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32 results on '"RIVIÈRE, Loïc"'

1. Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 ribonucleoprotein delivery for efficient, rapid and marker‐free gene editing in Trypanosoma and Leishmania

Author

Asencio, Corinne, primary, Hervé, Perrine, additional, Morand, Pauline, additional, Oliveres, Quentin, additional, Morel, Chloé Alexandra, additional, Prouzet‐Mauleon, Valérie, additional, Biran, Marc, additional, Monic, Sarah, additional, Bonhivers, Mélanie, additional, Robinson, Derrick Roy, additional, Ouellette, Marc, additional, Rivière, Loïc, additional, Bringaud, Frédéric, additional, and Tetaud, Emmanuel, additional

Published
2024
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4. Confining Trypanosoma brucei in emulsion droplets reveals population variabilities in division rates and improves in vitro cultivation

Author

Allmann, Stefan, Wargnies, Marion, Plazolles, Nicolas, Cahoreau, Edern, Biran, Marc, Morand, Pauline, Pineda, Erika, Kulyk, Hanna, Asencio, Corinne, Villafraz, Oriana, Rivière, Loïc, Tetaud, Emmanuel, Rotureau, Brice, Mourier, Arnaud, Portais, Jean-Charles, Dé Ric Bringaud, Fré, Oldenburg, Simone, Buisson, Lionel, Beneyton, Thomas, Pekin, Deniz, Thonnus, Magali, Bringaud, Frédéric, Baret, Jean-Christophe, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité [Bordeaux] (MFP), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), and Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.)

Subjects
Science, Microfluidics, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Cell, Population, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, Biology, Trypanosoma brucei, 01 natural sciences, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, medicine, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, education, Droplet size, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Lab-on-a-chip, Host (biology), 010401 analytical chemistry, Tsetse fly, biology.organism_classification, In vitro, 0104 chemical sciences, Cell biology, Parasite biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Biological Variation, Population, Medicine, Emulsions, Single-Cell Analysis, Emulsion droplet, Cell Division
Abstract

Trypanosome parasites are infecting mammals in Sub-Saharan Africa and are transmitted between hosts through bites of the tsetse fly. The transmission from the insect vector to the mammal host causes a number of metabolic and physiological changes. A fraction of the population continuously adapt to the immune system of the host, indicating heterogeneity at the population level. Yet, the cell to cell variability in populations is mostly unknown. We develop here an analytical method for quantitative measurements at the single cell level based on encapsulation and cultivation of single-cell Trypanosoma brucei in emulsion droplets. We first show that mammalian stage trypanosomes survive for several hours to days in droplets, with an influence of droplet size on both survival and growth. We unravel various growth patterns within a population and find that droplet cultivation of trypanosomes results in 10-fold higher cell densities of the highest dividing cell variants compared to standard cultivation techniques. Some variants reach final cell titers in droplets closer to what is observed in nature than standard culture, of practical interest for cell production. Droplet microfluidics is therefore a promising tool for trypanosome cultivation and analysis with further potential for high-throughput single cell trypanosome analysis.

Published
2021

5. Glycerol, a possible new player in the biology of trypanosomes

Author

Bringaud, Frédéric, Plazolles, Nicolas, Pineda, Erika, Asencio, Corinne, Villafraz, Oriana, Millerioux, Yoann, Rivière, Loïc, and Tetaud, Emmanuel

Subjects
Glycerol, Pyruvate, Trypanosoma, QH301-705.5, Enzyme Metabolism, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Carbohydrates, Disease Vectors, Biochemistry, Pearls, Medical Conditions, Glucose Metabolism, Trypanosoma Brucei, Medicine and Health Sciences, Humans, Biology (General), Enzyme Chemistry, Biology, Protozoans, Organic Compounds, Monomers, Monosaccharides, Organic Chemistry, Organisms, Chemical Compounds, Biology and Life Sciences, Eukaryota, Ketones, RC581-607, Polymer Chemistry, Parasitic Protozoans, Insect Vectors, Chemistry, Species Interactions, Metabolism, Glucose, Infectious Diseases, Trypanosomiasis, African, Physical Sciences, Enzymology, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, Acids, Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense
Published
2021

7. Novel protein candidates for serodiagnosis of African animal trypanosomosis: Evaluation of the diagnostic potential of lysophospholipase and glycerol kinase from Trypanosoma brucei

Author

Tounkara, Magamba, primary, Boulangé, Alain, additional, Thonnus, Magali, additional, Bringaud, Frédéric, additional, Bélem, Adrien Marie Gaston, additional, Bengaly, Zakaria, additional, Thévenon, Sophie, additional, Berthier, David, additional, and Rivière, Loïc, additional

Published
2021
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8. Glycerol suppresses glucose consumption in trypanosomes through metabolic contest

Author

Allmann, Stefan, primary, Wargnies, Marion, additional, Plazolles, Nicolas, additional, Cahoreau, Edern, additional, Biran, Marc, additional, Morand, Pauline, additional, Pineda, Erika, additional, Kulyk, Hanna, additional, Asencio, Corinne, additional, Villafraz, Oriana, additional, Rivière, Loïc, additional, Tetaud, Emmanuel, additional, Rotureau, Brice, additional, Mourier, Arnaud, additional, Portais, Jean-Charles, additional, and Bringaud, Frédéric, additional

Published
2021
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9. Procyclic trypanosomes recycle glucose catabolites and TCA cycle intermediates to stimulate growth in the presence of physiological amounts of proline

Author

Villafraz, Oriana, Biran, Marc, Pineda, Erika, Plazolles, Nicolas, Cahoreau, Edern, Ornitz Oliveira Souza, Rodolpho, Thonnus, Magali, Allmann, Stefan, Tetaud, Emmanuel, Rivière, Loïc, Silber, Ariel M., Barrett, Michael P., Zíková, Alena, Boshart, Michael, Portais, Jean-Charles, Bringaud, Frédéric, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de résonance magnétique des systèmes biologiques (CRMSB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), MetaToul FluxoMet (TBI-MetaToul), MetaboHUB-MetaToul, MetaboHUB-Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-MetaboHUB-Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), University of Glasgow, Institute of Parasitology [České Budějovice] (BIOLOGY CENTRE CAS), Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences (BIOLOGY CENTRE CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS)-Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Geroscience and rejuvenation research center (RESTORE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-EFS-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, ANR-11-INBS-0010,METABOHUB,Développement d'une infrastructure française distribuée pour la métabolomique dédiée à l'innovation(2011), ANR-15-CE15-0025,GLYCONOV,Voies métaboliques glycosomales non glycolytiques: nouvelles fonctions pour le développement et la virulence des trypanosomes(2015), ANR-19-CE15-0004,AdipoTryp,Interactions métaboliques entre les adipocytes et les trypanosomes, un nouveau paradigme pour les trypanosomoses(2019), ANR-11-LABX-0024,ParaFrap,Alliance française contre les maladies parasitaires(2011), Université de Bordeaux (UB), Microbiologie cellulaire et moléculaire et pathogénicité (MCMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-EFS-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-15-CE15-002501, ANR19-CE15-0004-01, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), VIAUD, Karine, Développement d'une infrastructure française distribuée pour la métabolomique dédiée à l'innovation - - METABOHUB2011 - ANR-11-INBS-0010 - INBS - VALID, Voies métaboliques glycosomales non glycolytiques: nouvelles fonctions pour le développement et la virulence des trypanosomes - - GLYCONOV2015 - ANR-15-CE15-0025 - AAPG2015 - VALID, Interactions métaboliques entre les adipocytes et les trypanosomes, un nouveau paradigme pour les trypanosomoses - - AdipoTryp2019 - ANR-19-CE15-0004 - AAPG2019 - VALID, and Laboratoires d'excellence - Alliance française contre les maladies parasitaires - - ParaFrap2011 - ANR-11-LABX-0024 - LABX - VALID

Subjects
Metabolic Processes, Pyruvate, Trypanosoma, Proline, Tsetse Flies, QH301-705.5, Physiology, Citric Acid Cycle, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Excretion, Carbohydrates, [SDV.MP.PRO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Protistology, Biochemistry, [SDV.MP.PRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Protistology, Glucose Metabolism, Animals, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Biology (General), Amino Acids, Protozoans, Alanine, Organic Compounds, Organic Chemistry, Monosaccharides, fungi, Organisms, Chemical Compounds, Biology and Life Sciences, Eukaryota, Proteins, Cyclic Amino Acids, RC581-607, Ketones, Parasitic Protozoans, Insect Vectors, Chemistry, Glucose, Trypanosomiasis, African, Metabolism, Aliphatic Amino Acids, Physical Sciences, Carbohydrate Metabolism, RNA Interference, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, Physiological Processes, Oxidation-Reduction, Acids, [SDV.MP.PAR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Research Article
Abstract

Trypanosoma brucei, a protist responsible for human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), is transmitted by the tsetse fly where the procyclic forms of the parasite develop in the proline-rich (1–2 mM) and glucose-depleted digestive tract. Proline is essential for the midgut colonization of the parasite in the insect vector, however other carbon sources could be available and used to feed its central metabolism. Here we show that procyclic trypanosomes can consume and metabolize metabolic intermediates, including those excreted from glucose catabolism (succinate, alanine and pyruvate), with the exception of acetate, which is the ultimate end-product excreted by the parasite. Among the tested metabolites, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates (succinate, malate and α-ketoglutarate) stimulated growth of the parasite in the presence of 2 mM proline. The pathways used for their metabolism were mapped by proton-NMR metabolic profiling and phenotypic analyses of thirteen RNAi and/or null mutants affecting central carbon metabolism. We showed that (i) malate is converted to succinate by both the reducing and oxidative branches of the TCA cycle, which demonstrates that procyclic trypanosomes can use the full TCA cycle, (ii) the enormous rate of α-ketoglutarate consumption (15-times higher than glucose) is possible thanks to the balanced production and consumption of NADH at the substrate level and (iii) α-ketoglutarate is toxic for trypanosomes if not appropriately metabolized as observed for an α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase null mutant. In addition, epimastigotes produced from procyclics upon overexpression of RBP6 showed a growth defect in the presence of 2 mM proline, which is rescued by α-ketoglutarate, suggesting that physiological amounts of proline are not sufficient per se for the development of trypanosomes in the fly. In conclusion, these data show that trypanosomes can metabolize multiple metabolites, in addition to proline, which allows them to confront challenging environments in the fly., Author summary In the midgut of its insect vector, trypanosomes rely on proline to feed their energy metabolism. However, the availability of other potential carbon sources that can be used by the parasite is currently unknown. Here we show that tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, i.e. succinate, malate and α-ketoglutarate, stimulate growth of procyclic trypanosomes incubated in a medium containing 2 mM proline, which is in the range of the amounts measured in the midgut of the fly. Some of these additional carbon sources are needed for the development of epimastigotes, which differentiate from procyclics in the midgut of the fly, since their growth defect observed in the presence of 2 mM proline is rescued by addition of α-ketoglutarate. In addition, we have implemented new approaches to study a poorly explored branch of the TCA cycle converting malate to α-ketoglutarate, which was previously described as non-functional in the parasite, regardless of the glucose levels available. The discovery of this branch reveals that a full TCA cycle can operate in procyclic trypanosomes. Our data broaden the metabolic potential of trypanosomes and pave the way for a better understanding of the parasite’s metabolism in various organ systems of the tsetse fly, where it develops.

Published
2021

10. Les méthodes de diagnostic des trypanosomiases animales africaines : avantages, limites et nouvelles pistes d’amélioration

Author

TOUNKARA, Magamba, BOULANGÉ, Alain, BRINGAUD, Frédéric, Thonnus, Magali, Belem, Adrien Marie Gaston, Bengaly, Zakaria, THÉVENON, Sophie, Berthier, David, RIVIÈRE, Loïc, TOUNKARA, Magamba, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides (UMR INTERTRYP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Université Polytechnique Nazi Boni Bobo-Dioulasso (UNB), Centre international de recherche-développement sur l'élevage en zone sub-humide (CIRDES), Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité [Bordeaux] (MFP), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)

Subjects
Trypanosoma, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, [SDV.IMM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Diagnosis, [SDV.BA.MVSA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, African anmal trypanosomiasis, Diagnostic, trypanosomiase animale africaine, [SDV.MP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology
Abstract

The animal trypanosomiases of African origin are a rather typical example of a neglected tropical disease. They are caused by blood parasites of the Trypanosoma genus transmitted by haematophagous insects, cyclically by tsetse flies for Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei brucei, which cause nagana, mechanically by T. evansi, the agent of surra, and finally by T. equiperdum, adapted to sexual transmission, which causes dourine. Nagana affects 38 African countries in the sub-Saharan region with 55 million cattle at risk, not counting small ruminants. These diseases deteriorate the animal’s physical condition, leading to a sharp drop in productivity; in the most severe cases, and in the absence of treatment, the animal dies within a few weeks. The socio-economic impact is estimated at US$ 4.75 billion in annual losses, making these diseases one of the major obstacles to livestock development in Africa. The control of these diseases is hampered by the lack of vaccines, a handful of molecules for treatment against which parasites are increasingly developing resistance, and finally, molecular or serological diagnostics whose robustness needs to be greatly improved. Clinical signs are not specific, parasitological diagnosis is often not very sensitive, and molecular methods are not applicable in the field. Immunodiagnostic methods in the form of rapid diagnostic tests are the only ones suitable for the field, but the few existing tests are poorly available and lack specificity and/or sensitivity. Here we address the advantages and limitations of current diagnostic methods and propose new ways of improving them for better disease control., Les trypanosomiases animales d’origine africaine représentent typiquement une maladie tropicale négligée. Elles sont causées par des parasites sanguicoles du genre Trypanosoma transmis par des insectes hématophages, de manière cyclique par les mouches tsé-tsé pour Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax et T. brucei brucei, qui causent la nagana, de manière mécanique pour T. evansi, agent de la surra, et enfin par transmission sexuelle pour T. equiperdum, qui cause la dourine. La nagana est présente dans 38 pays d’Afrique subsaharienne où elle peut affecter de nombreuses espèces animales, sauvages et domestiques. Près de 55 millions de bovins vivent sous risque trypanosomien, sans compter les petits ruminants. Ces maladies détériorent la condition physique de l’animal, induisant une forte baisse de productivité. Dans les cas les plus sévères, et en l’absence de traitement, la mort survient en quelques semaines. L’impact socio-économique est estimé à 4,75 milliards de dollars de pertes annuelles, ce qui fait de ces maladies l’un des obstacles majeurs au développement de l’élevage en Afrique. Le contrôle de ces maladies se heurte à l’absence de vaccin, à des traitements dont les molécules sont peu nombreuses et contre lesquelles se développent de plus en plus de résistances de la part des parasites, et enfin à un diagnostic, moléculaire ou sérologique, dont la robustesse demande à être grandement améliorée. Les signes cliniques ne sont pas spécifiques, le diagnostic parasitologique est souvent peu sensible, et les méthodes moléculaires ne sont pas applicables sur le terrain. Les méthodes d’immunodiagnostic sous forme de tests de diagnostic rapide sont les seules adaptées au terrain, mais les rares tests existants sont très peu accessibles (disponibilité, prix), et manquent de spécificité et/ou de sensibilité. Ici, nous traiterons des limites et des avantages comparatifs des méthodes actuelles de diagnostic et proposerons de nouvelles pistes d’amélioration de ces dernières pour un meilleur contrôle de la maladie.

Published
2021

11. Fly stage trypanosomes recycle glucose catabolites and TCA cycle intermediates to stimulate growth in near physiological conditions

Author

Villafraz, Oriana, primary, Biran, Marc, additional, Pineda, Erika, additional, Plazolles, Nicolas, additional, Cahoreau, Edern, additional, Souza, Rodolpho Ornitz Oliveira, additional, Thonnus, Magali, additional, Allmann, Stefan, additional, Tetaud, Emmanuel, additional, Rivière, Loïc, additional, Silber, Ariel M., additional, Barrett, Michael P., additional, Zíková, Alena, additional, Boshart, Michael, additional, Portais, Jean-Charles, additional, and Bringaud, Frédéric, additional

Published
2020
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13. “Metabolic contest”, a new way to control carbon source preference

Author

Allmann, Stefan, primary, Wargnies, Marion, additional, Cahoreau, Edern, additional, Biran, Marc, additional, Plazolles, Nicolas, additional, Morand, Pauline, additional, Pineda, Erika, additional, Kulyk, Hanna, additional, Asencio, Corinne, additional, Villafraz, Oriana, additional, Rivière, Loïc, additional, Tétaud, Emmanuel, additional, Rotureau, Brice, additional, Mourier, Arnaud, additional, Portais, Jean-Charles, additional, and Bringaud, Frédéric, additional

Published
2019
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14. A multigene family encoding surface glycoproteins in Trypanosoma congolense

Author

Thonnus, Magali, Guérin, Amandine, and Rivière, Loïc

Subjects
surface glycoprotein, lcsh:Biology (General), Trypanosoma congolense, Applied Microbiology, lectin-like, Genetics, trypanosomes, Microbiology, Molecular Biology, lcsh:QH301-705.5, multigene family
Abstract

Trypanosoma congolense, the causative agent of the most important livestock disease in Africa, expresses specific surface proteins involved in its parasitic lifestyle. Unfortunately, the complete repertoire of such molecules is far from being deciphered. As these membrane components are exposed to the host environment, they could be used as therapeutic or diagnostic targets. By mining the T. congolense genome database, we identified a novel family of lectin-like glycoproteins (TcoClecs). These molecules are predicted to have a transmembrane domain, a tandem repeat amino acid motif, a signal peptide and a C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD). This paper depicts several experimental arguments in favor of a surface localization in bloodstream forms of T. congolense. A TcoClec gene was heterologously expressed in U-2 OS cells and the product could be partially found at the plasma membrane. TcoClecs were also localized at the surface of T. congolense bloodstream forms. The signal was suppressed when the cells were treated with a detergent to remove the plasma membrane or with trypsin to « shave » the parasites and remove their external proteins. This suggests that TcoClecs could be potential diagnostic or therapeutic antigens of African animal trypanosomiasis. The potential role of these proteins in T. congolense as well as in other trypanosomatids is discussed.

Published
2017

17. Gluconeogenesis is essential for trypanosome development in the tsetse fly vector

Author

Wargnies, Marion, Bertiaux, Eloise, Cahoreau, Edern, Ziebart, Nicole, Crouzols, Aline, Morand, Pauline, Biran, Marc, Allmann, Stefan, Hubert, Jane, Villafraz, Oriana, Millerioux, Yoann, Plazolles, Nicolas, Asencio, Corinne, Rivière, Loïc, Rotureau, Brice, Boshart, Michael, Portais, Jean-Charles, Bringaud, Frédéric, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de résonance magnétique des systèmes biologiques (CRMSB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biologie cellulaire des Trypanosomes - Trypanosome Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés (LISBP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MetaToul FluxoMet (TBI-MetaToul), MetaboHUB-MetaToul, MetaboHUB-Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-MetaboHUB-Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. FB's and BR's group were funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) through GLYCONOV (grant number ANR-15-CE15-0025-01) of the ANR-BLANC-2015 call. FB's group was supported by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the Université de Bordeaux, the ANR through the grants ACETOTRYP (grant number ANR-2010-BLAN-1319-02) of the ANR-BLANC-2010 call, the Laboratoire d’Excellence (LabEx) ParaFrap ANR-11-LABX-0024 and the ParaMet PhD programme of Marie Curie Initial Training Network. BR’s group was supported by the Institut Pasteur, the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM). EB is funded by a doctoral fellowship from French National Ministry for Research and Technology (Doctoral School CDV515). MB was funded by the University of Munich and MB and FB were supported by a research cooperation grant of the Franco-Bavarian University Cooperation Center (BFHZ/CCUFB)., ANR-15-CE15-0025,GLYCONOV,Voies métaboliques glycosomales non glycolytiques: nouvelles fonctions pour le développement et la virulence des trypanosomes(2015), ANR-10-BLAN-1319,ACETOTRYP,Metabolisme de l'acetyl-CoA et de l'acetate chez les trypanosomes: identification de nouvelles voies métaboliques spécifiques aux parasites(2010), ANR-11-LABX-0024,ParaFrap,Alliance française contre les maladies parasitaires(2011), Microbiologie cellulaire et moléculaire et pathogénicité (MCMP), Résonance magnétique des systèmes biologiques (RMSB), Biologie cellulaire des Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Rotureau, Brice, Voies métaboliques glycosomales non glycolytiques: nouvelles fonctions pour le développement et la virulence des trypanosomes - - GLYCONOV2015 - ANR-15-CE15-0025 - AAPG2015 - VALID, BLANC - Metabolisme de l'acetyl-CoA et de l'acetate chez les trypanosomes: identification de nouvelles voies métaboliques spécifiques aux parasites - - ACETOTRYP2010 - ANR-10-BLAN-1319 - BLANC - VALID, and Laboratoires d'excellence - Alliance française contre les maladies parasitaires - - ParaFrap2011 - ANR-11-LABX-0024 - LABX - VALID

Subjects
Glycerol, gène codant, Disease Vectors, Biochemistry, Salivary Glands, Glucose Metabolism, Medicine and Health Sciences, Biology (General), Amino Acids, Protozoans, surexpression, Organic Compounds, Microbiology and Parasitology, Monosaccharides, Monomers, Eukaryota, Microbiologie et Parasitologie, Chemistry, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, protéine, Physical Sciences, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Anatomy, [SDV.MP.PAR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Research Article, Trypanosoma, Tsetse Flies, Proline, QH301-705.5, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Carbohydrates, [SDV.MP.PRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Protistology, Phosphates, Exocrine Glands, Parasitic Diseases, Animals, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, [SDV.MP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, gluconeogénèse, Organic Chemistry, Gluconeogenesis, Organisms, Chemical Compounds, Biology and Life Sciences, Proteins, Cyclic Amino Acids, RC581-607, mouche tsé tsé, Polymer Chemistry, Parasitic Protozoans, enzyme, Trypanosomiasis, African, Metabolism, Glucose, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, Digestive System, trypanosoma brucei
Abstract

In the glucose-free environment that is the midgut of the tsetse fly vector, the procyclic form of Trypanosoma brucei primarily uses proline to feed its central carbon and energy metabolism. In these conditions, the parasite needs to produce glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) through gluconeogenesis from metabolism of non-glycolytic carbon source(s). We showed here that two phosphoenolpyruvate-producing enzymes, PEP carboxykinase (PEPCK) and pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK) have a redundant function for the essential gluconeogenesis from proline. Indeed, incorporation of 13C-enriched proline into G6P was abolished in the PEPCK/PPDK null double mutant (Δppdk/Δpepck), but not in the single Δppdk and Δpepck mutant cell lines. The procyclic trypanosome also uses the glycerol conversion pathway to feed gluconeogenesis, since the death of the Δppdk/Δpepck double null mutant in glucose-free conditions is only observed after RNAi-mediated down-regulation of the expression of the glycerol kinase, the first enzyme of the glycerol conversion pathways. Deletion of the gene encoding fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (Δfbpase), a key gluconeogenic enzyme irreversibly producing fructose 6-phosphate from fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, considerably reduced, but not abolished, incorporation of 13C-enriched proline into G6P. In addition, the Δfbpase cell line is viable in glucose-free conditions, suggesting that an alternative pathway can be used for G6P production in vitro. However, FBPase is essential in vivo, as shown by the incapacity of the Δfbpase null mutant to colonise the fly vector salivary glands, while the parental phenotype is restored in the Δfbpase rescued cell line re-expressing FBPase. The essential role of FBPase for the development of T. brucei in the tsetse was confirmed by taking advantage of an in vitro differentiation assay based on the RNA-binding protein 6 over-expression, in which the procyclic forms differentiate into epimastigote forms but not into mammalian-infective metacyclic parasites. In total, morphology, immunofluorescence and cytometry analyses showed that the differentiation of the epimastigote stages into the metacyclic forms is abolished in the Δfbpase mutant., Author summary Trypanosoma brucei, the parasite responsible for sleeping sickness in humans, is transmitted by the tsetse fly that primarily uses amino acids for its energy production. In the glucose-free environment encountered between the insect blood meals, T. brucei needs to produce through gluconeogenesis glucose 6-phosphate, a key precursor for several essential metabolic pathways. We have shown here that two key gluconeogenic steps, which produce phosphoenolpyruvate and fructose 6-phosphate, respectively, are performed by redundant enzymes (PPDK and PEPCK for phosphoenolpyruvate production; FBPase and a yet unknown enzyme for fructose 6-phosphate production), which highlights the importance of this metabolic pathway for the insect stages of the parasite. Interestingly, deletion of the parasite FBPase gene abolished both the colonisation of the insect salivary glands and the in vitro differentiation of the epimastigote forms into the mammalian infective form of the parasite. Altogether, these data demonstrate for the first time that gluconeogenesis is essential for development of T. brucei in its insect vector and that early development stages of the parasite present in the tsetse midgut are not affected by the absence of FBPase, probably by developing an alternative yet unknown approach to produce fructose 6-phosphate.

Published
2018

19. Glycerol supports growth of the Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms in the absence of glucose: Analysis of metabolic adaptations on glycerol-rich conditions

Author

Pineda, Erika, primary, Thonnus, Magali, additional, Mazet, Muriel, additional, Mourier, Arnaud, additional, Cahoreau, Edern, additional, Kulyk, Hanna, additional, Dupuy, Jean-William, additional, Biran, Marc, additional, Masante, Cyril, additional, Allmann, Stefan, additional, Rivière, Loïc, additional, Rotureau, Brice, additional, Portais, Jean-Charles, additional, and Bringaud, Frédéric, additional

Published
2018
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27. Acetyl:Succinate CoA-transferase in Procyclic Trypanosoma brucei

Author

Rivière, Loïc, primary, van Weelden, Susanne W.H., additional, Glass, Patricia, additional, Vegh, Patricia, additional, Coustou, Virginie, additional, Biran, Marc, additional, van Hellemond, Jaap J., additional, Bringaud, Frédéric, additional, Tielens, Aloysius G.M., additional, and Boshart, Michael, additional

Published
2004
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28. Étude des phospholipases du trypanosome africain

Author

MONIC, Sarah, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité [Bordeaux] (MFP), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux, Loïc Rivière, STAR, ABES, Rivière, Loïc, Maneta-Peyret, Lilly, Geiger, Anne, Besteiro, Sébastien, and Mongrand, Sébastien

Subjects
Interaction hôte pathogène, [SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, Phospholipases, parasitic diseases, Virulence factor, Host-Pathogen interaction, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, Facteur de virulence
Abstract

African trypanosomiasis is a vector parasitic disease which affects many mammals in Africa. Among them, we found Men and livestock. One of the symptoms of this affection in animals is anemia. Unfortunately, we do not know the underlying mechanisms of this anemia. Some proteins, such as phospholipases, could play a key role in the physiopathology. Only three of them have been described. The research team I belonged during my pHD describe the different parasitic phospholipases and determine their function. Since phospholipase activity is greater in more virulent parasites, the notion of redundancy in phospholipase activity remains essential. Using in silico analyzes, I was able to start describing some proteins. Then, I expressed some of them in order to study their activity. Functional and molecular analyzes allowed me to study their function in the parasite and to broaden the field of phospholipase activity in Trypanosoma brucei brucei., La trypanosomiase africaine est une parasitose vectorielle qui touche bon nombre de mammifères en Afrique. Parmi eux, nous pouvons compter les Hommes et les bêtes d’élevage. L’un des symptômes de cette pathologie chez l’animal est l’anémie. On ne connaît hélas pas les mécanismes sous-jacents de cette anémie. Certaines protéines, telles les phospholipases, pourraient jouer un rôle clef dans la physiopathologie. Seulement trois d’entre elles ont été décrites. L’équipe de recherche dans laquelle j’ai fait ma thèse de sciences cherche à décrire les différentes phospholipases parasitaires et déterminer leur fonction. L’activité phospholipase étant plus importante dans les parasites plus virulents, la notion de redondance d’activité reste essentielle. A l’aide d’analyses in silico, j’ai pu commencer la description de certaines protéines. J’en ai ensuite exprimé certaines afin d’étudier leur activité. Des analyses fonctionnelles et moléculaires m’ont permis d’étudier leur fonction dans le parasite et d’élargir le champ de l’activité phospholipase de Trypanosoma brucei brucei.

Published
2021

30. Étude de nouvelles cibles pour le diagnostic de la trypanosomose animale africaine : Expression et purification d’antigènes recombinants de trypanosomes et évaluation de leur potentiel diagnostique Identification des antigènes immunoréactifs sécrétés par T. congolense

Author

TOUNKARA, Magamba, Rivière, Loïc, Belem, Adrien, Larmonier, Nicolas, Lejon, Veerle, and Rotureau, Brice

Subjects
Serodiagnostic, Protéomique, Trypanosomes, Trypanosomose animale africaine, Combinaison d'antigènes, Protéines recombinantes

31. Procyclic trypanosomes recycle glucose catabolites and TCA cycle intermediates to stimulate growth in the presence of physiological amounts of proline.

Author

Villafraz O, Biran M, Pineda E, Plazolles N, Cahoreau E, Ornitz Oliveira Souza R, Thonnus M, Allmann S, Tetaud E, Rivière L, Silber AM, Barrett MP, Zíková A, Boshart M, Portais JC, and Bringaud F

Subjects
Animals, Citric Acid Cycle drug effects, Insect Vectors parasitology, Oxidation-Reduction drug effects, Proline metabolism, RNA Interference physiology, Trypanosoma metabolism, Trypanosoma brucei brucei metabolism, Trypanosomiasis, African drug therapy, Tsetse Flies parasitology, Glucose metabolism, Proline pharmacology, Trypanosoma drug effects, Trypanosoma brucei brucei drug effects, Tsetse Flies drug effects
Abstract

Trypanosoma brucei, a protist responsible for human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), is transmitted by the tsetse fly where the procyclic forms of the parasite develop in the proline-rich (1-2 mM) and glucose-depleted digestive tract. Proline is essential for the midgut colonization of the parasite in the insect vector, however other carbon sources could be available and used to feed its central metabolism. Here we show that procyclic trypanosomes can consume and metabolize metabolic intermediates, including those excreted from glucose catabolism (succinate, alanine and pyruvate), with the exception of acetate, which is the ultimate end-product excreted by the parasite. Among the tested metabolites, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates (succinate, malate and α-ketoglutarate) stimulated growth of the parasite in the presence of 2 mM proline. The pathways used for their metabolism were mapped by proton-NMR metabolic profiling and phenotypic analyses of thirteen RNAi and/or null mutants affecting central carbon metabolism. We showed that (i) malate is converted to succinate by both the reducing and oxidative branches of the TCA cycle, which demonstrates that procyclic trypanosomes can use the full TCA cycle, (ii) the enormous rate of α-ketoglutarate consumption (15-times higher than glucose) is possible thanks to the balanced production and consumption of NADH at the substrate level and (iii) α-ketoglutarate is toxic for trypanosomes if not appropriately metabolized as observed for an α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase null mutant. In addition, epimastigotes produced from procyclics upon overexpression of RBP6 showed a growth defect in the presence of 2 mM proline, which is rescued by α-ketoglutarate, suggesting that physiological amounts of proline are not sufficient per se for the development of trypanosomes in the fly. In conclusion, these data show that trypanosomes can metabolize multiple metabolites, in addition to proline, which allows them to confront challenging environments in the fly., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Published
2021
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32. Gluconeogenesis is essential for trypanosome development in the tsetse fly vector.

Author

Wargnies M, Bertiaux E, Cahoreau E, Ziebart N, Crouzols A, Morand P, Biran M, Allmann S, Hubert J, Villafraz O, Millerioux Y, Plazolles N, Asencio C, Rivière L, Rotureau B, Boshart M, Portais JC, and Bringaud F

Subjects
Animals, Disease Vectors, Trypanosomiasis, African, Gluconeogenesis physiology, Trypanosoma brucei brucei metabolism, Tsetse Flies parasitology
Abstract

In the glucose-free environment that is the midgut of the tsetse fly vector, the procyclic form of Trypanosoma brucei primarily uses proline to feed its central carbon and energy metabolism. In these conditions, the parasite needs to produce glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) through gluconeogenesis from metabolism of non-glycolytic carbon source(s). We showed here that two phosphoenolpyruvate-producing enzymes, PEP carboxykinase (PEPCK) and pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK) have a redundant function for the essential gluconeogenesis from proline. Indeed, incorporation of 13C-enriched proline into G6P was abolished in the PEPCK/PPDK null double mutant (Δppdk/Δpepck), but not in the single Δppdk and Δpepck mutant cell lines. The procyclic trypanosome also uses the glycerol conversion pathway to feed gluconeogenesis, since the death of the Δppdk/Δpepck double null mutant in glucose-free conditions is only observed after RNAi-mediated down-regulation of the expression of the glycerol kinase, the first enzyme of the glycerol conversion pathways. Deletion of the gene encoding fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (Δfbpase), a key gluconeogenic enzyme irreversibly producing fructose 6-phosphate from fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, considerably reduced, but not abolished, incorporation of 13C-enriched proline into G6P. In addition, the Δfbpase cell line is viable in glucose-free conditions, suggesting that an alternative pathway can be used for G6P production in vitro. However, FBPase is essential in vivo, as shown by the incapacity of the Δfbpase null mutant to colonise the fly vector salivary glands, while the parental phenotype is restored in the Δfbpase rescued cell line re-expressing FBPase. The essential role of FBPase for the development of T. brucei in the tsetse was confirmed by taking advantage of an in vitro differentiation assay based on the RNA-binding protein 6 over-expression, in which the procyclic forms differentiate into epimastigote forms but not into mammalian-infective metacyclic parasites. In total, morphology, immunofluorescence and cytometry analyses showed that the differentiation of the epimastigote stages into the metacyclic forms is abolished in the Δfbpase mutant., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Published
2018
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