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Escherichia coli is an opportunistic bacteria that can grow easily, produce toxins, and resist antibiotics. The phenomenon of E. coli developing multidrug resistance is currently the subject of extensive research. The objective of this study was to molecularly identify blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli found in milk samples from dairy cattle farms in Tulungagung, Indonesia.

Classical swine fever (CSF), sometimes referred to as hog cholera, is a highly contagious, virally based, systemic illness that affects both domestic and wild pigs. The virus known as classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family, specifically the genus Pestivirus. This disease is thought to be endemic in many Asian countries that produce pork as well as in several countries in Central and South America, the Caribbean, and elsewhere. As previously indicated, depending on the virulence of the virus strain involved and several host circumstances, clinical indications of CSFV infection can vary greatly, ranging from abrupt fatality to an occult course. CSF diagnosis can be made by serological detection, antigen, RNA, and isolation. CSF's highly varied symptoms and post-mortem pathology resemble those of African swine fever (ASF). ASF, the kind of CSFV, the pig's age, and its susceptibility all affect the clinical symptoms. Pigs that contract CSFV, a highly infectious and economically significant virus. The great economic significance of the swine business makes the CSFV a potential bioterrorism threat. Live attenuated CSF vaccinations have been around for many years and are quite safe and effective. Controlling epidemics in CSFV-free zones requires quick action. Pigs that are impacted must be slaughtered, and the carcasses must be buried or burned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) strains are prevalent in the poultry farming environment and are a common component of the bacterial microbiota on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy animals. The origin and spread of LA-MRSA are attributed to the use of antibiotics in animals, and close contact between people and different animal species increases the risk of animal exposure to humans. The epidemiology of LA-MRSA in poultry significantly changed when ST398 and ST9 were found in food-producing animals. The significance of LA-MRSA and zoonotic risk associated with handling and processing foods of avian origin is highlighted by the LA-MRSA strain's ability to infect chickens. People who work with poultry are more prone to contract LA-MRSA than the general population. There is scientific consensus that individuals who have close contact with chickens can become colonized and subsequently infected with LA-MRSA; these individuals could include breeders, medical professionals, or personnel at chicken slaughterhouses. The prevention of LA-MRSA infections and diseases of poultry origin requires taking precautions against contamination across the entire chicken production chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One zoonotic infectious animal disease is brucellosis. The bacteria that cause brucellosis belong to the genus Brucella. Numerous animal and human species are affected by brucellosis, with an estimated 500,000 human cases recorded annually worldwide. The occurrence of new areas of infection and the resurgence of infection in already infected areas indicate how dynamically brucellosis is distributed throughout different geographic regions. Bacteria originate from the blood and are found in the reticuloendothelial system, the liver, the spleen, and numerous other locations, including the joints, kidneys, heart, and genital tract. Diagnosis of this disease can be done by bacterial isolation, molecular tests, modified acid-fast stain, rose bengal test (RBT), milk ring test, complement fixation test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and serum agglutination test. The primary sign of a Brucella abortus infection is infertility, which can result in abortion and the birth of a frail fetus that may go on to infect other animals. In humans, the main symptoms are acute febrile illness, with or without localization signs, and chronic infection. Female cattle have a greater risk of contracting Brucella disease. Human populations at high risk of contracting brucellosis include those who care for cattle, veterinarians, slaughterhouse employees, and butchers. Antibiotic treatment of brucellosis is often unsuccessful due to the intracellular survival of Brucella and its adaptability in macrophages. A "one health" strategy is necessary to control illnesses like brucellosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bacterial identification can be done using various testing techniques. Molecular techniques are often used to research dangerous diseases, an approach using genetic information on the pathogenic agent. The enterohemorrhagic invasive species Escherichia coli 0157:H7 was identified from the feces of working horses on the island of Sumbawa. Another advance in molecular technology is genome amplification with qPCR which is the gold standard for detecting E. coli. Aim: This study aims to detect and identify the invasive species E. coli 0157:H7 using the gene encoding chuA with the qPCR method sourced from horse feces. Methods: Fresh fecal samples from horses on Sumbawa Island were isolated and identified, then continued with molecular examination using the gene encoding chuA using the qPCR method. Results: qPCR testing in this study showed that six sample isolates that were positive for E. coli 0157:H7 were detected for the presence of the chuA gene, which is a gene coding for an invasive species of E. coli bacteria. The highest to lowest Cq values and Tm from the qPCR results of the sample isolates were 15.98 (4KJ), 14.90 (19KG), 14.6 (3KJ), 13.77 (20KG), 12.56 (5KGB), and 12.20 (6KJ). Tm values are 86.7 (4KJ), 86.69 (3KJ), 86.56 (5KGB), 85.88 (20KGB), 85.81 (19KG), and 85.74 (6KJ). Conclusion: Validation, standardization of the development, and modification of qPCR technology must be carried out to harmonize testing throughout to avoid wrong interpretation of the test results so that the determination of actions to eradicate and control diseases originating from animals in the field does not occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a strain of pathogenic bacteria that is a major problem in the world's health. Due to their frequent interaction with humans, pets are one of the main risk factors for the spread of MRSA. The possibility for zoonotic transmission exists since frequently kept dogs and cats are prone to contract MRSA and act as reservoirs for spreading MRSA. The mouth, nose, and perineum are the primary locations of MRSA colonization, according to the findings of MRSA identification tests conducted on pets. The types of MRSA clones identified in cats and dogs correlated with MRSA clones infecting humans living in the same geographic area. A significant risk factor for the colonization or transmission of MRSA is human-pet contact. An essential step in preventing the spread of MRSA from humans to animals and from animals to humans is to keep hands, clothing, and floor surfaces clean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hernia involves the protrusion of abdominal visceral organs through an opening into a sac composed of the peritoneum, tunica flava, and skin. An umbilical hernia refers explicitly to protrusion of the abdominal viscera at the umbilicus. This case study aims to enhance skills in diagnosing and treating congenital umbilical hernias in a Siamese cat patient. Based on historical and clinical findings, the Siamese cat was diagnosed with an umbilical hernia. Treatment involved an abdominal laparotomy to reposition the hernia contents back into the abdominal cavity. Post-surgery, the cat was treated with the antibiotic amoxicillin and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone (Glucortin®). The surgical wound healed by the eighth day after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes colibacillosis in poultry; this type of bacteria is an extraintestinal pathogen E. coli. Unlike other E. coli pathogen groups, the characteristics of APECs cannot be identified by a single group. Serotyping and biotyping are frequently performed for isolates found in colibacillosis infections. The establishment, transmission, and persistence of this pathogenic strain in chicken populations are determined by the intricate interactions of multiple elements that make up the epidemiology of APEC. APEC employs many virulence and pathogenesis factors or mechanisms to infect chickens with colibacillosis. These factors include invasives, protectins, adhesins, iron acquisition, and toxins. In addition, the pathogenicity of APEC strains can be evaluated in 2-4 week-old chicks. The impact of unfavorable environmental conditions has also been documented, despite direct contact being demonstrated to be a significant element in transmission in APEC. Chickens are immunized against colibacillosis using a variety of vaccines. Nevertheless, commercially available vaccinations do not offer sufficient immunity to protect birds from APEC strains. Hatching egg contamination is one of the main ways that APECs spread throughout chicken flocks. Farmers also need to be mindful of storing discarded materials near the manure-watering area, removing them when necessary, and replacing wet materials with dry materials when needed. This review aimed to explain the characteristics, epidemiology, virulence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, pathophysiology, transmission, vaccination, and control of APEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poisoning in cats is often caused by their behavior, which often investigates what they see and find. This paper reported a case of poisoning in a cat with the results of clinical examination, haematological examination, and therapy in a threeyear-old cat with symptoms of weakness, paleness, and vomiting foamy fluid. Haematological examination revealed that the cat had an infection and hyperchromic macrocytic anemia. Therefore, the cat was diagnosed with poisoning. Treatment with antidot, ringer lactate supportive therapy, anti-inflammatory, and multivitamins was administered as follow-up treatment until he recovered for a week at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Educational Mandalika University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Middle class people who live in rural or urban areas often find it difficult to access modern health services, so they more often use traditional medicines obtained from herbal plants that grow around them. Alpinia galanga (Zingiberaceae), often referred to as galangal, is one type of herbal plant that is widely grown in Asia. Many developing countries cultivate this plant, including Indonesia. This plant has a variety of benefits, ranging from being used as a food flavoring, which creates a distinctive aroma in cooking. This plant can also be used as a treatment for various diseases. Although the galangal rhizome is the most widely used and studied part of the plant, the flower on the galangal plant can also provide additional benefits because these flowers have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, although their chemical composition is different from parts of the galangal rhizome. This study, therefore, aimed to describe the traditional use of rhizome galangal, its phytochemistry, its phytoconstituents, and its future prospects for identifying effective therapeutic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a pathogenic strain of bacteria in humans and animals that can cause anything from mild to severe infections. Detection of MRSA in foodstuffs of animal origin has been widely reported and has raised public concerns about the transmission of MRSA from foodstuffs of animal origin to humans. There have been many reports of MRSA infections originating from dairy cow's milk, milk products, and MRSA transmission between farmers working in dairy pens and people working in the dairy industry. Significant differences in the spread of cases of MRSA infection originating from milk and milk products have been reported among various countries in the world. This difference may be caused by different livestock production management systems in different countries in the world. Milk and milk products contaminated with MRSA will be a potential transmission of MRSA transmission when consumed by humans and can be a problem for public health. The milking process carried out by farmers and the processing of milk for milk products can be risk factors for transmission of MRSA to humans. Contamination of milk and milk products by MRSA is a major cause of food poisoning. Several antibiotics of choice can be used in treating patients who experience poisoning with milk and milk products such as fluoroquinolone, tetracyclines, lincosamide, and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole. Adherence to good hygiene practices during milking, processing and handling of dairy cow milk can significantly minimize MRSA contamination of milk and dairy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Klebsiella pneumonia has become most successful and modern pathogen by producing Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL). This pathogen can survive as a commensal and can be transferred to humans and animal. This gram-negative bacterium is major source of pneumonia and hospital-based infections. Epidemiological investigation of ESBL produced by Klebsiella pneumonia is main source of epidemic strains. This ESBL producing pathogen is a major clinical threat, involve high rate of morbidity and mortality. Development of novel antimicrobials are required for successful treatment along with infectious disease control. This mini review provides general overview about recent research carried out related to ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumonia. It also briefly shed a light on epidemiological investigation, transmission and possible treatment along with multidrug resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Toxocara cati is a known cause of a zoonotic infectious illness called toxocariasis. Parathenic hosts are important as they can transmit larvae 2 (L 2 ) through direct transmission. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques are needed to provide a three-dimensional image of each stage of T. cati larvae., Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the morphology of L 2 and L 3 T. cati in parathenic host tissue for etiological diagnosis using SEM., Methods: Mice were used as suitable paratenic hosts for this experiment. A total of 786 embryonated eggs (16 eggs/gram body weight) containing L 2 were inoculated into pregnant mice at day 11-13 of its gestation period. After delivery, L 2 was transmitted to the off-spring. After 14 days, L 2 was collected from mice, and L 3 was collected from its off-spring. Data were analyzed descriptively based on ultrastructure examination using SEM., Results: SEM examination results indicate that the size of L 2 is smaller than L 3 . Results also showed differences between L 2 and L 3 based on middle and posterior observations. In the middle of the larval body, the number of L 2 body rings was observed to be narrower and more than that of L 3 . In addition, the distance between L 2 body rings was much larger than that of L 3 . Posteriorly, the tail tip of L 3 was more curved than L 2 ., Conclusion: Ultrastructural examination using SEM has the ability to show differences in L 2 and L 3 body rings of T. cati by observing the middle and posterior parts of its larvae., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

An infectious disease known as rabies (family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus ) causes severe damage to mammals' central nervous systems (CNS). This illness has been around for a very long time. The majority of human cases of rabies take place in underdeveloped regions of Africa and Asia. Following viral transmission, the Rhabdovirus enters the peripheral nervous system and proceeds to the CNS, where it targets the encephalon and produces encephalomyelitis. Postbite prophylaxis requires laboratory confirmation of rabies in both people and animals. All warm-blooded animals can transmit the Lyssavirus infection, while the virus can also develop in the cells of cold-blooded animals. In the 21st century, more than 3 billion people are in danger of contracting the rabies virus in more than 100 different nations, resulting in an annual death toll of 50,000-59,000. There are three important elements in handling rabies disease in post exposure prophylaxis (PEP), namely wound care, administration of anti-rabies serum, and anti-rabies vaccine. Social costs include death, lost productivity as a result of early death, illness as a result of vaccination side effects, and the psychological toll that exposure to these deadly diseases has on people. Humans are most frequently exposed to canine rabies, especially youngsters and the poor, and there are few resources available to treat or prevent exposure, making prevention of human rabies challenging., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.