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Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has been embroiled in decades-long conflict that has resulted in the forced displacement of millions of people and extremely high rates of gender-based violence (GBV). While much attention has understandably focused on conflict-related sexual violence, intimate partner violence (IPV) is in fact one of the most pervasive forms of GBV, including in conflict settings. This paper presents results of a large, randomised survey looking at both sexual and intimate partner violence. Formerly displaced women had 11 per cent greater odds of reporting past-year IPV (p < 0.05), and currently displaced women reported 20 per cent greater odds of IPV in the past-year (p < 0.001). Women who reported ever being displaced also reported 8.5 per cent greater odds (p < 0.001) of past-year sexual violence. Both displacement and war-related experiences are highly and significantly associated with lifetime and past-year IPV and sexual violence. By acknowledging and creating programs that explicitly address the high risk of violence faced by displaced women, we may more effectively break the cycles of violence in fragile settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Displacement and conflict substantially heighten the risk of gender-based violence including intimate partner violence (IPV), experienced by women and girls. This study aims to examine the links between conflict, forced displacement and IPV using nationally representative survey data measuring IPV combined with data on conflict-related violence from two different conflict-affected settings: Colombia and Liberia. We find that forced displacement is strongly associated with increased lifetime and past year IPV. Displaced women and girls in Colombia and Liberia have a 36 and 55 per cent, respectively greater risk of experiencing past year IPV and 39 and 49 per cent greater risk of experiencing lifetime IPV in each country respectively, compared to their non-displaced counterparts. Both conflict and displacement are independently and significantly associated with past year IPV. Taking conflict intensity into account increases the associated IPV risk to 40 and 60 per cent in Colombia and Liberia respectively. Recognising the increased prevalence of IPV for displaced women is vital to providing effective assistance. Humanitarian, state and peace-building efforts, should encompass the provision of a range of assistance services to help displaced and conflict-affected women heal from the impacts of the violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate how safe urologists feel in their work environment and the sociodemographic characteristics and working conditions that affect their sense of security. The study was conducted with urologists working in different hospitals. Data were collected through a 2-part online survey that took a few minutes to complete. The first section included items about the participant's sociodemographic characteristics and working conditions. The second part consisted of the Safety and Confidence Scale for Health Professionals (SCSHP) to assess how safe the physicians feel when faced with violence and how confident they are in handling violence. The study included 221 participants. Male urologists had a higher median SCSHP score than female urologists (P <.001). Single urologists felt safer when faced with violence than those who were married (P =.037). Participants who worked in hospitals with 24-hour security or law enforcement presence also felt safer than those who did not. Urologists who worked at universities and those who were faculty members also had higher SCSHP scores than urologists working in secondary and tertiary care (P <.001 for both). When SCSHP scores were compared according to professional experience, we observed that urologists in the first year of practice felt safer, while there was no statistically significant difference between the other groups. Among urologists, those who feel least safe from workplace violence are female urologists, those who work in secondary and tertiary hospitals, and those who do not have 24-hour security or law enforcement in their center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Plymouth shooting in August 2021 attracted worldwide attention after media outlets reported on it as 'incel violence'. By examining misogynist incels' discussions of the shooting, the perpetrator's YouTube videos, and media reportage by five UK newspapers, this article takes a critical look at newspapers' representations of the shooting. While the perpetrator did not unambiguously self-describe to the incel identity, and misogynist incels were divided on the perpetrator's incel status, the newspapers saw the attack as the spread of 'incel culture'. This indicates that the media plays a role in the public imagination of misogynist incels. The article argues that the concept of incel violence risks overshadowing other forms of misogynistic violence in society through how the misogynist incel is imagined in public discourse which, consequently, impacts our understanding of misogyny. This article contributes to our understanding of how public discourse forms representations of gender-based violence in Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence remains a persistent challenge in South African schools, prompting investigations into underlying risk factors and mitigation strategies. However, an under-explored aspect of this violence is the potential link between the consumption of Internet porn via cellphones among girls and boys, and girls' risks to sexual violence inside the classroom. To address this gap, we used focus group discussions with 14–17-year-old South African girls to examine their experiences of porn access via cellphones and their accounts of sexual violence at school. The study illuminates the nuanced ways in which the girls experience risks and express agency. First, the girls illustrate a link between sexual harassment and boys accessing porn on their cellphones during class. Second, the findings show how girls negotiate their sexual agency and safety through contesting sexual violence. Third, there are conflicting views about porn: while some girls admitted liking and viewing porn, others objected to it as harmful and degrading. Finally, this study offers crucial insights into strategies to create safer school environments and gender equality by drawing attention to the intersections between cellphone porn consumption, sexuality, and girls' negotiations of sexual agency amidst sexual risk in the classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preventing in-prison violence and maintaining a safe environment is an important goal within prison settings. Screening for violence risk may provide a valuable addition to reach this goal. Within the Dutch prison system, the Risk Screener Violence (RS-V) has become an important new element in overall risk management. Prior research shows that RS-V scores are a sound predictor of institutional violence and aggression of incarcerated persons. Whereas previous studies predominantly analyzed retrospective file-based data, the present study includes RS-Vs rated by prison employees in real-life prison practice shortly after implementation. The RS-Vs of 956 detained individuals from 25 Dutch prisons were analyzed. Disciplinary reports were consulted to measure violent and aggressive incidents during 4 months after the screening. In addition, detention duration (length of stay in prison before the screening) was included as an additional variable. Results of the present prison practice study show good predictive values of the RS-V ratings for violent and aggressive incidents during prison stay. The predictive validity was similar for prisoner-to-prisoner assault as well as prisoner-to-staff assault. In addition, the predictive validity of the RS-V scores did not differ between individuals with a longer detention duration versus individuals with a shorter detention duration. This multisite prison practice study is an important step in the further validation of the RS-V and shows that the RS-V is a valuable tool in determining who is more likely to show institutional violence. Nonetheless, it remains important to continually monitor the implementation and correct application of the RS-V in prison practice. Public Significance Statement: This study investigated the predictive validity of a new risk screening instrument within the prison setting, called the Risk Screener Violence (RS-V). RS-Vs rated by prison employees in real-life prison practice were able to identify which detained individuals are more likely to prospectively show violence and aggression during their prison stay. It remains important to continually monitor the implementation and correct application of the RS-V in prison practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foregrounding the voices of young women in a deprived coastal context in the UK, this paper explores the intersection of place, class, gender and marginalisation. Drawing upon participatory qualitative research, the paper focuses on the following key themes: (1) how young women navigate perceptions of 'risk' through the everyday realities of the locale, (2) experiences of sexual violence and abuse (3) and finally, how normative depictions of 'risky behaviour' correspond to the accounts of women's (sexual) agency. By rooting the analysis of place-based inequalities through a gendered lens, the findings help illuminate the complex relationship between structural context and the regulation of gender and sexuality. The paper also draws attention to the structural factors that reproduce class-based stigma for people who are deemed 'at risk' in places that are characterised as 'left behind'. In doing so, the paper provides alternative agendas for policy and practice that aim to support young women who experience place-based marginalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to investigate the association between adolescents' adherence to attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication and their risk of committing minor offenses. Methods: Using two Dutch databases, Statistics Netherlands (CBS) and the Foundation for Pharmaceutical Statistics (SFK), we aimed to investigate the association between adherence to ADHD medication and registered minor offenses between 2005 and 2019 of 18,234 adolescents (12–18 years). We used Cox regression analyses to compare the rate of committing minor offenses of adolescents during periods of high ADHD medication adherence compared to periods of low adherence (i.e., periods with or without sufficient amounts of dispensed medication). We additionally tested associations with adherence to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as control medication and analyzed potential reverse causation. Results: High ADHD medication adherence was associated with a reduced risk of committing a minor offense of between 33% and 38% compared to low adherence periods of ≥3 months (hazard ratio [HR] 0.67, confidence interval [CI] 0.64–0.71) or ≥6 months (HR 0.62, CI 0.59–0.65). The reduction in risk can likely be attributed to ADHD medication, given the absence of effects of SSRIs and no reverse causation. The reduction rate remained between 16% and 55% per sex, stimulant versus non‐stimulant medication, different offense categories and further sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: Among adolescents using ADHD medication, rates of criminality were lower during periods of high medication adherence, suggesting that adherence to ADHD medication may contribute to prevention of minor offenses in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to analyse the links between domestic violence and children abandoning their family home, using new empirical evidence from the Latin American inmate population. Interest in this group is obvious, as it is precisely because they ran away from home that many may have ended up in a criminal environment and finally, in prison. Among prison inmates, family violence is a strong predictor of abandoning the childhood home. Such inmates have a significantly higher risk of reporting having run away from home at least once before the age of 15, irrespective of their family, peer/school, and neighbourhood context. Domestic violence is a risk factor, triggering a series of events that result in children running away from their homes (victims of domestic violence or witnesses to it). This study suggests a relationship between different configurations of domestic violence and runaways, and provides an additional benefit by relating these two elements to the inmate population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rates of youth firearm exposure and carriage are well-established, but less work has examined how exposure to police violence and firearm violence, as victim or witness, may be associated with beliefs in gun ownership for society or access to guns. This study used survey data from a multiracial sample of 276 youth living in New Orleans, Louisiana (M age = 17.76) to examine these associations. Results from binary logistic regressions confirmed a significant association between higher belief in gun ownership for safety and all violence exposures, directly and indirectly. We did not find support for an association between gun access and any violence exposures. The findings shed light on pathways to firearm violence risk and provide critical information on youth firearm attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has significant social and economic consequences in addition to health implications. Alcohol and drug use are linked to violence, particularly intimate partner violence and domestic violence. Identifying the characteristics of individuals with AUD and a history of domestic violence is important. Our study aimed to investigate differences between AUD patients with and without domestic violence. This retrospective study examined the medical records of individuals diagnosed with AUD participating in a central Taiwan alcohol treatment program from 2019 to 2020. Utilizing the Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, and Eye-opener questionnaire (CAGE), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Brief Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck's Anxiety Inventory (BAI), World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL), and a question on suicidal ideation, we collected data on diverse variables, including a history of domestic violence. A total of 136 individuals were included in the analysis. Twenty participants had a history of domestic violence, while 116 did not. Those with a history of domestic violence had significantly higher MAST scores, lower quality of life, and higher caregiver burden compared to those without a history of domestic violence. They also had a higher proportion of adverse consequences related to alcohol use and higher suicidal ideation scores. It is important to assess the risk of domestic violence in individuals with AUD, particularly those with higher MAST scores. Questions 4 and 10 of the MAST, which relate to adverse consequences of alcohol use, such as losing friends or being arrested for drunk driving, could serve as warning questions for domestic violence. Further research is needed to assess the efficacy of interventions in reducing domestic violence risk in individuals with AUD. • AUD patients with domestic violence history had higher MAST scores, lower quality of life, and increased caregiver burden. • AUD patients with domestic violence history showed more adverse alcohol use consequences and higher suicidal ideation. • AUD patients with domestic violence history experienced greater mental health challenges, including more severe suicidal thoughts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth in juvenile justice facilities are at high risk of self-directed violence (SDV; suicide attempts and self-harm). Research shows that positive youth perceptions of adults are preventive against SDV among community youth, yet it is unknown whether this extends to detained youth. Using a large national dataset, the present study examines whether, at the facility level, youth perceptions of staff are associated with rates of youth SDV over time. Results from a multilevel mixed-effects negative binomial model suggest that after accounting for various juvenile facility characteristics and practices, youth perceptions of staff are marginally associated with decreased rates of SDV over time. The results from the present study hold implications for research, policy, and practice. Importantly, the results imply a need for facility-wide and evidence-based staff training on SDV among detained youth that emphasizes building positive interpersonal relationships between staff and youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Five distinct forms of violence - Physical, Verbal, Sexual, Cyber, and Relational - persistently afflict sexual minorities worldwide. The presence of feminine attributes in Men who have Sex with Men is inherently linked to a heightened susceptibility to various manifestations of violence, thereby exerting detrimental repercussions on both the physical and mental well-being of these individuals. This correlation stands as a principal contributor to the alarmingly elevated rates of suicide attempts among Men who have Sex with Men, particularly during their early years. Data and Methods: This cross-sectional study investigates the risk factors for violence against Men who have Sex with Men in six metropolitan cities across India. Quantitative data were gathered from 300 self-identified Men who have Sex with Men, with 240 providing only quantitative data, while both quantitative and qualitative data were collected from a subset of 60 respondents, ranging in age from 18 to 70 years. Quantitative analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression to explore the likelihood of different types of violence. Qualitative data collected through in-depth interviews, were analyzed thematically to provide contextual depth and validate the quantitative findings, focusing on specific incidents and key themes associated with violence among Men who have Sex with Men. Results: More than 60 per cent of the respondents encountered at least one type of violence due to their sexuality. More than half of the respondents who engaged in the receptive role during sexual activity reported experiencing sexual violence. The likelihood of encountering verbal violence was found to be nearly six times higher among respondents who were receptive than penetrative sexual partners. Respondents of Muslim religion exhibited a 2.6-fold increase in the likelihood of experiencing sexual violence compared to their Hindu counterparts. Conclusion: Violence against Men who have Sex with Men is a pervasive issue in the six metropolitan cities studied in India, particularly affecting individuals with lower education and low income. These findings resonate with global research, which identifies similar risk factors for violence against sexual minorities, especially in regions with deep-rooted homophobia and socio-economic inequalities. Insights from this study underscore the urgent need for targeted policies and interventions to create a safer, more inclusive environment for this population in India and other parts of the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ageing has a protective impact on recidivism risk, including for those who offend sexually (Ambroziak, G., Kahn, R. E., Mundt, J. C., Keiser, K. L., & Thornton, D. (2020). Are civilly detained and committed sexually violent persons released after age 60 low risk? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 48(7), 981–998; Doren, D. M. (2006). What do we know about the effect of aging on recidivism risk for sexual offenders? Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 18; Harris, G. T., & Rice, M. E. (2007). Adjusting actuarial violence risk assessments based on aging or the passage of time. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(3), 297–313). Recent research of the Risk for Sexual Violence Protocol (RSVP) suggests increased age may affect the validity of this guideline, with good predictive performance in samples of men mostly aged under 50 (Davis, M. R., Woods, M., Raymond, B., Ogloff, J. R. P., & McEwan, T. E. (in submission). Does it work? Convergent and predictive validity of the Risk for Sexual Violence Protocol (RSVP) in an Australian Community Forensic Mental Health Setting. Manuscript submitted for publication; Vargen, L. M., Jackson, K. J., & Hart, S. D. (2020). Interrater reliability, concurrent validity, and predictive validity of the Risk for Sexual Violence Protocol. Law and Human Behavior, 44(1), 37–50), but poor predictive performance in a sample aged over 50 (Raymond, B. C., Davis, M. R., Ogloff, J. R. P., & McEwan, T. E. (in submission). Convergent and predictive validity of the sexual violence risk-20 and risk for sexual violence protocol with older sexual offenders. Manuscript submitted for publication). This study investigated possible reasons for these contrasting results by investigating age-related differences in risk factor endorsement and the relationships between risk factors. RSVP risk factors in two samples of men with prior sexual offending, older adults aged between 50 and 78 (n = 95) and adults aged between 18 and 46 (n = 139). Few differences were identified in risk factor endorsement or the relationship between risk factors. The younger adult sample were observed to have more risk factors present.PRACTICE IMPACT STATEMENTThis research adds to the literature regarding older men who offend sexually. It is anticipated that further research into factors that are associated with this age group, may encourage future research of gerontological literature in a forensic arena. Until more reliable evidence is available, the current risk assessment tools may require a level of caution when used with older men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Discussion China's maternity policy has led to an increase in work pressure, which has prompted horizontal violence among obstetric nurses. To understand this phenomenon better, we attempted to identify the factors that influence horizontal violence as well as the level of psychological empowerment among obstetric nurses.This cross‐sectional survey was conducted among 522 obstetric nurses from December 2022 to February 2023.The findings revealed that 40.42% (211) of the obstetric nurses had experienced horizontal violence in the past 3 months. The overall level of psychological empowerment of obstetric nurses was relatively low. Regression analysis indicated that being a formal worker, being from the area where one serves, the meaning attributed to work, and perceptions of autonomy, self‐efficacy, and work impact acted as protective factors against the risk of horizontal violence among obstetric nurses. When compared with the 20–29‐year‐old age group, those in the 30–39‐year‐old age group showed a lower risk of experiencing horizontal violence (odds ratio [OR] = 0.369, p < 0.01). Compared with nurses who had worked in obstetrics for < 3 years, those who had worked for 3–5, 6–10, 11–20, and > 20 years showed lower risks of experiencing horizontal violence than the reference level (OR = 0.234, p < 0.05; OR = 0.182, p < 0.05; OR = 0.105, p < 0.05; and OR = 0.056, p < 0.05, respectively).The incidence of horizontal violence among obstetric nurses is high, and the overall level of psychological empowerment is low. Nursing managers can alleviate the occurrence of horizontal violence by augmenting the psychological empowerment level of obstetric nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Background Method Results Conclusion Implications The aim of the current preregistered cross‐sectional study was to examine whether in parents with high anxious (characterized with a negative model of self), dismissing (characterized with a negative model of others), and fearful attachment styles (characterized with a negative model of self and of others), the link between parental burnout and violence toward the offspring is stronger.Past research has shown that parental burnout exacerbates violence toward the offspring, but the correlation is not perfect (r = .49), which suggests that not all parents in burnout out are violent, and that moderators might therefore be at play.Participants (N = 794) answered an online questionnaires one time, through Prolific. Parental burnout, violence, and attachment styles were measured through the Parental Burnout Assessment, the Parental Violence Scale, and the Relationship Questionnaire. Multiple regression analyses were performed to test the moderating role of anxious, dismissing, and fearful attachment styles.Parental burnout and all attachment styles are significantly related to violence. However, only fearful attachment style significantly potentiated the relation between parental burnout and violence.In parents with high fearful attachment style, the link between parental burnout and violence toward the offspring is stronger. Results are discussed in light of the role of internal models of self and others.Anxious, dismissing, and fearful attachment styles should systematically be investigated when dealing with burnt out parents, as some may be associated with a higher risk of violence toward the offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Official estimates of violence prevalence in England exclude older people. There are few studies of elder abuse and these excluded violence from acquaintances and strangers and lack comparability with younger adults. To estimate prevalence of past-year violence victimisation in older people, identify factors associated with violence in older age, quantify the extent to which experience of violence in older people was associated with common mental disorder (CMD). Analysis of a 2014 general population probability sample survey of 2570 adults aged 60+ and 4484 16–59 year olds. Modified version of the Conflict Tactics Scale measured domestic violence and List of Threatening Experiences captured bullying and serious assault. CMD were assessed using the revised Clinical Interview Schedule. Associations were examined using regression models adjusted for childhood victimisation and other adversities. 2.0 % (n = 52,CI:1.4–2.6) of older people experienced violence in the past year, with intimate partner violence the most prevalent form. Older people of non-white ethnicity, those who were socially isolated or lonely, and the formerly married were more likely to experience violence. Violence was associated with CMD in older people (adjusted odds ratio 2.2, CI:1.0–4.8), controlling for impairments, adversities and other factors. Violence, especially from an intimate partner, is evident in later life and strongly associated with poor mental health. Better instruments for the identification of violence and abuse in older people in research and safe enquiry in practice settings are needed, with recognition of and attention to ethnic and other inequalities among older people in exposure. • The study measured prevalence of and risk factors for violence in older people. • We used large and nationally representative general population sample • The associations between violence and mental health in later life were examined • Violence is evident in later life and strongly associated with poor mental health [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aim Methods Results Conclusion Domestic violence against women is a pervasive issue globally, representing a severe violation of human rights and a significant public health concern. The hidden nature of such violence and its frequent underreporting make it a critical area for research. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence offer new avenues for identifying and predicting instances of domestic violence through machine learning (ML) algorithms.This study aimed to determine the frequency and risk factors of domestic violence against women using ML methods.With a cross‐sectional design, this research was conducted with 630 married women between December 2023 and February 2024. Data were obtained using the ‘Demographic Information Form’ and the ‘HITS Domestic Violence Scale’. Data analysis used six ML algorithms (decision tree, random forest, support vector machine [SVM], logistic regression [LR], Naive Bayes and k‐nearest neighbour).In our study, the rate of women experiencing violence was determined to be 11%, while the duration of marriage, number of children and level of education were identified as significant risk factors. Threat, insult and injury were common risk factors in all algorithms. SVM and LR algorithms were effective models in predicting violence with a 100% accuracy rate. All ML algorithms' sensitivity ranged from 91.12% to 100%, while specificity ranged from 85% to 100%.The findings of our study demonstrate that ML algorithms have high accuracy rates in determining the frequency and risk factors of domestic violence against women, indicating that they can be used safely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aim Design Methods Results Conclusion Implications for Patient Care Impact Reporting Method Patient or Public Contribution To refine and validate an electronic version of the Aggressive Behaviour Risk Assessment Tool (ABRAT) and determine the sensitivity and specificity for identifying potentially violent patients in non‐psychiatric inpatient units.A prospective cohort study design was used.All patients admitted or transferred to three inpatient units of an acute care hospital in Nebraska, USA, from 7 February to 9 April 2023, were included. The 10‐item ABRAT assessments were performed daily for the first 3 days of admission. The violent events were collected until discharge in three categories: Physical aggression towards others, physical aggression towards property and verbal intimidation/threat towards others. Kendall's tau tests and a multivariate logistic regression procedure were performed to select a parsimonious set of items that best predict violent events.Of 1179 patients, 69 had ≥1 violent event (5.9%). The revised six‐item tool with item weighting was named ABRAT for Hospitalised Patients (ABRAT‐H). The area under the curve from the Receiver Operating Characteristics analysis was 0.82. The sensitivity and specificity at a cutoff score of two were 68.1% and 85.2%, respectively. As ABRAT‐H scores increased, the percentage of violent patients also increased and for patients with scores ≥5, 55.2% became violent.ABRAT‐H appears to be useful for identifying potentially violent patients in non‐psychiatric inpatient units with satisfactory sensitivity and specificity.The availability of ABRAT‐H may help provide focused preventive measures that target patients at high risk for violence and reduce violent events.A majority of the nursing workforce is employed in acute care hospital setting, and the availability of ABRAT‐H can further enhance the culture of a safe work environment and have positive impacts not only on the nurses' physical and mental health but also on the quality of patient care.We have adhered to relevant STROBE guidelines for reporting observational studies.No Patient or Public Contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic services have shifted their focus to the importance of forensic practice becoming more trauma informed. Trauma exposure is pervasive in forensic mental health populations and has been found to negatively impact the course of severe mental illness (SMI) and increase risk of violence. This study aimed to explore the trauma histories of adult male inpatients in a medium-secure psychiatric hospital, and examine childhood and adulthood trauma as predictors of diagnoses, self-harm, suicidality, hospital re-admissions, substance use, and nature of offense. The case files of 85 male patients in a medium secure unit in the UK were reviewed. Eighty-seven percent of patients had a schizophrenia diagnosis and 86% had extensive trauma histories, the most common trauma type being physical violence in childhood (44.7%). One patient had a PTSD diagnosis. Logistic regressions demonstrated that cumulative childhood and adulthood trauma significantly increased the odds of self-harm. Cumulative childhood trauma exposure was found to decrease the likelihood of having a schizophrenia diagnosis. There is a serious under-recognition of the extent and consequences of trauma exposure; trauma histories are likely greater than the findings of this study and existing literature suggests. Implications for clinical practice, trauma-informed care (TiC), and future research are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The persistence of extreme suicide disparities in American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth signals a severe health inequity with distinct associations to a colonial experience of historical and on-going cultural, social, economic, and political oppression. To address this complex issue, we describe three AI/AN suicide prevention efforts that illustrate how strengths-based community interventions across the prevention spectrum can buffer suicide risk factors associated with structural racism. Developed and implemented in collaboration with tribal partners using participatory methods, the strategies include universal, selective, and indicated prevention elements. Their aim is to enhance systems within communities, institutions, and families by emphasizing supportive relationships, cultural values and practices, and community priorities and preferences. These efforts deploy collaborative, local approaches, that center on the importance of tribal sovereignty and self-determination, disrupting the unequal power distribution inherent in mainstream approaches to suicide prevention. The examples emphasize the centrality of Indigenous intellectual traditions in the co-creation of healthy developmental pathways for AI/AN young people. A central component across all three programs is a deep commitment to an interdependent or collective orientation, in contrast to an individual-based mental health suicide prevention model. This commitment offers novel directions for the entire field of suicide prevention and responds to calls for multilevel, community-driven public health strategies to address the complexity of suicide. Although our focus is on the social determinants of health in AI/AN communities, strategies to address the structural violence of racism as a risk factor in suicide have broad implications for all suicide prevention programming. HIGHLIGHTS SECTION: Structural violence of racism and colonization are social determinants of suicide. Collaborative and power-sharing implementation strategies can disrupt oppression. Strengths-based collectivist strategies can buffer structural suicide risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to fill the existing research gaps by investigating the role of teacher care in protecting African American adolescents in under-resourced neighborhoods from negative outcomes of adverse life events. The study included 638 adolescents from four under-resourced neighborhoods in Chicago's Southside who were assessed to determine the moderating role of caring teachers on the relationship between adverse adolescent experiences and risky sexual behaviors, substance use, bullying perpetration, and violent behaviors. Caring teachers had a significant moderating effect on the association between adverse experiences and both bullying perpetration and violent behaviors. Adolescents who perceived their teachers as caring showed lower tendencies towards bullying and violence, even if they had adverse experiences. These results highlight the crucial role of teacher care in supporting African American adolescents from under-resourced neighborhoods who have experienced adverse life events. It emphasizes educators' role in shaping our youth's future, especially those facing adversity and at a crossroads in their lives. Plain language summary: Despite adverse life events, adolescents who perceived their teachers as caring were less at risk of engaging in bullying and violence. Caring teachers are especially important for African American adolescents in under-resourced neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the historical and current contexts of threat assessment and violence risk in higher education, highlighting the evolving roles of college counseling centers in the threat assessment process for students displaying signs of concerning behaviors. Given research showing many college mental health professionals feel under-prepared for this work, we build foundational knowledge about the differing purposes of psychological evaluations and threat assessments, and provide recommendations for ways to continue to build and demonstrate understanding, competency and proficiency with threat assessments... Our review shares recent updates in the field regarding high-risk groups and the use of AI in assessment, and highlights the need for more attention to be given to training community members as well as counseling center staff and other members of campus teams involved in decision-making about students who threaten violence. We recommend the deliberate practice model of skill building to better prepare college mental health professionals when needing to respond under stress and pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Judges have significant decision-making power that dictates the outcomes of defendants, but their perceptions regarding persons with psychiatric disorders (PPDs) are understudied. This qualitative study explored judges' perceptions of dangerousness of PPDs and the benefits and risks of violence surrounding the use of community-based interventions for PPDs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 31 state and city-level court judges, which were then thematically analyzed. Results show that judges perceived PPDs as a risk to public safety; specifically, they perceived psychiatric disorders as enhancing the risk for violent behaviors. Although judges generally expressed positive views of psychiatric services, they had concerns about the decline in institutional care, indicating a need to enhance social control mechanisms for PPDs. Results suggest the need for policies to address institutional stigma in court settings and judicial trainings about the primary factors associated with crime and violence related to this population. At the same time, it is essential to recognize the obligatory responsibility of mental health providers to treat and advocate for their clients and to understand the procedures of the criminal justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a substantial research literature on identifying risk and protective factors for violence perpetration. Substance use disorders have long been identified as constituting a significant predictor of violent behaviour. Psychopathy traits have also been similarly recognised, but inter‐relationships between psychopathy traits, features of substance use disorders and violence have been little explored. Aims: To determine the degree to which shared variance between substance dependence symptoms and violence, as indicated by criminal charges for violent offences, among jailed men can be explained by psychopathy traits. Methods: Features of dependence on substances in three drug classes (alcohol, cannabis and cocaine) were assessed in a sample of 682 men in a county jail awaiting trial on criminal charges, many for violent offences. Statistical comparisons of zero‐order and partial correlations tested whether accounting for psychopathy total and facet scores, assessed by the Psychopathy Checklist‐Revised (PCL‐R), affected associations between substance dependence symptoms and violent charges. Results: Total PCL‐R scores accounted for a significant proportion of the shared variance between the history of criminal charges for violence offences and lifetime substance dependence symptoms in all three drug classes. At the facet level, controlling for ratings on the interpersonal and modified antisocial facets reduced the association between criminal charges for violent offences and symptoms of cocaine dependence; controlling for ratings on a modified antisocial facet also attenuated links between alcohol and cannabis dependence symptoms and history of charges for violent offences. Conclusion: These findings build on the sparse literature to date on the role of psychopathy traits on relationships between features of substance use disorders and violence. Given that the observed connection between substance dependence symptoms and charges for violent offences is partly accounted for by individual differences in psychopathy traits, it follows that effective treatment for those traits may be useful, perhaps essential to reducing links between features of some substance use disorders and violent offending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have long debated how radio broadcasts affected the dynamics of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, with some arguing that the radio was highly consequential, and others suggesting such effects have been overstated. This article contributes to these debates—as well as to debates regarding the role of old and new media in collective action—by examining whether and how Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (Radio RTLM) coverage was associated with two core aspects of the violence: (1) subnational onset of genocidal violence and (2) participation in genocidal violence across subnational spaces. Drawing on new data on Radio RTLM coverage, we find that areas with coverage were more likely to experience immediate onset of violence. However, our analysis of participation in the genocide—which uses more accurate measures of participation and of radio coverage than prior studies—finds no significant association between Radio RTLM coverage and subnational levels of participation. After illustrating that these results are robust to numerous model specifications, we theorize that information broadcast over the radio's airways contributed to the creation of a critical mass that initiated genocide in localized spaces. We conclude by considering the importance of understanding the role of media in the subnational onset of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sexual violence against women is a pervasive public health challenge and human rights violation, with global prevalence rates of approximately one in three women affected, notably prevalent in African countries. Understanding its multifaceted determinants is crucial for developing targeted intervention strategies. Thus, this study aimed to investigate factors associated with sexual violence against reproductive-age ever-married women in Ghana. Methods: A weighted sample of 3,816 reproductive-age ever-married women from the 2022 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) was included. To accommodate the hierarchical nature of the DHS data and the binary outcome variable 'sexual violence', a multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression model was employed. The deviance value was utilized for selecting the best-fitted model. In the multivariable multilevel binary logistic regression analysis, adjusted odds ratios (AORs) along with their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were utilized to gauge the association strength, with statistical significance set at a p-value < 0.05. Result: The prevalence of sexual violence was found to be 8.80% (95% CI: 7.94–9.74). Factors positively associated with sexual violence included women's decision-making autonomy (AOR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.08–1.74), husband/partner's alcohol consumption (AOR = 3.88, 95% CI: 2.98–5.06), sex of household head (AOR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.02–1.68), and justification of beating (AOR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.01–1.81). Conversely, women's age showed a negative association with sexual violence (AOR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.48–0.98). Conclusion: In conclusion, prioritizing initiatives that empower women in decision-making roles, provide support for those struggling with alcohol consumption, and raise awareness about its impact on interpersonal relationships and the risk of sexual violence is essential. Furthermore, addressing harmful gender norms, particularly those justifying violence, and considering demographic characteristics are vital components of comprehensive strategies to prevent and mitigate sexual violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research suggests that prior victimizations during a person's lifetime, particularly childhood traumas and maltreatment, are risk factors for abuse and revictimization in adulthood, although longitudinal evidence is sparse. Using data from a 30-year ongoing longitudinal study of the long-term consequences of childhood maltreatment, this paper describes the extent to which childhood maltreatment predicts subsequent victimization and partner violence victimization at two time points in adulthood. Data were obtained from a prospective cohort design study in which children with court-substantiated cases of maltreatment (ages 0–11 years) and demographically matched controls were followed into adulthood and interviewed over several waves. Childhood maltreatment was assessed through juvenile and adult court records from 1967 to 1971 in a midwestern county area in the United States. Victimization experiences were assessed from 2000 to 2002 (M age = 39.5 years) and 2009 to 2010 (M age = 47.5) and included two types based on information from the lifetime trauma and victimization history instrument and questions about past year partner violence victimization. Individuals with histories of childhood maltreatment were more likely to report physical and sexual assaults and kidnapping and stalking victimization than controls through age 39.5. In contrast, the two groups did not differ at the later assessment at age 47.5, except maltreated individuals reported greater risk for sexual assault/abuse than controls. For intimate partner violence victimization at age 39.5, maltreated and control groups differed only in terms of victimization involving injury. Later in adulthood, more individuals with histories of childhood maltreatment reported partner physical violence victimization compared to controls. Although these longitudinal findings showed a general decline in victimization experiences over the two time points, these results demonstrate that childhood maltreatment increases risk for subsequent revictimization in middle adulthood, specifically for sexual assault/abuse and intimate partner physical violence victimization. These findings have implications for prevention and intervention efforts targeting maltreated children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growing population of women in Australian prisons, limited research has explored whether commonly used risk assessments – predominantly developed and tested on men – are valid for women. We investigated the discriminative and predictive validity of the Level of Service Inventory–Revised: Screening Version (LSI-R:SV), Level of Service/Risk, Need, Responsivity (LS/RNR), and the Historical, Clinical, Risk Management 20–Version 3 (HCR-20v3) for Victorian women imprisoned for serious violence (N = 79). The LS/RNR was related to any, violent, and non-violent recidivism, and both the LSI-R:SV and the H-Scale of the HCR-20v3 were related to violent recidivism, with the H-Scale demonstrating strong predictive validity for violence. Four LS/RNR needs domains demonstrated discriminative and predictive validity for any and/or violent recidivism (criminal history, family/marital, alcohol/drug problem, antisocial pattern). Findings are locally significant, showing that the LS/RNR and HCR-20v3 H-Scale are useful for the prediction and discrimination of recidivism for Australian women incarcerated for serious violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ideally, evidence-based patient outcomes would be collected on a 6-monthly basis, allowing accurate measurement of treatment progress. This would encourage research and subsequent development of forensic mental health services. Lack of standardised routine outcome collection within Scotland may be acting as a barrier to this. The Royal College of Psychiatrists recommends that evidence-based clinical and patient-reported data should be collected; however, no specific measures are recommended. COnsensus-based Standards for health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guidelines for systematic reviews of outcome measures were followed and their Risk of Bias tool used to evaluate the quality of studies. Instrument content validity, for the purposes of measuring forensic patient recovery, was analysed separately through review of articles relating to instrument development and user feedback. From four evaluative instruments selected by predefined criteria, only Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for violence risk (SAPROF) and Instrument for Forensic Treatment Evaluation (IFTE) possessed the core psychometric properties of a useful outcome measure. These two instruments can therefore be recommended for the purpose of monitoring forensic patient recovery, with SAPROF being the more feasible option. HCR-20 and HoNOS-secure were found to lack content validity for this purpose. Additional psychometric studies for SAPROF are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is the leading cause of death in pregnant women. Although it can be difficult to identify patients experiencing IPV, injuries to the head, neck, or face due to an assault are known to correlate with intentional injury. The objective of this study is to assess the contemporary burden of IPV in pregnancy and describe the patient characteristics. Methods: The National Inpatient Sample was queried for all pregnant women between January 2016 and December 2019. Patients were divided into two groups: suspected IPV (SIPV) and no-SIPV groups.We defined SIPV as any pregnant patient with an identified head, neck, or face injuries categorized as intentional assault. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between SIPV and variables of interest. Results: A total of 28,540 pregnant patients presented with traumatic injuries with 530 (.02%) identified as SIPV. Suspected IPV patients were younger (25 vs 27 years, P = .012), more likely to be of Black race (46% vs 28%, P = .002), more likely to be in the lowest income quartile (51% vs 38%, P = .031), less likely to have private insurance (12% vs 34%, P < .001), and have higher rates of substance use disorder (35% vs 18%, P < .001). Black race and history of substance use disorder were associated with increased odds of SIPV-related injuries (odds ratio [OR]: 2.01, interquartile range [IQR]: 1.27-3.16, P = .003 and OR: 2.30, IQR 1.54-3.43, P < .001, respectively). Conclusions: Our results suggest that there are significant racial and socioeconomic disparities in potential risk for IPV during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising divorce rate in developing nations is a cause of concern among social scientists. Though women's ability to dissolve marriages in response to domestic violence can be observed as an agency, it has long been perceived as undesirable for society. The paper examines the complex association between domestic risk factors, violence, and the likelihood of marital dissolution. Using the fourth round of Demographic and Health Survey data, we unravel these relations in India, where domestic violence is extremely high compared to the divorce rate. We find that divorce incidences are rising among Indian women as a protest against domestic violence towards them. Marital dissolution is more common among the victims of severe physical violence and sexual violence than those of emotional violence or less severe violence. Economic empowerment in terms of land ownership and employment has helped the process of dissolving abusive marriages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is dedicated to find out the impact of social changes and their crisis manifestations on the dynamics of family relations, which is manifested in situations of child-parent interaction in the learning process, as well as to analyze the impact of social changes on manifestations of violence against children. A comparative analysis of joint learning situations in junior grades during the COVID-19 pandemic and under martial law was carried out. The article analyzes the dynamics of changes in parents' assessment of the learning process and results, the behavior of parents and children in the learning situation. An important task of the research is to identify the dynamics of changes in the risks of violence and the level of violence against children by parents in the joint learning situation. These social changes affect family dynamics and manifestations of parental violence against children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Home care provides an excellent opportunity for personalizing treatment as nurses see patients in their natural environment. Along with its many advantages, the home care environment carries unique risks, as nurses are usually alone, without the protection and security provided by primary care clinics. There are no accurate data in Israel on the scope and characteristics of client violence against nurses during home visits. We conducted a qualitative study to investigate the nature of client violence faced by Israeli nurses during home visits, to gain insights into their perceptions and experiences, and to contribute to the development of effective policies and strategies to combat client violence in the healthcare sector. Methods: Twenty-seven female nurses from primary care clinics, who were exposed to client violence during a home visit, were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed, and categories and themes were extracted. Results: Most nurses interviewed experienced at least three incidents of client violence, the most common of which was verbal abuse. The nurses perceived that the location of the encounter between the nurse and the patient in the patient's natural surroundings, rather than within the controlled boundaries of a clinic, contributes to the risk of violence. Violence affected the nurses' professional decisions. The nurses reported that their organization had no established guidelines or instructions for safely conducting home visits, they were not provided with protective or security measures for emergencies, nor did they perceive that they had sufficient training to deal with client violence in clients' homes. Conclusions: Nurses encounter a range of challenges that make it difficult for them to deal with client violence during home visits, affecting their personal safety and professional decisions. Their ability to manage such situations is shaped by a complex interplay of personal and organizational factors and requires a range of strategies and resources to effectively address them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Perinatal depression (PND) in low‐resource areas is a significant concern that imposes a substantial burden on both families and societies. Although many studies have explored rural PND, there is a lack of systematic synthesis of the existing research. This study aimed to estimate the global prevalence of PND among rural women and to summarize its determinants. Methods: Comprehensively electronic searches were performed across eight English databases. Two reviewers independently assessed the eligibility of the study and extracted the relevant data. Any inconsistencies were resolved through discussion with a third reviewer. Prevalence estimates were calculated using a random‐effects meta‐analysis model. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta‐regression were employed to examine the source of heterogeneity. In addition, a narrative synthesis of the influence factors reported in the included studies was provided. Results: The search identified 17,810 studies, of which 86 were included in the analyses. The pooled prevalence of PND in rural areas was 22.1% (95% CI 19.0%–25.3%, p < 0.001, I2 = 99.2%). Subgroup analyses indicated higher PND prevalence in low‐income (24.5%) and lower middle‐income countries (22.8%). Additionally, PND prevalence was greater when assessed using self‐reported screening instruments (22.8%) compared to diagnostic interviews (17.6%). Major risk factors included violence, antenatal psychiatric disorder, low family income, male‐child preference, and food insecurity, while positive social support and higher levels of education were protective factors. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the prevalence of PND is higher in rural areas compared to global data, particularly in low‐income and lower middle‐income countries. To improve rural maternal mental health, it is essential to develop measures targeting modifiable risk factors for PND, including promoting gender equality, implementing antiviolence initiatives, and strengthening economic support systems. Addressing these factors can help reduce the burden of PND and enhance the well‐being of mothers in rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractLittle is known regarding the protective factors against suicide and violence against women in Muslim majority countries. The authors of this study aim to address this gap. Women with lived experience of suicide and violence (N = 51), and mental health providers in Azerbaijan participated in either in-depth qualitative interviews or focus groups. We used a mixed-methods design in this study. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were conducted. Conventional content analysis was used for qualitative data. Psychological support, psychoeducation, providing women with financial opportunities and changing cultural values regarding gender norms were identified as the strongest protective factors against suicide and violence against women. Our findings point to culturally relevant protective factors that can inform prevention and intervention efforts to mitigate risk of suicide and violence against women in Azerbaijan and Muslim majority countries with shared values and cultural norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Court-ordered forensic psychiatry treatments (COT) are specifically designed to reduce the risk of violence in mentally disordered offenders. Given their high costs and ethical issues, mental health professionals need admission criteria to be able to select those candidates with optimal benefit. This study analyses offender-related and treatment-related determinants of COT outcome and risk mitigation. Methods: This two-year longitudinal study assessed the evolution of 117 adult offenders admitted to a specialized medium-security forensic psychiatry clinic. Treatment outcome included court-ordered discharge locations and the Historical Clinical Risk Management (HCR) score evolution. Treatment progress was assessed every six months across five time-points including measures of protective factors, work rehabilitation and security. Outcome determinants included psychiatric diagnosis and type of offence. Results: Discharge locations are predicted by pre-treatment risk level. Lower HCR scores are associated with discharge into low-security psychiatry wards independently of the psychiatric diagnosis. Risk reduction follows diagnosis-sp7ecific and offense-related patterns and reveals that mentally disordered offenders with Cluster B personality disorders or those sentenced for drug crimes are significantly less prone to benefit from COT. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that criminological characteristics at baseline as well as diagnosis of personality disorders are the main determinants of treatment outcome in our care setting. Inmates with concomitant higher violence risk at baseline and presence of Cluster B personality disorders might benefit the least from court-ordered forensic inpatient psychiatric care in prison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Numerous studies have found that exposure to violence at home is a risk factor for child-to-parent violence. However, most of the available studies do not delimit a time frame for exposure to violence. This aspect is fundamental to differentiating lagged effects (compensation) from simultaneous effects (reciprocal). The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between lagged (before the age of 10) and simultaneous (last year) exposure to violence at home (direct victimization: parent-to-child violence and vicarious victimization: exposure to violence between parents) and child-to-parent violence, the possible differential reactive or instrumental motivation of these relationships and whether they differ based on the gender of children and parents. Method: The sample comprised 1,734 Spanish adolescents who lived with both parents (57.3% girls), aged between 13 and 17 years. The instruments used were the Child-to-Parent Violence Questionnaire and the Violence Exposure Scale. Results: Positive and significant relationships were found between child-toparent violence and exposure to violence at home both during childhood and during the last year; however, the relationships were stronger in the latter. The most important predictors were direct parental victimization during the last year. Boys exerted more reactive violence toward the father concerning exposure to violence by the father toward the mother during the last year. In the case of girls, violence toward both father and mother is more reactive to most victimization experiences. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need to intervene in family contexts of violence to prevent child-to-parent violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structured professional judgement (SPJ) guidelines for assessing risk of sexual offending have existed for more than two decades, yet the literature investigating the validity of these tools remains relatively limited. Recent research has shown that actuarial sexual offending risk assessment tools should be adjusted to reflect reduced risk as offenders age (Helmus et al., 2012), leading to questions about the validity of extant SPJ guidelines for older people who sexually offend. The current study investigated the reliability and predictive validity of the Sexual Violence Risk-20 (SVR-20) and the Risk for Sexual Violence Protocol (RSVP) with a sample of 95 Australian individuals aged 50 years or over who had sexually offended. Sixteen (16.84%) participants sexually recidivated over a mean follow-up period of 9.07 years. Contrary to results with younger offenders, structured judgements using the SVR-20 or RSVP did not significantly differentiate recidivists from non-recidivists in this sample (AUC = .57). However, the total scores for both instruments were predictive at particular time periods. Certain risk factors were potentially important and accounted for unique variance that was not accounted for by actuarial instruments. The implications and limitations of this study are discussed, as well as recommendations for future research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionResearchers have investigated drug market risks and navigational strategies of drug dealers in western societies. Less is known about this phenomenon in Africa. This study explores drug market risk environment and navigational strategies of street drug dealers in Nigeria.The study uses qualitative data from in-depth interviews with street-level dealers (n = 31) recruited through snowball sampling in Uyo, Nigeria. Thematic analysis of transcripts generated three major themes (‘policing,’ ‘rivalry’ and ‘indiscretion’) as risk factors for police harassment, arrest and violence.Accounts identified policing, rivalry between drug dealers and indiscretion (e.g., exchanging drugs for potentially stolen items) as risk factors for police harassments, arrest and violence. Drug dealers navigate risks in different ways, including through bribing police officers, using police proxies in partisan negotiation of drug market conflicts, and non-exchange of drugs for potentially stolen items.The findings underscore an ecological view of drug market risks where factors operating at different levels interact to shape risks, with policing featuring as an overarching macro-level risk factor. The failure of law enforcement to absolutely deter drug selling due to dealer’s navigational strategies such as informal privatization of police, indicates a need for alternative approaches to controlling street-level drug markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Workplace violence (WPV) is an important issue in prehospital care, especially for emergency medical technicians (EMTs) who are at increased risk of physical violence due to the nature of their work. This study aimed to shed light on the specific factors that contribute to the underlying causes of physical WPV in the prehospital context through direct experience and insight into the work of EMTs. Methods: Sequential explanatory mixed methods were applied in five western provinces of Iran from 2022 to 2023. In total, 358 EMTs that met the criteria for the quantitative phase were selected using a multi-stage clustering method. In the quantitative phase, the researchers used a questionnaire on workplace violence in the healthcare sector. Based on the results of the quantitative phase, 21 technicians who had experienced physical violence in the past 12 months were invited for in-depth interviews in the qualitative phase. Results: The average age of the EMTs was 33.96 ± 6.86 years, with an average work experience of 10.57 ± 6.80 years. More than half (53.6%) of the staff worked 24-hour shifts. In addition, most EMTs were located in urban bases (50.3%), and 78 (21.8%) reported having experienced physical violence. No significant correlations were found between the demographic characteristics of the technicians and the frequency of physical violence, except base location in the last 6 months. The qualitative study also created one theme (the complexity of WPV in the prehospital setting), four categories, and ten subcategories. Conclusion: The study's results emphasize the need for comprehensive WPV factors in the prehospital setting. These factors can lead to identifying and improving strategies such as organizational support, improving communication and collaboration between responders, and training in de-escalation techniques. In addition, it is crucial to address the root causes of WPV such as poverty and lack of education in the community to create a safer and more supportive environment for patients and staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: We consider how the Peruvian government's responses to natural disaster events shaped political violence patterns from 1989 to 2020. Methods: We gather data on government disaster response and compare the effect of positive disaster responses, such as reconstruction and regulation of domestic/international aid, and negative disaster responses, such as neglect or placing restrictions on movement near the affected areas, on violent conflict. To address the endogeneity between armed conflict and disaster responses, we estimate a structural equation model where we allow armed conflicts and disaster responses to be fully endogenous. Results: Using a structural equation model at the province‐year level, we show that negative disaster responses increase the risks for political violence, while positive disaster responses do not affect the risks for armed conflict. Armed conflict in turn makes negative policy responses to disasters more likely but has no effect on positive disaster responses. Conclusions: The results suggest that poor government response to natural disasters can foster grievances and aid rebel recruitment, increasing the risks for armed conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Bangladesh, the world's largest refugee settlement currently shelters approximately one million Rohingya refugees who fled Myanmar to escape military persecution. Educating a significant number of young Rohingya, roughly half of whom are female, presents a significant challenge. Despite the presence of learning centres (LCs) across refugee camps, Rohingya girls may encounter specific barriers to accessing education due to exposure to various risks, such as violence, child marriage, and trauma stemming from past military oppression. This paper investigates the association between these risk factors and Rohingya girls' likelihood of attending LCs, and how this association may vary across refugee camps. Using survey data and employing three‐level multilevel logistic regression models, I find that girls are less likely to attend LCs if they are at risk of encountering sexual abuse, child marriage, and psychological distress or trauma. These factors explain considerable variation in girls' LC attendance between camps and between households. In addition to providing more schooling opportunities to Rohingya children, prioritising girls' safety, protecting them from forced and child marriage, and supporting their psychological well‐being require increased policy attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With high rates of violence exposure among justice‐involved youth, it is critical to identify factors that might impact the likelihood of youth engaging in violence themselves. One such factor is sensitivity to context, which describes how sensitive youth are to experiences in their environment. Using an ethnically diverse sample of justice‐involved male adolescents (47% Latino, 38% Black/African American, 15% White) aged 13‐17 at the time of their first arrest, the results of this study indicate that exposure to violence was related to increased violent behavior six months later, and this effect was strongest among youth who were low in sensitivity to context. These findings may help practitioners identify which youth are at greatest risk for violence in a policy‐relevant population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The relationship between schizophrenia and violence is heterogeneous and complex. The aim of this study was to explore the characteristics and the potential risk factors for violence crime in patients with schizophrenia. Methodology: We conducted a retrospective case-control study at the Judicial Psychiatric Identification Unit of Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2016. The case group included violent offenders diagnosed with schizophrenia, while the control group comprised non-violent individuals with the same diagnosis. Results: There were 308 individuals in the violent group [subdivided into the homicide group (n = 155) and the intentional injury group (n = 153)] and 139 individuals in the non-violent group. A risk model showed that a history of violence (odds ratio (OR) = 2.88, 95% CI [1.79–4.64]), persecutory delusions (OR = 2.57, 95% CI [1.63–4.06]), regular treatment in the previous four weeks (OR = 0.29, 95% CI [0.16–0.51]) and insight (OR = 0.30, 95% CI [0.14-0.62]) were independently associated with violence. Conclusion: This study provided useful clinical information to identify risk factors for violence and develop better strategic programs to manage violence in patients with schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the transition from correctional facilities to community among women living with HIV in Vancouver, Canada, we interviewed 19 recently incarcerated women and 6 service providers. Findings highlighted heightened risk of violence at release, a lack of immediate supports, challenges accessing safe housing and addictions treatment, and interruptions in HIV treatment and care. In the face of structural barriers, women blamed themselves for not being able to break the cycle of incarceration. There is a critical need for enhanced pre-release planning with a priority on housing and substance use services, alongside supports that are trauma-and violence-informed and culturally safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper defines the first internationally comparable measure of the risk of economic violence to acknowledge its prevalence in different countries and its geographical and gender heterogeneity. Thanks to the availability of micro-data from the OECD/International Network on Financial Education survey, currently used to track financial literacy in different countries, we define a measure of the risk of economic violence (REV) that takes into consideration three macro-areas: (a) the risk of being prevented from acquiring and accumulating financial resources; (b) the risk of being unaware and not having access to personal and/or household financial resources; and (c) the risk of financial dependency. The definition of the new economic violence risk measure (REV) then allows us to verify with real data the presence of women's greater exposure to the risk of economic violence and the presence of gender differences in the determinants of economic violence risk. Finally, we verify that financial literacy protects individuals from the risk of economic violence, without gender differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This analysis examined relationships between childhood adversities and the odds of suicide attempt(s) prior to age 17. Respondents (N = 2072) completed the survey through Amazon's Mechanical Turk crowdsourcing platform. The sample was represented disproportionately by young adult women who identified as Caucasian. The sample was differentiated into subsets with versus without suicide attempt(s) prior to age 17. Suicide attempt(s) in this sample (22.4%) varied in number (once, n = 200; 9.7%; twice, n = 114, 5.5%; multiple, n = 150, 7.2%). The odds of suicide attempt(s) prior to age 17 were significantly (p <.001) higher for respondents reporting childhood sexual abuse (OR = 5.0), physical abuse (OR = 4.9), emotional abuse (OR = 3.7), peer bullying (OR = 3.1), parental neglect (OR = 1.6), and maternal battering (OR = 2.15). All adversities but exposure to maternal battering accounted for unshared variance in suicide attempts prior to age 17. Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire exposure counts were associated with child and adolescent suicide attempts. Suicide risk did not appear to increment progressively by additional exposures after two co-occurring stressors. The odds of early suicide attempt(s) were markedly higher in this sample among respondents who were exposed to one or more forms of childhood adversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to illuminate the issue of workplace violence (WPV) against psychiatry residents. Workplace violence is known to negatively impact physical and emotional well-being, professional development and the quality of the care that mental health professionals provide to patients. The authors discuss the prevalence of, risk factors for and consequences of WPV against psychiatry residents, as well as the need for support and resources to help residents cope with the emotional challenges of their job. Design/methodology/approach: This paper is a review of the literature on WPV against psychiatry residents, and includes studies on its prevalence, associated risk factors and consequences. Findings: Psychiatry residents face a heightened risk of WPV, including physical and verbal attacks, which can harm their mental and physical health and disrupt their continuity of care. Factors that contribute to WPV against psychiatry residents include exposure to aggressive or violent behaviors, inadequate training in WPV, understaffing, the stigmatization of mental illnesses, and discriminatory treatment. Furthermore, psychiatry residents who encounter WPV may develop negative emotions and attitudes toward their patients, which can compromise the care they provide. Research limitations/implications: The inherent heterogeneity of study designs highlighted in this review could hinder the establishment of definitive conclusions about the impact of workplace violence on psychiatry residents. A focus on studies published in English may inadvertently exclude relevant literature in other languages, potentially limiting the comprehensiveness of study findings. Originality/value: This paper highlights resident physicians' personal experiences with and perceptions of WPV encountered during residency training. In response, potential solutions are proposed to address WPV, including increased support for resident physicians, mandatory reporting of WPV incidents, and a cultural shift toward zero tolerance for WPV. In addition, the paper raises awareness of the limited research on this topic and the importance of further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]