid sodium salt (DMPS). Meanwhile, UiO-66-TC-SH also significantly mitigates the arsenic accumulation in the metabolic organs of chronic arsenic poisoning mice. Surprisingly, UiO-66-TC-SH also accelerates the metabolism of arsenic in organs of tumor-bearing mice and alleviates the side effects of arsenic drugs antitumor therapy. Arsenic (As) contamination has become a global problem threatening public health. The present clinical chelation therapy (CT) still has some limitations, including the weak affinity, poor cell membrane permeability and short half-life of hydrophilic chelators. Herein, a metal−organic framework (MOF)-based multieffective arsenic removal strategy in vivo is proposed for the first time. Mercapto-functionalized and size-tunable hierarchical porous Zr-MOF nanoantidote (denoted as UiO-66-TC-SH) is accordingly designed and synthesized. After injection, UiO-66-TC-SH can form Zr− O −As bonds and As− S bonds with arsenic, thus enhancing arsenic adsorption capacity, cycling stability and systemic safety simultaneously. The acute arsenic poisoning model results indicate that UiO-66-TC-SH shows superior efficacy to the clinical drug sodium dimercaptopropanesulfonate (DMPS). More meaningfully, we find that UiO-66-TC-SH also accelerates the metabolism of arsenic in organs of tumor-bearing mice and alleviates side effects of arsenic drugs anti-tumor therapy. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monopterus albus is one of China's renowned and superior aquaculture species, with its seedlings mainly sourced from wild capture. One of the bottlenecks in M. albus aquaculture is the high mortality rate and low feeding initiation rate from stocking wild fry to the initiation of feeding. In production, trash fish is commonly used to wean M. albus juveniles onto feeding. In this study, we introduced three other natural feeds, earthworms (EW), yellow mealworms (YMW), and fly maggots (FM), with frozen trash fish (TF) serving as the control group, to evaluate the effects of these four natural feeds on the survival rate, feeding initiation, antioxidant enzymes activity, and body composition of M. albus juveniles under recirculating water aquaculture conditions. The experiment comprised four treatments, each with three replicates. Each replicate consisted of stocking 150 M. albus juveniles weighing 10.02 ± 0.89 g in size, raised for 5 weeks. The survival rate of the YMW group was 73.33%-85.33%, which was significantly higher than that of the other three bait groups (p < 0.05). The four bait groups showed no significant differences in final body weight and specific growth rate (SGR) (p > 0.05). The EW group showed the highest final body weight, with an average SGR of 2.73, whereas the YMW group had an average SGR of 1.87. The average daily feeding amount was significantly higher in EW and YMW groups than in the other two groups (p < 0.05). The percentage of feeding amount to fish weight in the EW group reached 7.3% in the fifth week. After 5 weeks of cultivation, NO2--N content was significantly higher in the waters of the TF and EW groups than in the waters of the FM and YMW groups (p < 0.05), there was no significant difference in TAN content among the treatment groups (p > 0.05). Liver malondialdehyde content was significantly higher in the TF group than in the other bait groups (p < 0.05). GSH-Px activity was significantly higher in the EW group than in the FM group and YMW group. No significant differences in SOD and CAT activity and T-AOC were observed among the bait groups (p > 0.05). The increase in crude protein content was significantly higher in the TF group than in the FM group, but the increase in crude ash content was significantly lower in the TFgroup. In conclusion, Tenebrio molitor could potentially serve as one of the alternative feeds during the initial stages of M. albus juveniles stocking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gut microbiota is a key factor in maintaining the dietary and metabolic homeostasis of small mammals. To explore the effect of diet on the gut microbiota of the long‐tailed dwarf hamster (Cricetulus longicaudatus), 16S rDNA high‐throughput sequencing combined with bioinformatics analysis was used to investigate the succession process of the gut microbiota and effects of different nutrients on the composition and function of the gut microbiota. The results showed that diet structure can significantly influence the composition and function of the gut microbiota, as well as the health of animals. The highest relative abundance of Firmicutes, and the simplest co‐occurrence network occurred in the wild. Whereas the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes is higher and the most complex network structure was observed after 35 days of same feeding. Compared to the other four groups, the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the wheat + peanuts (WP) group was the highest after 35 days of different feeding, and the highest relative abundance of Bacteroidetes occurred in the wheat‐only (WH) group. Bacteroidetes exhibit carbohydrate degradation activity, and Firmicutes are strongly associated with fat uptake. We also found a significant positive correlation between Lactobacillus and body weight, indicating that Lactobacillus plays a crucial role in modulating fat intake and weight management. This study provides empirical evidence to facilitate the understanding of the co‐evolutionary dynamics between C. longicaudatus and their gut microbiota and establishes a theoretical foundation for utilizing gut microbiota in rodent control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astrocyte dysfunctions have been consistently observed in patients affected with depression and other psychiatric illnesses. Although over the years our understanding of these changes, their origin, and their consequences on behavior and neuronal function has deepened, many aspects of the role of astroglial dysfunction in major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remain unknown. In this review, we summarize the known astroglial dysfunctions associated with MDD and PTSD, highlight the impact of chronic stress on specific astroglial functions, and how astroglial dysfunctions are implicated in the expression of depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, focusing on behavioral consequences of astroglial manipulation on emotion-related and fear-learning behaviors. We also offer a glance at potential astroglial functions that can be targeted for potential antidepressant treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anticoagulation is vital to maintain blood fluidic status and physiological functions in the field of clinical blood‐related procedures. Here, novel biomimetic anticoagulated porous inverse opal hydrogel particles is presented as anticoagulant bearing dynamic screening capability. The inverse opal hydrogel particles possess abundant sulfonic and carboxyl groups, which serve as binding sites with multiple coagulation factors and inhibit the blood coagulation process. Owing to the variations of refractive index and pore sizes during the binding process, the particles appeared corresponding structure color variations, which can be adopted as sensory index of anticoagulation. Based on these features, a sensor containing these diverse structure color particle units is constructed for pattern recognition of coagulation factors level in clinical plasma samples. By analyzing the sensory information of the unit, the colorimetric "fingerprint" for each target can be obtained and summarized as a database. Besides, a portable test‐strip integrating sensory units is developed to distinguish the sample regarding abnormal coagulation factors‐derived diseases via multivariate data analysis. It is believed that such biomimetic anticoagulated structural color particles and their derived sensor will open new avenue for clinical detection and disease diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractRodent pests pose significant impacts to agricultural systems and public health globally. Effective strategies for sustainable management while minimizing environmental impacts are crucial. To address the multifaceted nature of rodent impacts, well-coordinated initiatives are necessary to support control strategies, raise awareness among authorities, and inform the public. There is increasing global evidence of Working Groups delivering successful management of a range of natural resource management issues. We outline three case study working groups to tackle rodent pests: (1) National Mouse Group in Australia to manage mouse plague impacts, (2) Working Group Common Vole Management in Germany to manage common vole impacts, and (3) FREDON network for vole management in France. Each working group evolved independently, but all have remarkably similar structures, including monitoring, modelling/forecasting, regular stakeholder meetings (including producers, researchers, government agency staff and others), developing advice for management and identifying research priorities. The success of these working groups was related to: (1) broad stakeholder engagement (particularly farmers/producers), (2) dedicated funding to conduct direct research to inform control strategies, (3) maintained momentum through all phases of rodent population cycles, and (4) benefit for all stakeholders. As rodenticides are increasingly restricted, such working groups will become more important in the future, because stakeholder engagement is necessary to develop rodent management “toolboxes”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Bait-based fertility control could contribute to rodent pest management. Bait containing 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) and triptolide (TP), registered as ContraPest®, was delivered to male common voles to assess the effects on reproductive structures and residues in the liver and testes. There were no effects or inconclusive effects for most reproductive parameters considered. However, there was an increase in sperm defects in voles treated for 14/28 days and fewer normal sperm cells in voles treated for 28 days. There were no TP residues in the testes, few and low TP residues and no VCD residues in the liver tissue. Treatments with VCD + TP seemed to have minor effects on male reproductive organs. Some rodent species cause significant damage to agriculture and forestry, and some can transmit pathogens to humans and livestock. The common vole (Microtus arvalis) is widespread in Europe, and its population outbreaks have resulted in massive crop loss. Bait-based fertility control could contribute to rodent pest management. Bait containing 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) and triptolide (TP), registered as ContraPest®, was delivered to male common voles for 14 or 28 consecutive days. The effects on reproductive structures and residues in the liver and testes were assessed. There was no effect on testis weight, sperm viability, sperm motility and oxidative stress in sperm cells. Results regarding the mitochondrial membrane potential of sperm, DNA fragmentation and progressively motile sperm cells were inconclusive. However, there was an increase in morphological sperm defects in voles treated for 14/28 days and fewer normal sperm cells in voles treated for 28 days. There were no TP residues in the testes, few and low TP residues and no VCD residues in liver tissues, making considerable secondary exposure to non-target species unlikely. Treatments with VCD + TP seemed to have minor effects on the reproductive organs of males. Further studies should evaluate the effect of VCD + TP on females and on the reproductive success of common voles and other pest rodent species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is a bacteria infection prevalent in many tropical regions, caused by the genus Leptospira. Humans contract the disease by coming in contact with contaminated environments. This study proposes a deterministic mathematical model that links the within-host and between-host dynamics of leptospirosis and investigates its properties. The model's parameters were estimated by fitting it to real-life data using the "lsqcurvefit" package in MATLAB. The study employs global sensitivity analysis using Latin hypercube sampling with a partial rank correlation coefficient index and uses Pontryagin's maximum principle to identify cost-effective solutions for time-dependent intervention strategies to suppress the bacteria transmission within a specific period. The results of the study showed that bacteria replication within human and rodent hosts is the major driver of the overall dynamics of leptospirosis and therefore controlling the prevalence of the disease by focusing on the epidemiology components is necessary but will not be effective if the intra-host dynamics of the bacteria within rodent hosts and human hosts are not attentively considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are well-studied and the most traceable cell surface receptors for drug discovery. One of the intriguing members of this family is G protein-coupled receptors 35 (GPR35), which belongs to the class A rhodopsin-like family of GPCRs identified over two decades ago. GPR35 presents interesting features such as ubiquitous expression and distinct isoforms. Moreover, functional and genome-wide association studies on its widespread expression have linked GPR35 with pathophysiological disease progression. Various pieces of evidence have been accumulated regarding the independent or endogenous ligand-dependent role of GPR35 in cancer progression and metastasis. In the current scenario, the relationship of this versatile receptor and its putative endogenous ligands for the activation of oncogenic signal transduction pathways at the cellular level is an active area of research. These intriguing features offered by GPR35 make it an oncological target, justifying its uniqueness at the physiological and pathophysiological levels concerning other GPCRs. For pharmacologically targeting receptor-induced signaling, few potential competitive antagonists have been discovered that offer high selectivity at a human level. In addition to its fascinating features, targeting GPR35 at rodent and human orthologue levels is distinct, thus contributing to the sub-species selectivity. Strategies to modulate these issues will help us understand and truly target GPR35 at the therapeutic level. In this article, we have provided prospects on each topic mentioned above and suggestions to overcome the challenges. This review discusses the molecular mechanism and signal transduction pathways activated by endogenous ligands or spontaneous auto-activation of GPR35 that contributes towards disease progression. Furthermore, we have highlighted the GPR35 structure, ubiquitous expression, its role in immunomodulation, and at the pathophysiological level, especially in cancer, indicating its status as a versatile receptor. Subsequently, we discussed the various proposed ligands and their mechanism of interaction with GPR35. Additionally, we have summarized the GPR35 antagonist that provides insights into the opportunities for therapeutically targeting this receptor. [Display omitted] • G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are highly studied receptors in drug discovery. • GPR35, a member of GPCR, lacks well-characterized endogenous ligands. • CXCL17 is a ligand for GPR35. • GPR35 contributes to several disease progressions, particularly cancer and metastasis. • Challenges in GPR35 research included distinct pharmacology between rodent and human orthologues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive use of rodenticides poses a severe threat to non-target species, particularly birds of prey and scavengers. In this study, a GC-MS/MS-based method was used to unlock the cause of bird deaths in Poland. Organs (liver, heart, kidney, and lungs) collected during autopsies of two rooks (Corvus frugilegus) and one carrion crow (Corvus corone corone), as well as fecal samples, were analyzed for the presence of anticoagulant coumarin derivatives, i.e., warfarin and bromadiolone. As for warfarin, the highest concentration was found in crow samples overall, with concentrations in the feces and lungs at 5.812 ± 0.368 µg/g and 4.840 ± 0.256 µg/g, respectively. The heart showed the lowest concentration of this compound (0.128 ± 0.01 µg/g). In the case of bromadiolone, the highest concentration was recorded in the liver of a rook (16.659 ± 1.499 µg/g) and this concentration significantly exceeded the levels in the other samples. By revealing the reality of the threat, these discoveries emphasize the need to regulate and monitor the trade in rodenticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2023, two fatalities attributed to the ingestion of uncooked morels (Morchella spp.) were reported in the United States; both patients developed severe gastrointestinal symptoms. Morel-induced gastrointestinal toxicity is well recognized, but no deaths had been reported until 2023, suggesting a potential shift in the severity of morel poisoning. Using the Poisoning Severity Score, we analyzed the severity of symptomatic cases of morel ingestion recorded in the French National Database of Poisonings from 2010 to 2020. We found 446 cases of exposure in which morels were the sole mushroom species involved. Of these, 83.6 per cent and 53.3 per cent developed gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms, respectively. Eight patients developed shock attributed to severe gastrointestinal symptoms, resulting in two deaths. Morel ingestion can lead to severe complications. As in the United States, the deaths reported in this study were attributed to imported cultivated morels. The shift, since 2006, towards a predominance of cultivated over wild morel sales may have played a role in the reporting of severe cases of morel poisoning. Reports of severe morel poisoning highlight the need for cautious consumption, particularly of raw or undercooked preparations. Emerging complications signal potential changes in toxicity. Surveillance and awareness are key to reducing the risks of consuming morels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report describes major pathomechanisms of disease in which the dysregulation of host inflammatory processes is a major factor, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) as a primary model, and reviews strategies for countermeasures based on synergistic interaction between various agents, including drugs and generally regarded as safe (GRAS) natural medical material (NMM), such as Ginkgo biloba, spice phytochemicals, and fruit seed flavonoids. The 15 well-defined CVD classes are explored with particular emphasis on the extent to which oxidative stressors and associated ischemia-reperfusion tissue injury contribute to major symptoms. The four major categories of pharmaceutical agents used for the prevention of and therapy for CVD: statins, beta blockers (β-blockers), blood thinners (anticoagulants), and aspirin, are presented along with their adverse effects. Analyses of major cellular and molecular features of drug- and NMM-mediated cardioprotective processes are provided in the context of their development for human clinical application. Future directions of the evolving research described here will be particularly focused on the characterization and manipulation of calcium- and calcineurin-mediated cascades of signaling from cell surface receptors on cardiovascular and immune cells to the nucleus, with the emergence of both protective and pathological epigenetic features that may be modulated by synergistically-acting combinations of drugs and phytochemicals in which phytochemicals interact with cells to promote signaling that reduces the effective dosage and thus (often) toxicity of drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review provides a comprehensive exploration of factors contributing to sudden death (SD) in ruminants, focusing on cattle, sheep, and goats. The definition of unexpected death varies based on the farming system. In intensive systems, constant surveillance enables rapid detection of diseases, while in extensive systems, irregular checks may result in finding animals dead after a prolonged illness. SD syndrome definitions vary; some involve clear clinical signs, while others consider acute death in apparently healthy animals. Various infectious causes of SD are discussed, including enterotoxemia, hemorrhagic bowel syndrome, caudal vena cava thrombosis, and respiratory diseases. The review also covers nutritional disorders like acidosis, hypomagnesemia, and vitamin deficiencies. Poisoning, both from inappropriate drug use and toxic plants, is examined, as well as accidents and trauma, parasitism, stress, and miscellaneous causes such as aortic aneurysm rupture, congenital defects, and snakebites. Differential diagnosis is emphasized, and the importance of post-mortem examinations in understanding the cause of unexpected deaths is highlighted. The paper offers a detailed overview of the complex factors contributing to SD in ruminants, emphasizing the need for thorough investigations and necropsy examinations to identify the specific cause in each case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are frequent and represent a significant healthcare burden. ADRs are a potentially avoidable contributor to excess unscheduled hospital admissions, higher morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The objective of this review is to examine the epidemiology of ADRs in older multimorbid adults and to explore strategies for ADR prevention. ADRs in this population are often linked to commonly prescribed medications, including anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, insulin, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but ADRs and adverse drug events (ADEs) in fact encompass a much broader range of culprit drugs. Age-related factors such as changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and frailty have been associated with ADR occurrences. Various strategies have been proposed to prevent ADRs in different clinical settings, such as structured routine medication review and the use of bespoke software applications to identify potentially inappropriate prescriptions and drug interactions. Although these approaches have demonstrated some improvement in the quality of prescribing, there is still a lack of consistent evidence regarding their effectiveness in preventing ADRs. The nuanced and often intricate complexities associated with older patients' pharmacotherapy necessitate a comprehensive approach to attenuate the impact of ADRs within this growing section of most populations globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Aluminum phosphide (ALP) is a highly toxic rodenticide and the mortality rates caused by it have been demonstrated up to 70–100% in various studies. Unfortunately, there is no specific antidote to manage its toxic effects. This study aimed to assess the biochemical and clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous lipid emulsion as an adjuvant therapy in acute aluminum phosphide poisoning. Patients and methods Sixty-four cases with acute ALP poisoning were stratified according to severity by the Poison Severity Score into severe and moderate groups (32 patients each). Patients were then randomly allocated into either receiving intravenous lipid emulsion in addition to the conventional treatment or receiving the conventional treatment only by using block randomization. Results Treatment by ILE resulted in a significant improvement in the survival time, the mean arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gases, and a significant reduction in serum lactate levels. The need for intubation and mechanical ventilation was insignificantly lower in the intervention groups compared to control groups. However, the reduction in mortality rate in the patients of intervention groups compared with control groups was found to be non-significant. Intravenous lipid emulsion use in acute ALP poisoning significantly prolonged the survival time, improved the metabolic acidosis, decreased the serum lactate levels and increased the mean arterial blood pressure and hospital stay in the intervention groups. And insignificantly decreased the mortality rate, need of intubation and mechanical ventilation, and the total dose of vasopressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poisoning is a significant public health problem globally. Ethiopia is a low-income country undergoing technological and social change that may increase access to drugs and chemicals, potentially increasing the incidence of poisoning. This study describes the epidemiology of hospital admissions due to poisoning in a region of Ethiopia. Methods: An institution based prospective observational study was employed, as a study design, in selected hospitals of the region from January to December 2018. Results: Of 442 poisoning cases, 78 (17.6%) died. Almost all poisoning cases were intentional self-poisonings. The most frequent poisonings were organophosphate compounds, 145 (32.8%), and metal phosphides (majorly aluminum phosphide), 115 (26.0%). The ingested poison was most frequently accessed from the patients' homes, 243 (55.0%), followed by purchases from local shops, 159 (36%). The median duration of admission was 24 hours. Of all the cases, 23 (5.2%) were admitted to intensive care units (ICU) requiring mechanical ventilation. Most of the cases admitted to the ICU were aluminum phosphide-poisoned patients. The majority of deaths (43 of 78) were due to metal phosphides. From the multivariate logistic regression analysis, altered level of consciousness on hospital arrival, metal phosphide poisoning, and no laboratory result as a part of the diagnosis process or investigation of the extent of toxicity were found to be significantly associated with the likelihood of poor treatment outcome. Conclusion: The majority of the poisoning cases were females. The most common reasons for the intent of self-poisoning were dispute-related, mainly family disharmonies, followed by psychiatric conditions. The poisoning agents were mostly obtained from households. Organophosphate compounds and metal phosphides were the first and the second most frequently encountered poisoning agents, respectively, and it was noted that the later ones were responsible for most of the fatal cases. Of the pharmacologic interventions, atropine was the only agent regarded as an antidote. The most commonly employed agent for supportive treatment was cimetidine followed by maintenance fluids, while gastric lavage was the only GI decontamination method used among others. The fatality rate of poisoning in this study was found to be much higher than in other similar studies. Impaired consciousness upon hospital arrival, metal phosphide poisoning, and no involvement of laboratory investigation were found to significantly associate with the likelihood of death. Generally, the results dictate the need for the design and implementation of strategies to create awareness, prevent, and manage poisoning incidences in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) remains a devastating form of stroke. Prior use of antiplatelets or warfarin before SICH is associated with poor outcomes, but the effects of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify trends in prior antithrombotic use and to assess the associations between prior use of antithrombotics and in-hospital mortality using a multicenter prospective registry in Japan. In total, 1085 patients were analyzed. Prior antithrombotic medication included antiplatelets in 14.2%, oral anticoagulants in 8.1%, and both in 1.8%. Prior warfarin use was significantly associated with in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] 5.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30–23.26, P < 0.05) compared to no prior antithrombotic use. No such association was evident between prior DOAC use and no prior antithrombotic use (OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.44–4.05, P = 0.606). Concomitant use of antiplatelets and warfarin further increased the in-hospital mortality rate (37.5%) compared to warfarin alone (17.2%), but no such association was found for antiplatelets plus DOACs (8.3%) compared to DOACs alone (11.9%). Prior use of warfarin remains an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality after SICH in the era of DOACs. Further strategies are warranted to reduce SICH among patients receiving oral anticoagulants and to prevent serious outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiological studies have shown that a diet rich in bioactive components significantly reduces cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality. In this sense, there is a need for meta-analytical research that confirms this phenomenon and increases specific knowledge about certain bioactive compounds such as carotenoids. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aim to disseminate knowledge about the sources of carotenoids in fruit consumed in the north of Brazil which are outside the Brazilian trade balance. A systematic review and a meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines were conducted based on a random effects synthesis of multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RRs). Searches of seven sources were carried out, including PubMed, Science Direct from Elsevier, Web of Science, Scielo, Eric Research and Google Scholar databases. The systematic review was guided by a systematic review protocol based on the POT strategy (population, outcome and type of study) adapted for use in this research. Mendeley was a resource used to organize and manage references and exclude duplicates of studies selected for review. In this review, we present the potential bioactive compounds concentrated in little-known fruit species from the Amazon and their benefits. Consuming fruits that are rich in notable constituents such as carotenoids is important for the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases through anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant properties, as well as antivirals, immunomodulators and antioxidants agents that directly affect the immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers news briefs related to various science reports. Scientists employ cheminformatics and machine learning to identify potential FYN kinase inhibitors for the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. A study demonstrates the efficacy of a smartphone-based molecular test, Minoo, in diagnosing leishmaniasis. A study evaluates the impact of the Integrated Child Development Services on childhood underweight prevalence in India.

Introduction: Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) due to Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) is one of the most threatening complications after device insertion. Objective: To assess the rate of PICC-associated DVT and analyze the risk factors associated with this event in cancer and critically ill patients. Methods: We conducted a descriptive, retrospective cohort study with 11,588 PICCs from December 2014 to December 2019. Patients ≥ 18 years receiving a PICC were included. Pre-and post-puncture variables were collected and a logistic regression was used to identify the independent factors associated with the risk of DVT. Results: The DVT prevalence was 1.8% (n = 213). The median length of PICC use was 15.3 days. The median age was 75 years (18; 107) and 52% were men, 53.5% were critically ill and 29.1% oncological patients. The most common indications for PICC's were intravenous antibiotics (79.1%). Notably, 91.5% of PICC showed a catheter-to-vein ratio of no more than 33%. The tip location method with intracavitary electrocardiogram was used in 43%. Most catheters (67.9%) were electively removed at the end of intravenous therapy. After adjusting for cancer profile ou chemotherapy, regression anaysis revealed that age (OR 1.011; 95% CI 1.002–1.020), previous DVT (OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.12–3.44) and obstruction of the device (OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.05–2.42) were independent factors associated with PICC-associated DVT, whereas the use of an anticoagulant regimen was a protective variable (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.54–0.99). Conclusion: PICC is a safe and suitable intravenous device for medium and long-term therapy, with low rates of DVT even in a cohort of critically ill and cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To avoid adverse events in humans, toxicity studies in nonclinical species have been the foundation of safety evaluation in the pharmaceutical industry. However, it is recognized that working with animals in research is a privilege, and conscientious use should always respect the 3Rs: replacement, reduction, and refinement. In the wake of the shortages in routine nonrodent species and considering that nonanimal methods are not yet sufficiently mature, the value of the rabbit as a nonrodent species is worth exploring. Historically used in vaccine, cosmetic, and medical device testing, the rabbit is seldom used today as a second species in pharmaceutical development, except for embryo-fetal development studies, ophthalmic therapeutics, some medical devices and implants, and vaccines. Although several factors affect the decision of species selection, including pharmacological relevance, pharmacokinetics, and ADME considerations, there are no perfect animal models. In this forum article, we bring together experts from veterinary medicine, industry, contract research organizations, and government to explore the pros and cons, residual concerns, and data gaps regarding the use of the rabbit for general toxicity testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimal management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people with haemophilia (PWH) is a growing issue, given the continuing improvement in life expectancy among PWH. The evolving treatment paradigms targeting higher trough levels and the advent of non-factor replacement therapies (NFRT) means much of the 'protection' PWH were thought to have against CVD may be lost. There is a paucity of evidence regarding the safety of using anticoagulants in PWH. We designed a study assessing the thrombin generation (TG) of PWH of different severities and treatments, compared to non-haemophilia patients receiving a Factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor (apixaban or rivaroxaban), healthy controls, and assessing TG parameters of adding FXa inhibitor to the plasma of PWH receiving emicizumab prophylaxis. In total, 40 patients were included. TG was initiated with 5pM tissue factor (TF) using the calibrated automated thrombinoscope. Compared to those with mild haemophilia, patients receiving a FXa inhibitor had higher endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) (1278.42 vs 1831.36) and velocity index (40.71 vs 112.56), but both had a similar peak height (154.0 vs 262.63) and time to peak (both 5.83). People with severe haemophilia receiving emicizumab had significantly improved TG parameters compared to those not receiving emicizumab – ETP 1678.11 vs 809.96 and peak height 233.8 vs 92.05; however, when FXa inhibitor was added their TG parameters deteriorated to the severe haemophilia range (ETP 1179.60 and peak height 103.05). TG may provide additional useful information regarding the use of anticoagulants in PWH. • People with haemophilia now have a life expectancy approaching the general population and may develop cardiovascular disease • Little is known about the use and safety of anticoagulants in people with haemophilia • Thrombin generation (TG) assays may be able to provide additional information regarding the use of anticoagulants in this setting. • People with mild haemophilia (factor level 5-20%) have similar tTG profiles to non-haemophilia patients receiving FXa inhibitors • People with severe haemophilia receiving emicizumab have TG parameters closer to normal, but when FXa inhibitor is added in vitro, these parameters return to the severe haemophilia range [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stoat (Mustela erminea) and weasel (M. nivalis) are hard to monitor as they are elusive of nature and leave few identifying marks in their surroundings. Stoat and weasel are both fully protected in Denmark and are thought to be widely distributed throughout the country. Despite this stoat and weasel were listed on the Danish Red List as Near Threatened in 2019, as their densities and population trends are unknown. Using a modified novel camera trapping device, the Double‐Mostela, a wooden box comprising a tracking tunnel and two camera traps, we attempted to obtain density estimates based on identification of individual stoats and weasels. We deployed camera traps both inside Double‐Mostela traps and externally in three different study areas in northern Zealand, Denmark, and tested commercial, American scent‐based lures to attract stoat and weasel. We obtained very low seasonal trapping rates of weasel in two study areas, but in one study area, we obtained a seasonal trapping rate of stoat larger compared to another study using the Mostela. In one study area, both species were absent. We observed no effect of scent‐based lures in attracting small mustelids compared to non‐bait traps. Potential reasons behind low capture rates of weasel and stoat are suboptimal habitat placement and timing of deployment of the Double‐Mostelas, land‐use changes over the last 200 years, predation from larger predators, as well as unintended secondary poisoning with rodenticides. Due to the scarcity of weasel and stoat captures, we were unable to make density estimates based on identification of individuals; however, we identified potential features that could be used for identification and density estimates with more captures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-indigenous species (NIS) establish and thrive on floating artificial substrata along mid-latitude shores, which might serve as propagule reservoirs and stepping stones for their dispersal. However, often, the NIS are not able to colonize the adjacent seafloor, where high predation pressure by benthic predators might inhibit them. To test this hypothesis, we quantified and compared consumption rates of standardized bait (squidpops) in four water depth zones (sea surface, sub-surface, midwaters, seafloor) in five representative regions in the Southeast Pacific, covering oceanic Rapa Nui (Easter Island; 27°S, 109°W; November 2022) as well as the Chilean continental coast (29–41°S, 71–73°W; March–June 2022). We found a strong overall effect of water zonation, with significant bait consumption being limited to the seafloor and occurring only sporadically in other depth zones. Consumption frequencies also differed between experimental regions but were not influenced by latitude or mean sea surface temperature. An analogous experiment with the NIS Ciona robusta, conducted at one sampling site, showed that the occurrence or absence of predation per site and water depth zone, but not the exact consumption rates, concurred between both bait types. Our results confirm that predation in SE Pacific temperate shallow waters mainly depends on benthic predators that cannot reach higher zones of the water column. These findings have far-reaching implications, as they indicate that predation rates in mid-latitude systems might be underestimated through commonly used water column-based experiments. For a comprehensive estimation of predation pressure in a given system, future studies should consider differences between vertical water zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trophic interactions between threatened species complicate management. Similarly, interactions between threatened species and pest species present management challenges, given that pest control can lead to non-target impacts (e.g. trophic cascades or secondary poisoning). There are records of the critically endangered Norfolk Island Morepork Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata consuming both threatened songbirds and invasive rodents that are subject to management interventions. Nevertheless, the diet of the morepork remains largely unknown. We visually screened regurgitated pellets using a microscope, alongside environmental DNA (eDNA) screening of pellets and scats, to investigate the diet of the Norfolk Island Morepork. A total of 113 pellets and 19 scats were collected between October 2020 and June 2021. All moreporks screened with eDNA metabarcoding had consumed invasive rodents and at least one-third of samples contained rodents. The owls were also found to have consumed four of five endemic songbirds and possibly an endemic parrot, most of which are threatened. Environmental DNA metabarcoding detected more taxa overall, but visual screening identified a greater richness of Orthoptera and Coleoptera in the diet. The frequency with which the Norfolk Island Morepork consumed rodents presents a conundrum for conservation managers. Control of invasive rodents is considered essential to support threatened songbirds, yet this same action places the species at risk of secondary poisoning. Urgent investigations are needed to identify effective control methods for invasive rodents that are safe for non-target species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human influences on natural environments are now ubiquitous but manifest in multiple and unique ways depending on local environments and communities. Attempts to control, or mediate, local pests to residences or to agriculture can impart important negative consequences on systems. Secondary exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) can cause numerous adverse effects on wild carnivores including death. Few studies have quantified AR prevalence, investigated their pathway of exposure, or associations with specific location types in the northeastern U.S. We hypothesized that ARs would be found in the mesocarnivore community throughout Pennsylvania and have the greatest detection rate in highly urbanized or agricultural landscapes. From 2019 through early 2022, we collected carcasses to obtain liver samples (n = 265) from three species of carnivores: bobcats (Lynx rufus (Schreber, 1777)), fishers (Pekania pennanti (Erxleben, 1777)), and river otters (Lontra canadensis (Schreber, 1777)). We used generalized linear models to test for differences in AR detection rates among species and spatial scales including the six Pennsylvania Game Commission regions and 23 wildlife management units. We detected ARs in all species (44.2% collectively), but detection rates differed among species. Our study is the first to document ARs within North American river otters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Norbormide (NRB) is a Rattus-selective toxicant, which was serendipitously discovered in 1964 and formerly marketed as an eco-friendly rodenticide that was deemed harmless to non-Rattus species. However, due to inconsistent efficacy and the emergence of second-generation anticoagulants, its usage declined, with registration lapsing in 2003. NRBs' lethal action in rats entails irreversible vasoconstriction of peripheral arteries, likely inducing cardiac damage: however, the precise chain of events leading to fatality and the target organs involved remain elusive. This unique contractile effect is exclusive to rat arteries and is induced solely by the endo isomers of NRB, hinting at a specific receptor involvement. Understanding NRB's mechanism of action is crucial for developing species-selective toxicants as alternatives to the broad-spectrum ones currently in use. Recent research efforts have focused on elucidating its cellular mechanisms and sites of action using novel NRB derivatives. The key findings are as follows: NRB selectively opens the rat mitochondrial permeability transition pore, which may be a factor that contributes to its lethal effect; it inhibits rat vascular KATP channels, which potentially controls its Rattus-selective vasoconstricting activity; and it possesses intracellular binding sites in both sensitive and insensitive cells, as revealed by fluorescent derivatives. These studies have led to the development of a prodrug with enhanced pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiles, which is currently undergoing registration as a novel efficacious eco-sustainable Rattus-selective toxicant. The NRB-fluorescent derivatives also show promise as non-toxic probes for intracellular organelle labelling. This review documents in more detail these developments and their implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) have caused widespread contamination and poisoning of predators and scavengers. The diagnosis of toxicity proceeds from evidence of hemorrhage, and subsequent detection of residues in liver. Many factors confound the assessment of AR poisoning, particularly exposure dose, timing and frequency of exposure, and individual and taxon‐specific variables. There is a need, therefore, for better AR toxicity criteria. To respond, we compiled a database of second‐generation anticoagulant rodenticide (SGAR) residues in liver and postmortem evaluations of 951 terrestrial raptor carcasses from Canada and the United States, 1989 to 2021. We developed mixed‐effects logistic regression models to produce specific probability curves of the toxicity of ∑SGARs at the taxonomic level of the family, and separately for three SGARs registered in North America, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, and difethialone. The ∑SGAR threshold concentrations for diagnosis of coagulopathy at 0.20 probability of risk were highest for strigid owls (15 ng g−1) lower and relatively similar for accipitrid hawks and eagles (8.2 ng g−1) and falcons (7.9 ng g−1), and much lower for tytonid barn owls (0.32 ng g−1). These values are lower than those we found previously, due to compilation and use of a larger database with a mix of species and source locations, and also to refinements in the statistical methods. Our presentation of results on the family taxonomic level should aid in the global applicability of the numbers. We also collated a subset of 440 single‐compound exposure events and determined the probability of SGAR‐poisoning symptoms as a function of SGAR concentration, which we then used to estimate relative SGAR toxicity and toxic equivalence factors: difethialone, 1, brodifacoum, 0.8, and bromadiolone, 0.5. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:988–998. © 2024 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada and The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monocyte distribution width (MDW) is a new biomarker used as an early indicator of sepsis (ESId). It is often aids in the identification of patients who may develop sepsis. This study aims to establish the MDW reference interval (RI) within the healthy population of blood donors using EDTA-K2 as anticoagulant. Many hospitals use this biomarker as a means of identifying patients who present to the hospital with sepsis. A total of 274 samples obtained from healthy donors were analyzed. MDW measurements were taken within 2 h post-extraction. The RI was estimated using various statistical methodologies, including the recommended CLSI EP28-A3c guideline, non-parametric and robust methods, along with the Harrell-Davis bootstrap method applied to the entire sample. The RI estimated through non-parametric method was 14.77 CI90 % (14.36–14.97)–21.13 CI90 % (20.89–21.68); RI using the robust method was 15.64–19.05 and RI using the Harrell-Davis bootstrap method was 14.73 CI90 % (14.53–14.92)–21.14 CI90 % (20.88–21.40). Based on clinical applicability, we recommend utilizing the RI derived from the non-parametric method, aligning with the CLSI recommendations. Furthermore, we consider that our results can be taken as a reference in other laboratories that serve a population similar to our study cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hearts of subjects with diabetes are vulnerable to ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI). In contrast, experimentally rodent hearts have been shown to be more resistant to IRI at the very early stages of diabetes induction than the heart of the non-diabetic control mice, and the mechanism is largely unclear. Ferroptosis has recently been shown to play an important role in myocardial IRI including that in diabetes, while the specific mechanisms are still unclear. Non-diabetic control (NC) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic (DM) mice were treated with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in drinking water for 4 week starting at 1 week after diabetes induction. Mice were subjected to myocardial IRI induced by occluding the coronary artery for 30 min followed by 2 h of reperfusion, subsequently at 1, 2, and 5 week of diabetes induction. The post-ischemic myocardial infarct size in the DM mice was smaller than that in NC mice at 1 week of diabetes but greater than that in the NC mice at 2 and 5 week of diabetes, which were associated with a significant increase of ferroptosis at 2 and 5 week but a significant reduction of ferroptosis at 1 week of diabetes. NAC significantly attenuated post-ischemic ferroptosis as well as oxidative stress and reduced infarct size at 2 and 5 week of diabetes. Application of erastin, a ferroptosis inducer, reversed the cardioprotective effects of NAC. It is concluded that increased oxidative stress and ferroptosis are the major factors attributable to the increased vulnerability to myocardial IRI in diabetes and that attenuation of ferroptosis represents a major mechanism whereby NAC confers cardioprotection against myocardial IRI in diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Veterinary Journal / Revue Vétérinaire Canadienne is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT The aim was to report two cases of accidental Brodifacum poisoning in calves on a dairy farm. The animals presented a variable clinical picture of bleeding disorders with melena, epistaxis, orthopneic position, severe dyspnea, productive cough, coarse lung crackles, and expiratory groans. The male died, the female was euthanized, and both were sent for necropsy. The anatomopathological findings revealed a predominantly bleeding diathesis in the animals. During the investigation, blood serum, liver and kidney samples were collected for toxicologic measurement, which revealed concentrations of coumarin derivatives < 0.100µg/kg in all samples. The combination of history, clinical-pathologic findings, and toxicologic results confirmed the diagnosis.

A promising alternative approach to conventional vector and rodent control practices is the use of a bait containing a rodenticide and acaricide in controlling vectors and pathogen reservoirs concurrently. In the United States, Lyme disease continues to be the most prevalent vector-borne disease with approximately 500,000 Lyme disease cases estimated each year. Previous research has demonstrated the usefulness of a low dose fipronil bait in controlling Ixodes scapularis larvae feeding on white-footed mice. However, considering white-footed mice can be an unwanted species because of their association with tick-borne disease and hantaviruses, a combination rodent and tick bait (RTB) might provide a useful alternative to encourage additional community participation in integrated tick management (ITM) efforts. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the use of RTB (0.025 % warfarin, 0.005 % fipronil) in controlling white-footed mice and I. scapularis larvae. Studies were designed in part based on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines. A laboratory choice test was conducted to evaluate the use of RTB in controlling white-footed mice over 15-day exposure when they were exposed to an alternative diet. Mice were observed every day for mortality and signs of warfarin toxicity. A simulated field test was conducted to evaluate the use of RTB, presented in the presence of an alternative diet, in controlling I. scapularis parasitizing white-footed mice over 4-day exposure. Mice were fitted with capsules and manually infested with I. scapularis larvae. The inside of each capsule was observed to evaluate tick attachment. Replete larvae detaching from each mouse were collected. Blood was collected from all treatment group mice via cardiac puncture to determine the fipronil sulfone concentration in plasma for each animal. Results indicated that RTB would be adequately consumed in the presence of an alternative diet under laboratory and simulated field conditions. Treatment with RTB resulted in 100 % mortality of white-footed mice during 15-day exposure and prevented 100 % larvae from feeding to repletion during 4-day exposure. All mice succumbing to RTB showed signs of warfarin toxicity. All mice parasitized with ticks that were exposed to RTB had fipronil sulfone detectable in plasma, with even the lowest concentration detected (8.1 parts per billion) controlling 100 % parasitizing I. scapularis larvae. The results suggest that RTB could be a useful means of rodent and tick control for use in ITM programs.