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Use of cannabis for recreational, religious and cultures has been prevalent since ancient times. It is one of the commonest used illicit substance. While not all cannabis users develop psychiatric problems, heavy cannabis use may increase the risk of cognitive abnormalities, psychotic illness and mood disorders. This research aimed to evaluate severity of various psychotic symptoms in relation to variables of cannabis abuse. A cross sectional study of 30 male patients admitted at tertiary care psychiatric center with diagnosis of cannabis-associated psychosis was carried out. Cannabis abuse variables along with psychotic symptoms severity on BPRS scale were obtained. Correlation between variables of cannabis abuse and psychotic symptoms and total BPRS score were derived using Pearson correlation 2- tailed test. Hostility (83%) and excitement (77%) were most prevalent symptoms with increased severity followed by elevated mood, grandiosity, suspiciousness and motor hyperactivity. Patients with long duration and early onset of cannabis abuse presented with more severe form of psychosis. Frequency of cannabis use was not significantly correlated with total BPRS score, although amount spent over cannabis was significantly associated with total BPRS score. Family history of cannabis abuse predicted early onset of cannabis abuse.

Background: The prevalence of mental health problems and substance abuse in the migrant population is higher than the general population. Aims and Objectives: To assess the prevalence and pattern of mental health issues and substance use in the migrant population and highlight the association with the reverse migration of migrant workers. Methodology: The field staff visited the shelter homes for migrant population in four cities of Northern India (Chandigarh (UT), Bhatinda (Punjab), Panchkula (Haryana) and Jaipur (Rajasthan). After maintaining the social distance and wearing masks by the staff and migrants, written informed consent was taken for participation in the study. The socio-demographic details of reverse migrants were noted down and Hindi version of Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for mental health problems and screening tool for pattern of substance abuse was administered. Geographically matched undisplaced were also administered these tools. Results: A total of 275 reverse migrants and 276 undisplaced were included in the study. The prevalence of ever use for all the substances among reverse migrants was 44.4% (122/275) and among undisplaced, it was 45.3%. The prevalence of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis was higher than the general population. The prevalence of at least one diagnosis on PHQ-9 is 13.45% (reverse migrants 19.3% and undisplaced 7.6) and the prevalence of other depressive disorder is significantly higher in reverse migrants (17.1%) than undisplaced (4.0%). Conclusion: The study concludes that prevalence of mental health issues and substance abuse in migrant population is significantly higher than the general population and the prevalence of at least one diagnosis and other depressive disorder is significantly higher in reverse migrants than undisplaced.

BACKGROUND: VLOSLPand dementia caused more lost quality of life, lost productivity and chronic and debilitating course of both disorders make it difcult for the family members and care givers to continue care and treatment. METHODOLOGY: Thirty-three patients of VLOSLP and dementia and their caregiver were selected after taking informed consent and screened with the entire inclusion and exclusion criteria. Socio-demographic prole of all patients and caregiver were recorded and Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZBI) questionnaire and Drug Adherence inventory (DAI) applied to both groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Mean ZBI of VLOSLP was 41.85 ±13.28 and DAI was .94 ±3.784 (P. coeff. = -.682, p= .0001). Mean ZBI of dementia was 49.45 ±15.51 and DAI was -1.85 ±3.78 (P coeff. = -.935, p= .0001) indicated that the caregiver burden was more in patients of dementia and drug adherence was less then VLOSLP. There is a strong negative association between caregiver burden and compliance to the treatment.

Background: Both depression and obesity are widespread problems with major public health implications. Depression and obesity are both associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and with marked impairments in the quality of life. Aim and Objective: The aim of the study is to assess the CVD risk and cardiovascular risk factors among depressed obese individuals. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients of depression whose body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2 and diagnosed with ICD-10 criteria of depression were selected as study group and 30 healthy obese of BMI >30 kg/m2 without depression were selected as the control group for the study. The participants were divided into two groups: obese patients with depression and healthy obese individuals without depression. Fasting venous blood sample was collected under aseptic condition to estimate fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, and high - density lipoprotein cholesterol. Using standard mercury manometer at least two readings at 5 - min intervals, were taken to measure the blood pressure (BP) in the supine position. Both the groups were subjected to specially designed pro forma which included personal and sociodemographic details and Framingham risk assessment tool for assessing cardiovascular risk. The cardiovascular risk was assessed and compared using Framingham risk score assessment tool. Results and Conclusion: Mean age of depressed obese was 46.44 ± 10.44 years and healthy obese had 47.33 ± 10.53. Mean BMI of study group was 32.82 ± 2.53 and healthy obese had 31.76 ± 1.66. BMI was significantly associated with depression. Presence of depression in obese patients increases the chances of CVD risk. Presence of smoking, hypertension, and high cholesterol in patients with depression, increase the risk of CVD, which can be modified by healthy diet, regular exercise, and BP management with periodic blood investigation and regular medication.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the various psychosocial factors associated with reverse migration among migrant workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown in India. METHODS: A cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted at 4 sites in Northwest India. The migrant workers were recruited from various shelter homes, and information was gathered from reverse migrant workers and controls using various tools including a sociodemographic profile; knowledge, attitudes, and practices questionnaire; and reasons for migration and reverse migration questionnaires. A total of 275 reverse migrant workers and 276 controls participated in the study. RESULTS: There was a considerable difference between reverse migrant workers and controls regarding the question of whether it was safe to travel during lockdown (76.0% vs 26.4%, respectively). The most common route of spread of COVID-19 infection was through touching and sneezing, and symptoms were fever, dry cough, and sore throat in both groups. Reverse migrant workers had low self-esteem and were reluctant to participate in customs of their migration city. A large number of reverse migrant workers reported that they had no money to survive, worried about family back home at their village, felt pressured by family members to come back to the village, and had been terminated from their job. CONCLUSIONS: Reverse migrant workers had the attitude that it was safe to travel during the lockdown. About one-fifth of the reverse migrant workers reported no place to live and fear of getting an infection. The reverse migrant workers also reported feeling low and gloomy, restless, and uncertain about the future and fear of death. Lack of jobs was a major factor driving migrant workers from their native homes.

A cross sectional study was conducted on 236 internship students in Department of Psychiatry, SMS Medical College. The study was intended to determine the prevalence, type and the pattern of substance use in medical interns. A self-designed semistructred questionnaire was used for the detailed interview after taking written informed consent from the students. Identity of the students were concealed. Data analysis was done using proportion and chi square test as statistical test. The lifetime prevalence of substance use was 74 % in our study. Males had signicantly higher lifetime and past month prevalence of substance use than females. Alcohol was the most commonly used substance followed by smoking. High prevalence of substance use in medical students emerge out a crucial problem in medical students which require an exigent need for change in interns by experienced professionals.

Background: Thyroid function is commonly considered in the assessment of mood disorders. Reports of thyroid dysregulation in patients with mania are associated with several confounding factors. To eliminate confounding factors, studies of first-episode mania are desirable. This study tried to find out any relationship between thyroid disorders and mania. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess and compare the thyroid profile between first-episode mania and healthy controls and to ascertain the correlation between severity and duration of the manic episode with FT3, FT4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the psychiatry department of a tertiary care hospital. Forty consecutive drug-naïve patients with first-episode mania, diagnosed according to the International Classification of Disease-10 (study group), were matched with 40 healthy controls (control group). Both the groups were compared on the basis of thyroid profile and thyroid levels were correlated with duration and severity of illness in the study group. Results: Nearly 7.5% of cases in the study group had hyperthyroidism, whereas 5% had subclinical hyperthyroidism. In contrast, normal controls showed 5% and 10% prevalence of hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism, respectively. A statistically significant lower level of TSH was observed in the study group (P < 0.001), whereas the mean serum levels of FT3 and FT4 were higher in the study group, but the difference was statistically nonsignificant. No significant correlation of thyroid hormones level with duration and severity of illness was noted. Conclusion: Our findings highlight a higher prevalence of hyperthyroidism in patients with mania and suggest the role of thyroid hormones in mania.

Human sexuality is a complex with multidimensional aspects such as biological, psychological, social, and cultural. Cultural factors influence their development as prevalence rates of these disorders vary in different communities. The nature of problems and their psychological consequences make it difficult to assess the exact prevalence of these dysfunctions, even more difficult in developing countries like India. In India, care for people is not proper as large number of patients suffering from psychosexual problems visit unauthorized “sex clinics” rather than an authorized hospital setting. Specialists like dermatologists are often consulted for these problems in their routine practice as common belief shared by them is that these problems are caused by dysfunctions in their sex organs. So they are hesitant to go to sexual clinics and psychiatrists for the same in the first place. The question that arises is where does sexual medicine stand, as asked by many in the past too but remains unanswered in terms of general medicine and psychiatry. Thus, the need of the hour is to identify these cases in early stages, which can prevent a lot of other disorders occurring due to them such as homicide, suicide, domestic violence, battered wife syndrome, etc. in society. The advance in psychosexual medicine is much needed. Despite the importance of these disorders and sensitivity, in India, there is scarcity of data about the burden of sexual health disorders from community-based studies, unlike Western countries.

Context: Multiple vulnerability genes interact with environmental factors to develop a range of phenotypes in the schizophrenia spectrum. Endophenotypes can help characterize the impact of risk genes by providing genetically relevant traits that are more complaisant than the behavioral symptoms that classify mental illness. Aims: We aimed to investigate the neurocognitive endophenotypic markers for schizophrenia in Indian population. Settings and Design: In a cross-sectional study, we assessed neurocognitive functioning in 40 unaffected first-degree relatives (FDR) of schizophrenia patients with an equal number of healthy controls. Materials and Methods: FDR schizophrenia group was compared with the control group on measures of short-term memory, verbal working memory, auditory verbal memory on indices of immediate recall and recognition, visuospatial working memory, visual attention, and executive functions. Results: The study found that FDR schizophrenia scored poorly on all tested measures of neurocognition except visual attention. On calculating composite score, we found that composite neurocognitive score better discriminated the FDR schizophrenia from the control group. Conclusions: Neurocognitive measures of short-term memory, verbal working memory, auditory verbal memory, visuospatial working memory, and executive functions significantly differentiate FDR of patients with schizophrenia from controls and can be considered as endophenotypic markers of schizophrenia in non-Caucasian population. The exactitude of this approach can be increased by calculating a composite neurocognitive score which combines various neurocognitive measures.

Byline: Ram. Solanki, Abhay. Paliwal, Paramjeet. Singh, Mukesh. Swami, Aarti. Midha To find out Sociodemographic profile of obese & overweight females and compare their psychiatric profile, eating behavior & quality of life. Methods and Material: The study was conducted at obesity clinic (specialty clinic) at SMS hospital, Jaipur. Females meeting the inclusion criteria were divided in 3 group obese, overweight & normal weight according to BMI. After collecting Sociodemographic data they were subjected to Hindi version of MHQ, Eating attitude test-26 & short form health survey. Statistical analysis used: mean, standard deviation, chi square test & ANOVA Results: In obese subjects, scores on subscale of MHQ were significantly different except for hysterical subscale. The obese females scored higher on EAT-26, showing more abnormal behavior. There was significant difference on all domains of quality of life except social functioning & role impairment due to emotional factors. Conclusions: Clinically obese and overweight females are vulnerable to psychological ill health. They also show different Sociodemographic characteristic, impaired quality of life and eating attitude. These aspects should be considered, so that obesity can be managed in a better way. Introduction Obesity, also called Corpulence, or Fatness, is defined as excessive accumulation of body fat, usually caused by the consumption of more calories than the body can use. [sup] [1] It is a condition of abnormal or excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue, to the extent that the health may be impaired. [sup] [2] For adults, overweight and obesity ranges are determined by using weight and height to calculate the "body mass index" (BMI). BMI is used because, for most people, it correlates with their amount of body fat. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines "overweight" as a BMI equal to or more than 25, and "obesity" as a BMI equal to or more than 30. WHO's latest projections indicate that globally in 2005 approximately 1.6 billion adults (age 15+) were overweight & at least 400 million adults were obese. WHO further projects that by 2015, approximately 2.3 billion adults would be overweight and more than 700 million would be obese. [3] Recently conducted National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-3 has shown the problem of increasing proportion of overweight and obese, especially among women. Obesity among women is a growing problem in India, with the percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who are overweight or obese increasing from 11 percent in NFHS-2 to 15 percent in NFHS-3. Overweight and obesity have become substantial problems among several groups of women in India, particularly older women, women living in urban areas, women who are well educated, women in households in the highest wealth quintile, and Sikhs. [sup] [4] Multiple factors influence weight, including genetic factors, endocrine levels, activity levels, metabolic rates, eating patterns, and stress. The distinctive way of life of a nation and the individual's behavioral and emotional reaction to it may contribute significantly to widespread obesity. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized obesity as a worldwide epidemic and paradoxically coexisting with undernutrition in both developing and industrialized countries.[sup] [5] The medical complications of overweight and obesity are known well. [sup] [6],[7],[8] The psychological correlates of carrying excess weight are documented less well. It is assumed that obesity is either a cause or a consequence of emotional disturbance or psychiatric disorder. Earlier it was conceptualized that obesity is the manifestation of underlying psychopathology and suboptimal development. [sup] [9] But the idea was not supported by further studies. Studies relating obesity and psychopathology have provided conflicting results, while some showing that the overweight experienced greater psychological distress, [sup] [10] other showed lower rates of psychiatric disorder at higher body weights. …

Aims : The purpose of the present study was to assess quality of life (QOL) in patients with schizophrenia and to determine influence of clinical factors and socio-demographic variables on QOL of schizophrenic patients. Setting and Design : Cross-sectional study carried out on outdoor patients attending Department of Psychiatry, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, India. Materials and Methods : Fifty patients of schizophrenia diagnosed as per ICD - 10 with minimum duration of illness being two years and attending out patient department (OPD) at psychiatric centre or psychiatric clinic at SMS medical college, hospital, Jaipur, India for maintenance treatment fulfilling the criteria given below were registered. They were evaluated using positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) and Quality of Life Instrument (WHO QOL - BREF). The data collected on above tools, was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using Pearson correlation coefficient. Results and Conclusions: Patients were having lowest QOL scores in social relationships domain of WHO QOL - BREF scale. Social relationship domain of QOL was significantly negatively correlated with occupation with employed patients reporting better QOL in this domain. There were significant positive correlation of total monthly income with social relationship domain and total QOL. There were no statistically significant correlation between QOL parameters and clinical characteristics in schizophrenics. Scores on positive subscale and total PANSS were significantly negatively correlated with physical, Psychological, social relationship domains and total QOL. Negative subscale had significant negative correlation with physical and psychological domains and total QOL. General psychopathology subscale had significant negative correlation with all subscales of QOL. This study confirms poor QOL in schizophrenia despite significant improvement with pharmacological treatment.

Background: The average length of stay (LOS) at psychiatric centre and the factors determining longer LOS in Psychiatry disorders remains largely unexplored. Longer LOS is associated with social isolation and maladaptive behaviours in patients thus warrants a shorter stay. The observed LOS and predicted LOS among different psychiatry hospitals in future may serve as an index of quality care and efficient management of meagre but available resources in our country. The aim was (1) To study the socio demographic and clinical factors of patients admitted at our hospital and (2) To ascertain the relationship between the socio demographic, clinical factors and LOS.Methods: A retrospective analysis of psychiatry inpatients admitted at Psychiatric Centre, Jaipur during July 2014 and June 2015. The data was analysed studying the 489 case records. The socio demographic characteristics and clinical factors were correlated with LOS in hospital.Results: Our study has shown the correlation of socio-demographic factors and clinical factors with LOS. Rural population, marital status, employment status, number of episodes and diagnosis itself has positive correlation with longer LOS.Conclusions: From present study it was shown the correlation of socio-demographic factors and clinical profile with LOS. Rural population, marital status, premorbid employment status, number of episodes and diagnosis itself has positive correlation with longer LOS. However, gender and substance abuse had no correlation with LOS. Short term and planned admissions along with individualized treatment plans fitting patient’s social background may be more beneficial as compared to long term admissions.

Byline: Kishore. Dudani, Ram. Solanki, Pradeep. Sharma, Dharamdeep. Singh Sir, Wilson's disease (WD) is a rare, treatable condition that can present as a diagnostic dilemma in clinical settings. It was first described in 1912 by Kinnear Wilson as “progressive lenticular degeneration,” a familial, lethal neurological syndrome accompanied by chronic liver disease.[sup][1] Clinically, it can present as liver disease, as progressive neurological entity, or as psychiatric illness. Majority of patients present between ages 5 and 35 years. Symptoms at any age are frequently nonspecific. Children may be entirely asymptomatic, with incidental findings of hepatic enlargement or abnormal serum aminotransferases. Neurological manifestations of WD mostly present in the third decade often later than the liver disease. Kayser–Fleischer (KF) rings are almost invariably present in patients with a neuropsychiatric presentation.[sup][2] Master M, 14-year-old Hindu boy, presented with 2 years illness of continuous course with chief complaints as marked disorganized behavior in the form of decreased interaction with family members, easy irritability, impaired self-care and daily routine along with disturbed sleep and appetite, and socio-occupational dysfunction. The boy stopped going to school and would be seen roaming around. At times, he would be found singing songs in public or behaving as if fighting with someone while alone. Suspiciousness in the form of fleeting persecutory delusions was reported. There had been no abdominal complaints. Following onset, he had been taken for consultation to many clinicians. The changing psychiatric diagnoses were made in the form of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar affective disorder, psychosis not otherwise specified, and anxiety neurosis. Multiple psychotropics such as atomoxetine, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and benzodiazepines were used over time with minimal improvement. There had been no history of head injury, fits, or substance use. Family and development history were unremarkable. On examination, the boy was conscious and oriented. His psychomotor activity was somewhat raised with ill-sustained eye contact. Reaction time to reply was increased and dysarthria was present. At times, during the interview, he would be seen gazing at some point or would be mumbling intermittently. There was no rigidity or tremor or any other gross finding on general physical examination. Mini-mental state examination and higher mental functions could not be properly checked owing to poor attention. Liver function tests were gently raised which might have occurred due to prior psychotropics given or due to illness itself. …

Background: Sodium valproate is among the newer mood stabilizers and is also an anticonvulsant. Aim To assess the effect of intravenous sodium valproate in patients with acute manic episodes of bipolar disorder. Methods: A 1-week open trial was conducted in the year 2004-2005 at the emergency ward of the Psychiatric Centre, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, in which 30 patients participated. Conclusion: Substantial improvement was seen. No major side-effects were noted except marginal elevation of the SGOT and SGPT. The findings suggest that injectable sodium valproate is a safe and effective mood stabilizer for patients with mania.

Objective Neurological soft signs (NSS) and cognitive function had been examined in schizophrenia, but their relationship has remained elusive for several years. We examined the relationship between NSS and cognitive functions in the present study. Method A cross sectional study was carried out. Subjects were drawn from first degree relatives of schizophrenia patients, admitted as inpatient or attending as an outpatient. Controls were recruited by word of mouth from hospital staff and visitors of hospitalized patients. Those subjects who satisfied the screening process were subjected to Cambridge Neurological Inventory for soft sign assessment and digit span test, paired associate learning test (PALT) and visuo-spatial working memory matrix (VSWMM) for cognitive function assessment. Correlation analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used for analysis. Result Significant negative correlation of primitive reflexes with PALT; of motor coordination with VSWMM, working memory (WM) and cognitive index; of total NSS with WM and cognitive index among first degree relatives. SEM showed that motor soft signs have important negative influence over WM. Conclusion The current findings indicate that NSS have significant negative effect on cognitive functioning.

Genetic mapping refers to the determination of distance and order of genes/QTL on the chromosome. The conventional linkage analysis has been used to this purpose leading to publication of first genetic map of 6 sexlinked genes on a fruit fly chromosome. In plants, genetic linkage maps have been developed for major gene controlling the qualitative traits in several crops. However, the possibility of locating the QTL controlling the quantitative traits has also been investigated earlier using morphological traits as genetic markers. However, the advent of molecular markers has sped up the development of dense molecular maps and QTL analysis in crop plants. This led to the identification of QTL for desirable traits of agronomic importance. In this chapter, we discussed the basic principles of molecular genetic mapping and QTL analysis in plants.

Background: Social networking sites like Facebook, Orkut and Twitter are virtual communities where users can create individual public profiles, interact with real-life friends and meet other people based on shared interests. An exponential rise in usage of Social Networking Sites have been seen within the last few years. Their ease of use and immediate gratification effect on users has changed the way people in general and students in particular spend their time. Young adults, particularly teenagers tended to be unaware of just how much time they really spent on social networking sites. Negative correlates of Social Networking Sites usage include the decrease in real life social community participation and academic achievement, as well as relationship problems, each of which may be indicative of potential addiction. Aims: the aim of the study was to find out whether teenagers, specially those living in cities spend too much time on social networking websites. Materials and Methods: 200 subjects, both boys and girls were included in the cross sectional study who were given a 20 item Young's internet addiction test modified for social networking sites. The responses were analyzed using chi square test and Fisher's exact test. Results: 24.74% of the students were having occasional or ‘frequency’ problems while 2.02% of them were experiencing severe problems due to excessive time spent using social networking sites. Conclusion: With the ever increasing popularity of social media, teenagers are devoting significant time to social networking on websites and are prone to get ‘addicted’ to such form of online social interaction.

This article summarizes the current knowledge base on the diagnosis and management of treatment resistant schizophrenia. While the prevalence of treatment resistant schizophrenia is definition dependent, estimates have ranged from 30% to up to 60%. This article first looks into the various diagnostic criteria of treatment resistant schizophrenia. Then the literature is reviewed about the pharmacotherapeutics of its management. Clozapine emerges to be the gold standard. In addition risperidone and high dose olanzapine also emerge as clinically useful options. Other emerging adjunctive treatment options are equally addressed.

Context : Despite of there being a pressing need to gauge impulsivity scores, there is no behavioral instrument in India to assess the impulsivity in adolescents. No earlier studies have been done in India to access impulsivity in adolescents. Even in western countries, no study has been done in rural setting to access impulsivity, although segment of rural population is small in western nations with major population residing in urban areas. Aims : To translate BIS-11A into Hindi from English in a culturally sensitive manner and to do preliminary study in rural and urban areas. Settings and Design : First translation of BIS-11 (as it is meant for adults) and cultural substitution resulted in Hindi adult version. Adolescent version was derived from adult version by replacing adult activities with adolescent activities. Materials and Methods: BIS-11 English version was translated into Hindi and a back translation was made. As BIS-11 was developed for adults, answering some of the questions poses challenges for adolescents, so to be used with adolescents, questions that do not fit into adolescent age group were substituted keeping in view the activities of adolescents. Besides, questions that were not suitable as per the Indian culture were modified. Initially, these changes were made hypothetically by discussion among the authors and later a group of 48 school students were interviewed about the questions. Based on the interviews of students a final version was prepared. Translation, back translation, cultural substitution -hypothetically, and in school by discussion were carried out. The questionnaire was given to 120 urban high school students (in Jaipur, northern India) and 50 rural students (at Kanota, 25 km from Jaipur, northern India) and the scores were calculated as per the scoring method provided with original BIS-11. Statistical Analysis : T -test (two-tailed, two sample unequal variance, i.e., type 3) was used. Results : T -test (two-tailed, two sample unequal variance, i.e., type 3) found no significant difference between impulsivity scores of adolescents of urban and rural areas t 0.05(2)1 = 0.57, / t / 0.05, P = 12.706. There were no gender related differences either. Conclusions : As impulsivity can lead to suicide and is implicated for substance abuse in disorders like Schizophrenia, it is important that culturally sensitive impulsivity studies are done in India on a large scale keeping in view the large size of population. Standardization of the BIS11-A Hindi version is being taken up. The work on Hindi version also generates necessity for other tasks if BIS-11(Hindi version) is to be used widely. Work on psychometric properties of Hindi version of BIS-11 A is being taken up. There is a need to devise a quick way to calculate impulsivity scores keeping in view the large population of India (1 billion out of which at least 33% is Hindi speaking, Census Survey of India, 2001). Besides, BIS-11A needs to be developed for other regional languages in India as there is a high-linguistic diversity in India.