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5. Conclusion: Reflecting on Theory and Method, Practice and Policy

Author

Porter, Gina, Hampshire, Kate, Abane, Albert, Munthali, Alister, Robson, Elsbeth, Mashiri, Mac, Camfield, Laura, Series editor, Locke, Catherine, Series editor, Hoang, Lan Anh, Series editor, Porter, Gina, Hampshire, Kate, Abane, Albert, Munthali, Alister, Robson, Elsbeth, and Mashiri, Mac

Published
2017
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7. Balancing the Load: Mobility, Work and Income Generation

Author

Porter, Gina, Hampshire, Kate, Abane, Albert, Munthali, Alister, Robson, Elsbeth, Mashiri, Mac, Camfield, Laura, Series editor, Locke, Catherine, Series editor, Hoang, Lan Anh, Series editor, Porter, Gina, Hampshire, Kate, Abane, Albert, Munthali, Alister, Robson, Elsbeth, and Mashiri, Mac

Published
2017
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8. Experiencing the Journey to School: Rural and Urban Narratives

Author

Porter, Gina, Hampshire, Kate, Abane, Albert, Munthali, Alister, Robson, Elsbeth, Mashiri, Mac, Camfield, Laura, Series editor, Locke, Catherine, Series editor, Hoang, Lan Anh, Series editor, Porter, Gina, Hampshire, Kate, Abane, Albert, Munthali, Alister, Robson, Elsbeth, and Mashiri, Mac

Published
2017
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18. Gender, space and empowerment in rural Hausaland, northern Nigeria

Author

Robson, Elsbeth and Harriss-White, Barbara

Subjects
305, Hausa (African people), Social life and customs, Sex discrimination, Sex role, Nigeria
Abstract

Reducing gender inequalities by enabling women's empowerment is a major focus of the literature and practices of gender and development. The work of this thesis contributes to debates about female empowerment, especially for peasant women in peripheral capitalist economies. The central themes of enquiry are power relations of gender and space in the socio-economic processes in which peasant households and their members are embedded. The focus of investigation is the extent to which commodity exchange outside the household reinforces, or reduces, women's position of power/disempowerment. The central question taken for analysis is whether income earning via trading empowers women, thus reducing their subordination. This hypothesis is widely accepted. Many NGOs (non-governmental organisations) and other development institutions base efforts around the notion that income earning is liberating for women. This hypothesis is investigated for rural Hausa women in Northern Nigeria who are secluded within their homes by the religio-cultural practice of purdah, but who engage in trade, often through the agency of children. The major empirical part of the study develops and applies an original framework for analysis of empowerment that identifies and maps gender divisions of labour and space in the spheres of production, reproduction and circulation in which rural Hausa men and women are embedded. The overall conclusion reached is that gender divisions of work, both inside and outside rural Hausa households, and especially in trade, reflect and sustain the subordination of women and their inferior position relative to men, especially through the control of space. The notion of income earning as universally empowering for women does not hold because rural Hausa women engaged in the market are not significantly empowered by their income earning because of the complex realities of patriarchy whereby women have weak bargaining powers.

Published
2002

28. Ethical Principles, Social Harm and the Economic Relations of Research: Negotiating Ethics Committee Requirements and Community Expectations in Ethnographic Research in Rural Malawi.

Author

Ansell, Nicola, Mwathunga, Evance, Hajdu, Flora, Robson, Elsbeth, Hlabana, Thandie, van Blerk, Lorraine, and Hemsteede, Roeland

Subjects
ETHNOLOGY research, RESEARCH ethics, ECONOMIC research, INCOME inequality, ETHICS committees, COMMUNITIES
Abstract

Conventional research ethics focus on avoidance of harm to individual participants through measures to ensure informed consent. In long-term ethnographic research projects involving multiple actors, however, a wider concept of harm is needed. We apply the criminological concept of social harm, which focuses on harm produced through and affecting wider social relations, to a research project that we undertook in Malawi. Through this, we show how structural economic inequalities shape the consequences of research for the differently positioned parties involved. Specifically, we focus on dilemmas around transferring resources within three social fields: our relations with a Malawian ethics committee; our interventions in a rural community; and our efforts to engage the policy community. Each of these involved multiple and differently placed individuals within broader, multi-scalar structural relations and reveals the inadequacies of conventional codes of ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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31. Children at Work in Rural Northern Nigeria: Patterns of Age, Space and Gender

Author

Robson, Elsbeth

Abstract

Children are increasingly recognised by geographers and other social scientists as independent actors who make valuable (albeit often overlooked) economic contributions to households and society. Hausa children in rural Northern Nigeria are highly mobile and play important economic roles supporting married women who spend much time in their walled residences ("gida") because of the local socio-religious practice of Muslim seclusion. Secluded Hausa women have low mobility and do not attend local periodic markets, but make essential day-to-day purchases from child house-to-house hawkers while sending children on errands to make purchases on their behalf. This study shows how children work both independently and alongside adults in the spheres of agricultural production (on farms), domestic reproduction (in homesteads) and trade (within markets). The research reported documents the variety of children's work activities, predominantly through time use measurement, in order to examine aspects of the socio-spatial construction of childhood in a rural Northern Nigerian community. This is innovative on two counts. First, most earlier discussions of divisions of labour in Muslim Hausaland neglect both the work of children, and reproductive work. Second, even work that considers reproduction, or children's work, does not provide detailed time measurements of reproductive burdens. The paper examines divisions of children's labour and analyses how gender, space, age and other factors shape young people's experiences of rural life. The evidence presented here of children as competent agents making significant economic contributions in rural society challenges prevailing conceptions of children as mere dependent burdens on adult society.

Published
2004
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49. Social cash transfers, generational relations and youth poverty trajectories in rural Lesotho and Malawi 2015-2019

Author

Ansell, Nicola, van Blerk, Lorraine, Robson, Elsbeth, Hajdu, Flora, Mwathunga, Evance, and Hlabana, Thandie

Abstract

Qualitative data was collected mainly in two villages, one in southern Malawi, the other in the Maluti Mountains of Lesotho exploring the impacts of three social cash transfer schemes (pensions and child grants in Lesotho; poverty-targeted grants in Lesotho). The main focus was the ways in which cash transfers shape social relations within families and communities, particularly relations of generation, age and gender. Transcripts from three methods of data collection are included: 1) Interviews with members of households that receive cash transfers (n=77) exploring the impacts of the transfers on relations within and beyond the family. 2) Interviews with young adults in the communities ('previous participants' who participated in an earlier study). These explore changes in the young people's lives over the preceding decade as well as their perspectives on social cash transfers. Young adults in cash transfer recipient households were also asked to talk about the impacts of these on their own families, and relations of generation, age and gender within and beyond the family. 3) Participatory activities involving groups of young adults (8 groups of 3-10 individuals per country).

Published
2020
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