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This article introduces a methodology utilizing the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) integrated with a Geographic Information System (GIS) to classify sub-basins within a large river basin in terms of pollution levels.The research uses data from the Haraz River basin, located in northern Iran near the Caspian Sea. The river basin under investigation comprises seven sub-basins. The primary pollution sources in this region include domestic wastewater from urban areas, effluents from fish farms, discharge from sand and gravel mines, sewage from restaurants and tourism centers, as well as land use (agriculture, forests, and rangelands). In addition to these pollution-related factors, other criteria such as basin area, river length, road network length, and slope were also considered.Using scores assigned by experts and leveraging the Expert Choice software, all sub-basins, and factors contributing to river pollution were identified. According to the findings, urban domestic wastewater was the most significant contributor to pollution in the study Basin, accounting for 42.2% of the total pollution. The sub-basins were classified according to their final weighted scores, identifying those with the highest and lowest pollution levels.The studied approach offers substantial advantages in terms of time, cost, and resource efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) serves as the origin for several major rivers in Asia and acts as a crucial ecological barrier in China, characterized by its regional conservation significance. Production activities in the industrial park in this special geographical environment may exacerbate its environmental vulnerability. We examined the spatial and temporal patterns of water quality parameters, identified the factors influencing water quality, and evaluated the associated risks using various analytical methods, including the Boruta algorithm and interval fuzzy number-based set-pair analysis (IFN-SPA). The results showed that the average concentrations in the flood season and dry season were significantly different. The average value of Cd in the flood season belonged to the water quality standard of Class II. Different heavy metals show different spatial distribution characteristics, and the reason for the difference comes from livestock farms and industrial enterprises. The results for the flood season and dry season were different, which further proves that meteorological factors can influence water quality. The risk of heavy metals in different rivers presents different spatial distribution characteristics; for example, the risk of heavy metals in the Sigou River is higher. The water quality assessment results indicate the need to develop a well-structured evaluation framework for managing and controlling river water pollution in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivation of horticultural crops in riverbank soils which are enriched by deposition of nutrient-rich sediments is one of the most common practices in arid and semi-arid regions around the globe. However, contamination of river streams by urban, industrial, and agricultural runoffs resulted in the accumulation of excessive levels of certain nutrients and heavy metals in such crops. Keeping in view, the present study was conducted to understand the impact of Yamuna (non-contaminated) and Solani (urban sewage contaminated) Rivers streams on riverbank soils and planted Armenian cucumber [Cucumis melo var. flexuosus (L.) Naudin.] in a two-year (2022 and 2023) study. The results showed that C. melo cultivated in Solani River water irrigated soils had significantly (p < 0.05) higher growth, yield, and biochemical constitutes as compared to Yamuna River water irrigated soils. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) studies showed that concentrations of eight heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were higher in C. melo grown in Solani River soils. However, the levels of heavy metals were found below the safe limits as indicated by dietary intake of metal (DIM), health risk index (HRI < 1), and target hazard quotient (THQ < 1) indices. Overall, this study evidenced that river water impacted by urban sewage could result in elevated levels of heavy metals in river water, soil, and cultivated food crops, thus, signifying their regular biomonitoring in order to mitigate any associated health risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plastic debris that breaks down smaller than 5 mm is defined as microplastics and the source of these microplastics can come from daily products used like laundry activities. Bogowonto River is a vital component of the aquatic ecosystem that provides water for domestic, agricultural, and industrial needs. This study aimed to determine the abundance and characteristics of microplastics in Bogowonto River. Sampling was conducted in December 2023, totaling 15 water samples and 15 sediment samples with 3 repetitions at 5 stations. Determination of the location point using purposive sampling method in which the sampling station was selected by considering anthropogenic activities. Water sampling was carried out using a plankton net and subsequent destruction of organic matter and filtration. A grab sampler (Van Veen, Hydro-Bios, Germany) was used to take sediment samples, which were then separated by density, and filtered. MP abundance in water samples ranged from 126.67 ± 11.55 to 253.33 ± 64.29 MPs/m³ (... ± SD) and sediment samples ranged from 100.00 ± 45.83 to 236.67 ± 126.62 MPs/kg (... ± SD). The shape of microplastic fiber is the most dominant in the sample, while the red and blue colors are the most dominant colors and consistently appear in all samples. Testing to determine the type of polymer in the sample using the FTIR-ATR method. Polyamide and polypropylene are the two most dominant types of polymers. Waste discharges from the agricultural, construction, hospital, tourism, market, and residential sectors all contribute to microplastic pollution of the river. The meander pattern of the river between stations 3 and 4 has an impact on the transportation of microplastics, which affects their abundance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic pollution in river environments has become an emerging global concern. However, the migration of plastic and changes in its properties between river compartments are less understood. This study demonstrates the plastic debris aging and the dynamics between floodplain, surface water, and sediment compartments of the Tuul River, Mongolia. Plastic occurrence is evaluated in terms of their abundance, size, shape, polymer type, and photodegradation in each compartment. Photodegradation stages were calculated using the carbonyl index (CI). Plastic abundance was 5.46 ± 3.53 items m−2 in the floodplain, 155 ± 100.7 items m−3 in the surface water, and 128.4 ± 76.3 items kg−1 in the sediment. Microplastics dominated in the size category in all compartments, while macro- and megaplastics were found only in the floodplain. Polyethylene and polypropylene dominated the surface water and sediment, while polystyrene was the predominant plastic in the floodplain. A positive correlation was found between the distributed polymer types in the surface water and sediment compartments. The similar composition in size and polymer type suggests vertical plastic migration from water to sediment. Although CI values showed that the plastic aging was significantly different between water and sediment (water, 0.61 ± 0.26, and sediment, 0.90 ± 0.68), the dominance of low-density plastics with high CI in the sediment suggests that the aged plastic density changed during the vertical transport in the river system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riverine fungi have the capacity for both pathogenicity, pertinent for countries with elevated immunosuppressed individuals, and bioremediation potential. The purpose was (i) to screen for the presence of clinically relevant riverine fungi and associations with anthropogenic influence, and (ii) the acclimatisation of environmental communities toward potential bioremediation application. Communities were harvested from polluted rivers in Stellenbosch, South Africa, and mycobiomes characterised by high-throughput amplicon sequencing. The remainder of the biomass was inoculated into continuous bioreactors with filtered river water or sterile minimal medium. Seven weeks later, the mycobiomes were re-sequenced. At least nine clinically relevant species were detected, including agents of mycoses belonging to the genus Candida. The occurrence of genera that harbour opportunisticstrains was significantly higher (P = 0.04) at more polluted sites. Moreover, positive correlations occured between some genera and pollution indices, demonstrating the potential of fungi for addition to water quality indicators. Despite biomass increase, almost all pathogens were undetectable after seven weeks, demonstrating less resilience in conditions mimicking rivers. Thus, when screening riverine biomes for bioremediation potential, ambient reactors select against human pathogens. This indicates a transient introduction of allochthonous opportunistic species into rivers due to insufficient sanitation, and the potential of bioremediation strategies that selects for environmental rather than pathogenic traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panagrolaimidae members are bacterivorous with global distribution. There is no information on this species' morphology and molecular characterization in South Africa. During a survey of Molepo dam, Limpopo Province, a population of Propanagrolaimus nematodes belonging to the family Panagrolaimidae was recovered and determined utilizing conventional and molecular characters. Propanagrolaimus siweyae sp. n., was confirmed by morphological and molecular informations. Propanagrolaimus siweyae sp. n. is characterized by a body length 1026–1258 µm (a = 39.4–45.5, b = 5.4–6.5, c = 8.1–10.0, c' = 6.9–7.8, V = 53–57), post vulval uterine sac 25–53 µm, and tail length 108–158 µm long. The scan electron microscopy (SEM) photographs revealed a tessellated cuticle and six slightly separated lips. The discriminant analysis placed populations of P. siweyae sp. n. close to P. hygrophilus with clear separation from the mentioned species. Partial sequences of the 18S and 28S regions of the ribosomal DNA gene were amplified for P. siweyae sp. n. The phylogenetic analysis grouped P. siweyae sp. n. in a clade with 1.00 and 0.87 posterior probability values together with other Propanagrolaimus and Halicephalobus based on 18S and 28S rDNA, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed no correlation between Propanagrolaimus and water parameters. However, the result showed a high correlation with diatoms (r = 0.937) in Molepo dam (site MD-6). In contrast, The PCA showed salinity, pH, and temperature with no significant effect on nematodes in Molepo dam, Limpopo Province, South Africa. In conclusion, the usefulness of free-living nematodes as bioindicators is an advantage to studying pollution in aquatic systems. Limpopo Province is facing pollution in the river and dam systems. Therefore, finding a bioindicator is critical to examine the ecological role of free-living nematodes such as Propanagrolaimus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal and spatial changes in non-point source pollution, driven by significant alterations in land use due to increased human activity, have considerably affected the quality of groundwater, surface water, and soil environments in the region. This study examines the Weihe River basin in greater detail, an area heavily impacted by human activity. The study developed the River Section Potential Pollution Index (R-PPI) model using the Potential Non-Point Source Pollution Index (PNPI) model in order to investigate the dynamic changes in River Section Potential Pollution (R-PP) over a 31-year period and its associated risks, especially those related to land use and land cover change (LUCC). The predominant land uses in the Weihe River Basin are cropland, grassland, and forest, making up around 97% of the basin's total area. The Weihe River Basin underwent a number of soil and water conservation initiatives between 1990 and 2020, which significantly decreased the potential pollution risk in the river segment. The research separated the R-PP risk values in the area into five different categories using a quantile classification technique. According to the data, there is a polarization of R-PP risk in the area, with downstream parts especially having an increased risk of pollution in river segments impacted by human activity. On the other hand, river segments in the middle and upper reaches of the basin showed a discernible decline in possible pollution risk throughout the study period. The Weihe River Basin's rapid urbanization and land degradation are to blame for the current increase in R-PP risk. The substantial influence of LUCC on the dynamic variations in R-PP risk in the Weihe River Basin is highlighted by this study. Additionally, it offers crucial information for upcoming conservation initiatives and urban planning guidelines meant to enhance the area's ecological well-being and environmental standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the River Wye in the southwest UK as a political ecology marked by relations of colonial inheritance. A controversial case of contemporary British river pollution, the Wye is suffering from increasingly dramatic eutrophication events, with nutrient pollution from mineral phosphate fertilisers used in industrial agriculture causing algal blooms that destroy the river's ecology. This paper complicates dominant framings of the Wye's eutrophication as a local event and future crisis, instead arguing that eutrophication is structured by over a century of colonial histories of phosphate. Motivated by recent debates in geography and other cognate disciplines on decolonial ecology and the Plantationocene that point to the colonial origins of ecological crisis, this paper develops a theoretical framework of inheritance/transmission to articulate the situated histories of violence and dispossession shaping phosphate matter. It then empirically tracks the phosphate inheritances of the Wye by analysing the archives of the British Phosphate Commissioners (1873–1983), a 20th century governmental company that procured fertiliser for the British Empire by intensively mining phosphates on the Pacific Islands of Nauru and Banaba. Through this archive emerges a history in which, on a national and local level, the Wye is connected to the people, corporations, and institutions responsible for the emergence of the mineral phosphates industry that has spread ecological devastation across the globe. Through theoretically and empirically examining the Wye's phosphate inheritances, this paper foregrounds ethical obligations to think systematically and historically about phosphates as a prerequisite for bringing about deep structural changes needed to repair phosphate's harms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the behavior of cyanide in rivers is of utmost importance as it has a direct impact on the health of people who depend on these water sources. Cyanide contamination from gold mining activities poses a significant environmental threat to river ecosystems, particularly in southern Ecuador. This study aimed to investigate the behavior of cyanide when it enters contact with other metals in these rivers. Simulations were conducted to determine the speciation of cyanide, mercury, arsenic, lead, and manganese in a study area, taking into account the water temperature and pH at four locations. The findings revealed that CN−and HCN(aq) species were present in the research area. Additionally, mercury-cyanide (Hg(CN)2(aq), Hg(CN)3−), and manganese-cyanide (MnCN+) complexes were identified 3 km downriver from the site where the mining activity is higher. These metal-cyanide complexes tend to dissociate quickly under weak acidic conditions, making them hazardous to the environment. This research is crucial, not only for the environment but also for human health, as it allows to predict toxicity risks for people supplied with this water source, emphasizing the potential harm to human health. This study highlights the importance of stringent regulations and effective monitoring practices to mitigate cyanide contamination and safeguard environmental and occupational health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal contamination in water bodies is a pervasive and persistent environmental challenge in many parts of the world, especially in developing countries. This study investigates the use of multivariate analysis methods for monitoring variations in water quality along a spatial gradient and for the interpretation of pollution levels at different sampling sites. We assessed the water quality of the Seybouse River and identified possible sources of pollution using three complementary multivariate analysis techniques (PCA, NMDS, and K‐means clustering). The results indicate a longitudinal gradient in water quality associated with industrial and agricultural activities in the middle and lower Seybouse River. Physico‐chemical and heavy metal analyses show high water turbidity with elevated concentrations of iron and chromium. We show that the contamination stems from four different sources, which can be categorized into different pollution levels. Our results suggest that complementary multivariate methods are a robust approach to identifying and categorizing significant sources of pollution in rivers, enabling the development of future successful water quality management strategies based on water pollution levels. This study highlights the importance of monitoring water quality and taking effective measures to control and mitigate pollution from various sources to ensure the safety of the environment and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste is defined as the remains of materials that are no longer used and can cause pollution in the environment. The Jatigede Reservoir has the potential for the environment and was built by damming the Cimanuk River, but at several points, the Jatigede Reservoir area is polluted by waste. In this research, survey and waste collection methods were used using purposive sampling techniques to determine sampling points at the three stations. Data regarding waste is processed using an explanatory descriptive method and displayed in graphic form via Microsoft Excel. The land area is calculated using ArcMap software to map waste patterns. Based on the waste found, The Cimanuk River has the largest distribution of waste, with the largest composition of waste being organic type waste. While the study highlights the significant amount of waste in the Jatigede Reservoir originating from the Cimanuk River, conducting additional research that encompasses the entire reservoir will provide helpful insights for reservoir management. Subsequently, the investigation of waste in the Cimanuk River Basin will expand the data to bolster the management of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study models the consequences of oil pipeline leakage using PHAST software, focusing on a segment crossing the Jarahi River in Southwest Iran. The goal is to understand potential environmental and safety impacts, establish safe zones for different leakage scenarios, and suggest strategies for risk mitigation. Methods: High-risk factors were identified through Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA). Consequences of pipeline leakage were simulated in PHAST software under varied scenarios, considering factors such as gap size, seasonal weather conditions, and location. This approach enabled assessment of safe distances in case of fire, explosion, or release of toxic substances. Results: Leakage consequences varied by gap size and seasonal conditions. For example, a 200-mm pipeline gap produced maximum substance concentrations of 160,860 mg/L in summer and 166,695 mg/L in winter. Safe distance thresholds also differed; in winter, the safe distance was 275 m, while in summer it reached 520 m. Radiation and blast wave intensities were higher in winter due to environmental stability, indicating greater risks. Conclusion: PHAST software proves valuable in modeling pipeline leakages and determining safety perimeters. The findings highlight the need for ongoing risk management, especially in sensitive areas like the Jarahi River. Routine safety inspections and enhanced environmental safeguards are recommended to minimize potential hazards and protect surrounding ecosystem

Cooperative governance of water pollution is an effective initiative to implement the strategy for the protection of the Yangtze River Basin. Based on the stakeholder theory, this paper constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model of water pollution in the Yangtze River Basin from the perspective of "cost–benefit". This paper analyzes the stability of possible equilibrium points of the evolutionary game system by scenarios and further explores the influence of key factors on the evolution of the cooperative governance system of water pollution in the Yangtze River Basin using numerical simulation. According to the findings, (1) the watershed system comprises three key stakeholders: local governments, enterprises, and the public. Each stakeholder's behavioral strategy choice is influenced by its unique factors and the behavioral strategy choices of the other two stakeholders. (2) Equilibrium points represent the potential strategic equilibrium presented by each stakeholder. When the net income of a particular behavioral strategy within the set exceeds zero, stakeholders will be more inclined to choose that behavioral strategy. (3) The key influencing factors in the evolutionary game are regulatory costs, reputation loss, material rewards, and violation fines. Therefore, this paper proposes to construct a cooperative governance mechanism for water pollution in the Yangtze River Basin from three aspects: an efficient regulatory mechanism, a dynamic reward and punishment mechanism, and a multi-faceted incentive mechanism, with a view to promoting a higher-quality development of the ecological environment in the Yangtze River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, we have compiled a general list of diatoms for the Zarafshan River consisting of 428 species based on our own research and the literature data. Indicator species for nine water parameters were identified, making up more than 90% of the list. Bioindicators and statistical methods revealed that sections of the river around the city of Samarkand and further in the middle reaches reflect the complexity of the impact of the environment on diatom communities. The surveyed sections of the middle reaches of the river are divided into branches and the dynamics of water parameters and diatom communities are shown from the border with Tajikistan to the confluence of the Zarafshan with the Amu Darya. The indices of organic pollution, S, and toxic impact, WESI, were calculated. They show that there is an increase in salinity and turbidity and a decrease in organic pollution downriver. At the same time, the Navoi section is a source of water acidification. Nutrients and heavy metals, as well as phenol pollution, enter the river from various sources, mainly in the middle reaches of the river. The Zarafshan Nature Reserve in the catchment area of the upper section of the river within Uzbekistan is important for maintaining water quality. Bioindicators show an increase in self-purification, with an increase in the species richness and abundance of diatoms in the middle section of the Zarafshan River. The integrated index of river pollution, RPI, shows that most pollution comes from the northern canal of the river in the middle reaches. A general look at the Zarafshan River catchment basin and the dynamics of the identified water parameters and bioindicator species of diatoms shows that the river ecosystem successfully copes with incoming pollution, including transboundary impacts from Tajikistan. Such a conclusion could not be made based on chemical analysis of the water alone. This allowed us to recommend expanding state monitoring points to the lower section of Karakul while including biological indicators in the observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality degradation poses a significant challenge globally, especially in developing nations like Sri Lanka. Extensive monitoring programs designed to address escalating river pollution collect multiple water quality parameters over extended periods and varied locations. However, the sheer volume of data can be overwhelming, making it difficult to process effectively and interpret accurately using conventional methods. In this study, latent variable (LV) and unsupervised machine learning techniques were used to investigate spatial and seasonal variations of surface water quality for 17 parameters across 17 locations along the Kelani River, Sri Lanka, using monthly water quality parameters from 2016 to 2020. Pearson's correlation matrix identified 10 parameters significantly affecting water quality variations and factor analysis (FA) generated five LVs, accounting for 77% of the total variance in the dataset. The identified LVs showed multiple methods of river pollution. Hierarchical clustering analysis and self-organizing mapping methods clustered stations in a closely analogous manner. Stations near industrial zones and the river mouth showed higher water quality variance, often exceeding national guidelines. Correlation testing revealed strong relationships between water quality and catchment hydrometeorological variations during monsoonal seasons. Spatial analyses showed increased LV variance in the Lower Kelani River Basin, indicating higher pollutant levels in different seasons. Industrial effluents (LV-2 and LV-4) and domestic and municipal sewage (LV-3 and LV-5) exhibit greater seasonal fluctuations. The results showed that the proposed LV approach has the potential to assist authorities in addressing water pollution amidst the complexity of multiple water quality parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five sampling campaigns were conducted in the water columns of River Sabaki and Tana in Kenya, Between October 2021 and January 2023, covering a 1-year cycle, at four sites in River Sabaki (2.5 km, 3.05 km, 3.51 km, and 4.52 km) and River Tana (1.5 km, 1.8 km, 2.0 km, and 2.5 km) distant from the river mouth. The ebb and flood tides were sampled to calculate net plastic litter fluxes. Two 6350-µm seine nets were deployed in two replicates per sampling point. Factor and cluster analysis were used to investigate plastic litter sources for both rivers. The influences of rainfall on plastic abundance and mass were explored using permutational linear models. A total of 15,318 plastic litter items weighing 1.37 kg were recorded in River Sabaki, and 3741 plastic litter items weighing 0.95 kg in River Tana. The top ten captured plastic litter types sorted by abundance and mass were mostly plastic fragments. The annual net plastic litter flux to the ocean through River Sabaki amounted to 1,277,120.63 items year−1 by abundance and 22.30 kg year−1 by mass. For River Tana, the same fluxes were 207,550.76 items year−1, and 28.09 kg year−1, respectively. In River Sabaki, significant impacts of rainfall on plastic abundance and mass were found. River Sabaki's pollution sources included upstream reaches, fishing activities, and littering by locals and tourists. River Tana's major pollution sources were illegal dumpsites, littering, fishing, and recreational activities. This research can guide combat plastic pollution in the rivers and ultimately the ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited research has been conducted on microplastic (MP) contamination in the rivers of Goa. To address this gap, this study examines the levels of MP contamination in the surface water of the Zuari River, Goa. We investigate the abundance, characteristics (size, shape, colour, and polymer composition), and risk assessment of MPs. MPs were detected at all sampling stations in the Zuari River, with concentrations varying from 0.01 particles/L (S3) to 1.38 particles/L (S13). The average abundance of MPs in the water samples was 0.28 ± 0.35 particles/L. MPs were more common in the 0.3–1 mm size range (51.70%) than in the 1–5 mm range (48.30%). The most common MP shapes observed were fibers (37.88%) and fragments (29.66%). FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of polyethylene terephthalate, high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyacrylamide carboxyl-modified MPs. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) showed an average value of 3.8, indicating significant contamination (PLI > 1). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed various degradation features such as pits, scratches, grooves, and cracks on the MPs surfaces, while energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) detected metals on the MP's surfaces. This study provides key insights into MP pollution in the Zuari River's surface water and lays the groundwork for future research and management strategies in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollution originating from land use and land cover (LULC) can disrupt river ecosystems, posing a threat to public health, safety, and socioeconomic sustainability. Although the interactions between terrestrial and aquatic systems have been investigated for decades, the scale at which land use practices, whether in the entire basin or separately in parts, significantly impact water quality still needs to be determined. In this research, we used multitemporal data (field measurements, Sentinel 2 images, and elevation data) to investigate how the LULC composition in the catchment area (CA) of each water pollution measurement station located in the river course of the Los Perros Basin affects water pollution indicators (WPIs). We examined whether the CAs form a sequential runoff aggregation system for certain pollutants from the highest to the lowest part of the basin. Our research applied statistical (correlation, time series analysis, and canonical correspondence analysis) and geo-visual analyses to identify relationships at the CA level between satellite-based LULC composition and WPI concentrations. We observed that pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, coliforms, and water temperature form a sequential runoff aggregation system from the highest to the lowest part of the basin. We concluded that the observed decrease in natural cover and increase in built-up and agricultural cover in the upper CAs of the study basin between the study period (2016 to 2020) are related to elevated WPI values for suspended solids and coliforms, which exceeded the allowed limits on all CAs and measured dates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Walesi River serves as a vital water source for the community in Jayawijaya Regency, Papua Mountains, but its quality is increasingly impacted by human activities and inadequate sanitation systems. This research aims to evaluate the water quality and pollution load capacity of the Walesi River using the Pollution Index (IP) and Mass Balance methods, focusing on physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters in accordance with Government Regulation (PP) No. 22 of 2021. The research involved water quality testing and flow rate measurements at four sampling locations to calculate pollution load capacities. Results from the Pollution Index (IP) method indicated that the water quality at all sites is categorized as "Good." However, phosphate levels were found to have reached the maximum allowable threshold of 0.20 mg/L, signaling no additional capacity for this pollutant. Other parameters, including TDS (52,682.62 ml/day), Ammonia (75.74 ml/day), and Total Coliform (2,797.14 ml/day), were within tolerable limits based on the Mass Balance analysis. The findings emphasize the need for enhanced sanitation infrastructure and monitoring to maintain and improve water quality. This research not only provides baseline data for the sustainable management of the Walesi River but also serves as a methodological reference for evaluating water quality and pollution load capacities in other regions of Papua and Indonesia, contributing to broader efforts in sustainable water resource management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of industry, haze pollution has become an urgent environmental problem. This study innovatively utilizes network-based methods to investigate the spatial correlation effects of haze pollution transmission between urban clusters in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. A spatial correlation network of haze pollution in the Yangtze River Economic Belt was constructed using 328 urban meteorological data collection points as research samples, and its structural characteristics were examined. Main findings are as follows: (1) The spatial correlation network of PM2.5 in the Yangtze River Economic Belt urban agglomeration exhibits typical network structural characteristics: obvious spatial correlation within the network. (2) Chengdu, Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanchang, Yichang, Changsha and Yueyang are located at the center of the spatial network. They have more receiving and sending relationships. (3) 36 cities can be divided into four types: bilateral overflow, net beneficiary, net overflow and broker. Each type has different functional characteristics and linkage effects in the network. (4) Haze pollution positively correlates with the city's synergistic development capacity and urbanization rate, the higher the city's development level and the higher the Urbanization rate, the stronger its haze pollution capacity. This study provides new insights into the study of the spatial correlation and impact of haze pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of science and technology, pollution in rivers and water surfaces has increased, impacting both ecology and public health. Timely identification of surface waste is crucial for effective cleanup. Traditional edge detection devices struggle with limited memory and resources, making the YOLOv8 algorithm inefficient. This paper introduces a lightweight network model for detecting water surface litter. We enhance the CSP Bottleneck with a two-convolutions (C2f) module to improve image recognition tasks. By implementing the powerful intersection over union 2 (PIoU2), we enhance model accuracy over the original CIoU. Our novel Shared Convolutional Detection Head (SCDH) minimizes parameters, while the scale layer optimizes feature scaling. Using a slimming pruning method, we further reduce the model's size and computational needs. Our model achieves a mean average precision (mAP) of 79.9% on the surface litter dataset, with a compact size of 2.3 MB and a processing rate of 128 frames per second, meeting real-time detection requirements. This work significantly contributes to efficient environmental monitoring and offers a scalable solution for deploying advanced detection models on resource-constrained devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, we thoroughly analyze the state of global rivers, focusing on their physical and ecological characteristics as well as management strategies. The review results have helped us generate four recommendations. Firstly, rivers should be managed under a legally binding global accord at the basin level. Secondly, challenges related to river pollution and inappropriate project implementation can be mitigated by adopting newly defined strategic environmental assessments and the United Nations System of Environmental Economic Accounting. Thirdly, we need data from the latest scientific sources, such as geospatial sources, to better understand rivers at different scales as composite systems. The last recommendation calls for taking into account climate change concerns in river management approaches. We also outline a proposition for developing a river monitoring and assessment program in order to perform comprehensive and planet-wide river assessment. The article elaborates on the strategies for achieving these recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the concentrations of seven heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Ni, and Mn) in the muscle tissue of six commonly consumed fish species (Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohita, Wallagu attu, Hypophthalmicthys molitrix, Channa punctuate, and Puntius sophore) from the River Indus in the Mianwali district Pakistan. Samples were collected during both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons to assess the potential human health risks associated with these heavy metals. The levels of metals were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopic analysis. The results showed varying concentrations of heavy metals in the fish samples (mg/kg), ranging from 10.17-2.06 for Pb, 41.83-12.54 for Cu, 417.04-41.93 for Zn, 2.06-0.46 for Cr, 0.86-0.08 for Cd, 4.33-1.43 for Ni, and 50.16-8.74 for Mn. Notably, metal concentrations were generally higher during the pre-monsoon season, with Pb consistently exceeding standard limits in the muscle tissue of all fish species. ANOVA analysis revealed significant variations in heavy metal concentrations among different fish species. While the current consumption rate poses no significant health risks, ongoing monitoring of heavy metal concentrations in fish and their environmental sources is crucial to ensure consumer safety and sustainable aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The promising study aimed to periodically monitor the environmental certainty of the Tigris River water and its suitability for irrigation using the water pollution index model in Mosul City, Northern Iraq. The different identified sites were five points, starting from the city entrance of Mosul (Mushairfa area) to the Albusief area where the river leaves the city. The collection of water samples occurred during the drought season (five replicates for each site) using clean polyphthalate containers for conducting physicochemical tests and calculating the different parameters related to irrigation. These include sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI), Kelly's ratio (KR), sodium percentage (Na %), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), and potential salinity (PS). The mathematical model application evaluated the water quality for irrigation purposes. The results indicated that the qualitative characteristics did not exceed the permissible limits for irrigation. However, a relative increase emerged in the values of electrical conductivity, potential salinity, permeability coefficient, and magnesium adsorption rate, among others, with the river flow in the city. Fortunately, the Tigris River water has better quality for irrigation, and as per the irrigation water quality index (IWQI), the values ranged from 0.3164 to 0.3566. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonpoint source pollution (NPS) has been known as runoff or diffuse pollution. It is still difficult to real-time monitor and simulate NPS, due to the significantly complex influencing factors. Therefore, the assessment theory of landscape ecological risk can be expected to identify the regional pollution risk from the perspective of landscape pattern and ecological process. In this study, NPS risk assessment was established using the “ source-sink“ landscape pattern theory. The first step was to identify “source-sink“ landscape. Cultivated, residential, transportation and commercial land were identified “ source landscape", while woodland, green land, water area and wetland were identified “sink“ landscape. The second step was the landscape spatial load comparison index (LCI) correction. The output coefficient and empirical model were combined to determine the “ source-sink” landscape pollutant output/interception coefficient. Then, the slope, altitude and distance from river were selected as the pollutions migration factors to correct LCI values. The final step was to evaluate the NPS pollution risk. The risk was calculated by LCI, slope factor and cost distance. The risks were divided into three grades, according to the natural breakpoint. Taking Shenzhen River-bay Basin as an example, the risk of NPS pollution was assessed using the “ source-sink“ landscape pattern theory. The numerical and spatial correlation analysis was conducted with the field monitoring pollutant data to verify the accuracy of the improved model. The research results showed that: (1) No.7, 9, 10, 12 and 13 watersheds were the high risk of NPS in Shenzhen River-Bay watershed in the whole Buji River basin and the lower reaches of Futian River basin. The low-risk areas were except No. 1 and 6 watersheds in the north of study area and No. 16, 17 and 18 watersheds in the east of study area. The rest 8 watersheds were all medium risk areas. NPS risk level was closely related to the “source-sink” landscape area ratio and landscape spatial pollutants load index, but the topographic factor shared the little influence on the basin. The residential land and transportation land showed the largest contribution rate to NPS risk, while the forest land and water area had outstanding effect on pollutant retention. (2) Both average concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in Shenzhen River-Bay basin were fully met the IV standard level of surface water quality. The average concentration exceedance rate of TN and TP were 12.99% and 11.89%, respectively, in rainy season, and 8.61% and 9.44% in the non-rainy reason. The maximum concentrations of pollutions occurred in the rainy season. The pollutants spatial analysis showed that Shenzhen River basin pollution risk was more serious than Shenzhen Bay basin, while the downstream was than in the upstream, and the higher in the coastal area than in the non-coastal area. The pollutants monitoring data showed that the high-risk area of NPS were No.5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13 watersheds. Except No.5 watershed, the high-risk watersheds were consistent between monitoring and assessment. (3) The NPS risk assessment index using the “source-sink” landscape theory shared a significant correlation with the actual monitoring risk of TN and TP, indicating a highly spatial aggregation. The NPS risk assessment index can also provide the scientific and accurate reference to assess the ecological risk of watershed in regional scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bioeconomy gained increasing importance and importance in the first decade of the 21st century following its adoption by the European Union (EU) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as a framework to promote the use of biotechnology to develop new products and markets. Since then, both the EU and the OECD have implemented specific Bioeconomy policies. Outlining perspectives by analyzing official indicators is key to the development of the sector. Indicators developed by the JRC, also known as the “Bioeconomy monitoring system”, are used. The study focuses on the comparison of Bioeconomy indicators with the average values for the European Union. Long-term periods are covered, according to available data, to highlight trends and track the development of each indicator. Bulgaria has the lowest energy productivity in the EU–27 and the lowest values for household waste recycling. The development of organic agriculture lags significantly (more than 3 times) behind the set national goals and the average values for the EU–27. Also, the levels of pollution of rivers and groundwater are the highest in our country. A prerequisite is being created for serious, not only ecological, risks for the development of the Bioeconomy in Bulgaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, the spatiotemporal distribution of cyanobacteria and their relationships with variations in water chemistry (physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal) of Sutlej River, Punjab (India) has been analyzed by employing multivariate statistical methods. Sutlej River exhibits a rich array of cyanobacterial diversity, comprising 28 species across 15 genera, distributed among 11 families and spanning 5 orders within the class Cyanophyceae. In terms of relative abundance, Microcystis aeruginosa (17.47%) was documented as the most abundant taxa followed by Microcystis robusta (16.55%), Merismopedia punctata (11.03%), Arthrospira fusiformis (6.67%) and Pseudanabaena galeata (3.68%). Significant variations were observed among sampling sites in most of the physico-chemical parameters. Principal Component Analysis delineated sampling sites into two discernible groups according to variations in water chemistry. River Pollution Index (RPI) showed that river water is under the unpolluted (RPI 1.5) to negligibly polluted category in the upstream sites, while moderately polluted (RPI 5.5) in the downstream sites. Heavy metal Pollution Index (HPI) revealed consistent heavy metal contamination at sites RWS7 and RWS8 across all seasons. Conversely, site RWS1 consistently exhibited lower HPI values throughout the three studied seasons. Further, Canonical Correspondence Analysis identified that pH, TDS, TA, NO3, Na, and NH4 are the key physicochemical parameters which affect the spatiotemporal distribution of cyanobacteria in the studied river system. Overall, this study will offer significant information for hydrologists, ecologists, and taxonomists to develop future holistic strategies for further monitoring of the Sutlej River and other similar habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of water pollution in river basins poses a serious threat to the economic development of upstream and downstream regions. We have compared the water pollution control inputs and benefits of upstream and downstream governments under different management scenarios: non-cooperation, cooperation, and basin agency-led cooperation. The results show that the basin agency-led cooperation has achieved remarkable results, significantly reducing water pollution emissions, increasing input in treatment, and thereby maximizing the overall benefits of the basin. As the cost of water pollution damage rises, while the initial increase in water pollution control investment may temporarily compress the total basin income, the improvement in water quality eventually leads to a rebound in total benefit, highlighting the critical role of collaborative governance and basin-level management. The study emphasizes that establishing a collaborative governance system for river basins is crucial. It can facilitate close cooperation and resource sharing between upstream and downstream regions, optimizing water pollution control efforts and promoting sustainable economic development within the basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution and composition of microplastics (MPs) in sediments provide a useful reflection of overall MP pollution for urban river systems. Sediment samples were collected from the Jinjiang River, the main tributary of the Minjiang River, to articulate the sources, distribution, and risk status of MPs. The results showed that the MPs in Jinjiang sediments were composed of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), and Rayon, with per kilogram of dry sediment (n/kg) ranged from 21 to 924 particles, and PP and PE were accounted for more than. MPs varied in colour, shape and size (100–5000 µm), although those observed were predominantly green, fragmented and about 1,000–5,000 µm. The dominant sources of MPs in sediments could be domestic waste and laundry effluents. The risk assessment for MPs showed that upstream and downstream were at moderate risk, while midstream was at low risk. This study can provide a reference for the management and control of MP pollution in urban rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in the environment and may threaten the ecosystem. Currently, research on MP pollution in China has focused on urban and coastal areas. To better understand the extent of MP pollution in the surface water of rural areas, we investigated the abundance, particle size, color, shape, and polymer chemical characteristics of MPs in the Longjiang River in China during the wet season (August) and dry season (December). The results showed that MPs were detected at all 12 sampling sites in August and December, with higher mean abundances observed in August (112.60 ± 5.63 items/m3) than in December (49.34 ± 2.47 items/m3). The predominant particle sizes of the MPs ranged from 100–500 µm, transparent was the most common appearance, and debris was the most common shape. Chemical characterization revealed that polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were the major polymer types. Correlation analysis indicated that agricultural film usage was the primary source of MP pollution in the Longjiang River basin. Risk assessments were conducted based on the chemical characteristics and abundances of MPs, revealing a high risk level due to the presence of hazardous PVC. However, the overall potential ecological level of MP pollution in the Longjiang River basin was lower than that observed in urban areas due to the lower abundances and pollution loads. This study provides valuable baseline data to assess the environmental risks associated with MPs and serves as a basis to formulate effective environmental policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toxicity and reactivity of chromium (Cr) depend on its chemical form or oxidation state which directs the significance of chromium speciation. Cr(VI) is a 'Class A' carcinogen whereas Cr(III)) is considered as essential for metabolism. In this work, concentrations of Cr species in different sampling sites of a tannery effluent have been spectroscopically determined. Cr(VI) was determined by UV-visible spectrophotometer through azo dye formation. Total Cr was determined by FAAS while Cr(III) was through subtraction. The Cr(IV) concentration before and after treatment was found in close proximity since the wastewater treatment process was evidently not effective at reducing the level of Cr(IV) in the waste stream (i.e., 3.34 mg/ L versus 3.15 mg/L). The Cr(VI) concentration after treatment (3.15 mg/L) is more than 31 times higher than the permissible limit of WHO (0.1 mg/L). Furthermore, the concentration of Cr(VI) in the downstream of the receiving river (0.59 mg/L) is more than 12 times higher than the upstream (0.046 mg/L) while Cr(III) in the downstream (25.73 mg/L) is more than 50 times higher than the upstream concentration (0.51 mg/L), confirming that the pollution of the river is from the tannery effluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nile River is one of the longest rivers in the world, serving as the lifeline of many countries. The river is subjected to significant anthropogenic pressures, and thus, understanding the magnitude of contamination and its possible consequences is needed. This research aimed to evaluate the presence of heavy metals in the surface water of an understudied region within the Nile River. The distribution and level of 18 elements along the Damietta branch were assessed, and their potential sources were estimated. Additionally, pollution indices and health risks were calculated. The results showed that most metals were within the acceptable levels of USEPA and WHO. However, Na, Mg, and Ca were higher than the permissible level of WHO, and K was higher than the permissible levels for irrigation. Furthermore, heavy metal pollution indicators, degree of contamination indices, heavy metal evaluation indices, Nemerow pollution indices, and water quality indices all pointed to very high standards for water quality. Also, the noncarcinogenic health risk index indicated a safe limit for dermal and oral exposure for adults and children. Overall, this study recommends management focus on anthropogenic activities in the Damietta branch of the Nile River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to explore whether and how urban road transport (URT) development affects haze pollution. One of the innovations of this paper is that URT development is measured by road accessibility with novel digital elevation model datasets, which have been used by few scholars. The endogenous problem caused by revere causality issue in the relationship between URT development and haze pollution is also considered. Based on the panel data of prefecture-level cities of Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region in China from 2011 to 2018, this paper uses long-lagged values of URT development as the instrumental variable, employing the two-stage least squares (2SLS) method. The study shows that URT development leads to an increase of haze pollution. Moreover, mechanism tests based on moderating and mediating models support the finding that decreasing haze pollution resulted from better connection effects, while rising agglomeration effects tend to bring about increasing haze pollution, and the latter effect is larger in magnitude than the former. Current URT development may have long-term negative consequences for livability of YRD cities, and urban decision makers should reconsider the effectiveness of the current road transport investment and construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective Management And use of water resources are important in many respects, including sustaining life, agriculture, economic activities, ecosystem health, public health, climate regulation, energy production, cultural and recreational value, conflict, and cooperation. However, increasing population and rapid industrialization have put water resources under serious threat. Worldwide, while water resources are increasingly under threat, pollution and overexploitation areas have large effects on rivers, lakes, and groundwater. This situation is causing problems both in providing drinking water for people and in vital activities such as irrigation of agricultural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nineveh Governorate is the largest city in northern Iraq, which is completely and mainly dependent on the Tigris River, as it is its lifeline. The current study included an assessment of the state of pollution resulting from chemical pollutants released into the Tigris River in the city of Mosul. Samples were collected from five sites, the first was the Rashidiya area and the last was the Al- Busif area during September, November, January and March. Samples taken from the aforementioned sites were used to measure acidity, temperature, oils and grease in addition to sulfates, nitrates, total hardness, calcium and magnesium hardness, turbidity, dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity. The acidity values ranged between 6.2 and 6.99l the temperatures fluctuated between 13.1 & 21.5°C; the conductivity was -223-621µs/ cm, and the dissolved solids were 227-673PPm, while the turbidity ranged between 10.6 and 954NTU. The values of BOD and COD ranged between (1-31) and (10-93) mg/L, respectively, while the values of oils and fats ranged between (0.2-9) mg/L, and sulfates ranged between (0.076-111.5) mg/L. For nitrates, values were recorded with ranges between 0.104 & 36.9mg/ L. The total hardness and the hardness of calcium and magnesium were between (304-940), (120-520), and (22.4-166) mg/L, respectively. The research aimed to evaluate the water properties of the Tigris River in the city of Mosul during seasonal changes and compare it with the parameters set by official Iraqi and international environmental authorities. Through the present study, it can be concluded that most of the tests indicated that the water of the Tigris River are within the Iraqi and international limits allowed for drinking water and daily uses, except for the vital requirement of oxygen and hardness of all kinds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of arsenic contamination in the Tigris River, Iraq, with a focus on seasonal variations and their relationship with water quality parameters. Conducted from November 2022 to July 2023, this research involved quarterly sampling at ten stations along the river and its tributaries. Arsenic levels were measured using a Shimadzu AA-6300 atomic absorption device, and water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and pH were assessed. This study revealed significant seasonal fluctuations in arsenic concentrations, with the highest levels detected during the winter season. Eight out of ten stations exceeded the World Health Organization's guideline limit of 10 μg L-1 for arsenic in drinking water during winter, with concentrations at the more contaminated stations reaching up to 16 times this limit. The research found no significant correlation between arsenic concentration and the water quality parameters measured, suggesting that these parameters are not reliable predictors of arsenic contamination. The highest arsenic concentrations were consistently observed at the first three stations, indicating a localized source of contamination likely due to the dissolution of arsenic from arsenic-rich soil layers. This study also noted the potential for bioremediation, as evidenced by the reduced arsenic levels at station 4 during the winter, which correlated with the presence of arsenic-absorbing Chara algae. The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted remediation efforts to mitigate arsenic pollution and protect public health in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study contains a mathematical model for river pollution and its remediation for an unsteady state and investigates the effect of aeration on the degradation of pollutants. The governing equation is a pair of nonlinear time-fractional two-dimensional advection-diffusion equations for pollutant and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. The coupling of these equations arises due to the chemical interactions between oxygen and pollutants, forming harmless chemicals. The Fractional Reduced Differential Transform Method (FRDTM) is applied to provide approximate solutions for the given model. Also, the convergence of solutions is checked for efficacy and accuracy. The effect of longitudinal and transverse diffusion coefficients of pollutant and DO on the concentration of pollutant and DO is analyzed numerically and graphically. Also, we checked the effect of change in the river's longitudinal and transverse seepage velocity on pollutant and DO concentration numerically and graphically. We analyzed the comparison of change in the value of half-saturated oxygen demand concentration for pollutant decay on pollutant and DO concentration numerically and graphically. Also, numerical and graphical analysis examined the effect of fractional parameters on pollution levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal pollution, especially in freshwater, is a serious problem for aquatic organisms and human health. In this study, the scales of Capoeta capoeta living in the Karasu River (Turkey), which is estimated to be contaminated with pollutants, especially heavy metals, were examined for structural anomalies. Two stations on the river were selected for this purpose. Fish and surface water samples were taken at the stations. The heavy metal analyses were carried out in the water and the fish tissue. Heavy metal pollution was detected in the surface water. It was also observed that some heavy metals (As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Mn, Pb, Ni, Zn) accumulate in the fish tissue. Significant structural differences were observed on the dorsal surface of the scales, such as interrupted primary radii, damaged circuli, damaged focus, damaged anterior scale margin, broken focus, deformed scale structure, scattered chromatophores, dilatation of primary radii, loss of focus, damaged annuli, symmetry shift in the lateral line canal, eroded circuli, damaged posterior scale margin, double focus, branching in the primary radii, asymmetric circuli, incomplete annuli and interrupted secondary radii in each of the fish collected from the contaminated site. Heavy metals are suspected to be responsible for the structural anomalies in the scales. Based on these observations, it can be said that fish scales can be used as an effective indicator of water quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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