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Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Problem Statement: Imagery is commonly used to enhance psychological aspects and improve specific skills in sports. However, determining the most effective type of imagery based on varying levels of self-confidence still needs to be explored. Purpose: This research aims to analyze the impact of imagery training and self-confidence on shooting skills in futsal. Methods: A factorial experiment employing a two-way ANOVA design was used to explore two types of imagery perspectives, internal and external, and two levels of self-confidence, high and low. The study involved 44 male senior high school students randomly selected from classes X and XI participating in futsal extracurricular activities (age: 16.76 ± 0.43 years, weight: 64.80 ± 2.84 kg, and height: 167.64 ± 2.54 cm). Participants were divided into four treatment groups for internal and external imagery training based on their level of self-confidence. The imagery training was implemented for ± 4 weeks with a frequency of 3 weekly meetings. Self-confidence data was obtained from questionnaires and shooting skills from the penalty kick test. Then, two-way ANOVA and Tukey's advanced test were used to analyze it (Sig. < 0.05). Result: External imagery training is better than internal imagery for shooting skills in futsal (Sig. < 0.05), where the average is A2 (28.68) > A1 (27.68). A significant interaction between imagery training and self-confidence was also found (Sig. < 0.05). The results of shooting skills in futsal that apply external imagery training are better than internal imagery for participants who have a high level of self-confidence (Sig. < 0.05), where the average is A2B1 (30.45) > A1B1 (28.00). Then, participants who had a low level of self-confidence showed that there was no significant difference between the two imagery exercises applied (Sig. > 0.05). However, the results of shooting skills in futsal will be better if internal imagery training is applied for participants with low levels of self-confidence, where the average is A1B2 (27.36) > A2B2 (26.91). Conclusions: External imagery exercises are more appropriate for participants with high self-confidence, and both imagery exercises can be applied for participants with low self-confidence. However, the results will be better for internal imagery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem statement. Free throws represent crucial scoring opportunities in basketball, occuring without opposition following technical violation by the opposing team. Despite their significance, many athletes, particularly female basketball players, struggle to capitalize on these moment. Besides mastering the technical aspects of shooting, the psychological state of the player plays a pivotal role. Succesful free throw shooting can significantly impact a teamn's succes. This study aimed toasses the impact of 16 sessions of imagery training and concentration exercises on the free throw shooting performance of woments basketball player age 15-18 years. Methods. Participants in the study were divided equally into two homogeneous groups based on pre-test results evaluated based on success rates with the ordinally paired method. The form of the test instrument given is the Steinhofer basketball test. The implementation was carried out with two groups with one group being used as a control group, while the other group was treated in the form of imagery exercises and concentration exercises for 6 weeks with a frequency of meetings 3 times a week for 15-20 minutes each meeting. The imagery exercise provided is in the form of a video showing the implementation of free throw shooting techniques from professional athletes and Yantra training for concentration training. Furthermore, at the end of the week 6 meeting, the participants were again tested to obtain their post-test results. The results of the tests carried out were then processed using statistical data analysis techniques with Lilifors normality tests and t tests with a significant level of a = 0.05. Results. This study investigated whether mental exercise and concentration were able to improve the ability of free throw shots or not. The results revealed that experimental and control group imagery exercises were equally influential. In the experimental group given imagery training increased by more than 6.00 effects compared to the control group that was not given imagery training by 1.75 on free throw shooting ability. Conclusions. Research can demonstrate that, when combined with the appropriate program, the use of visualization and focus training can enhance athletes' performance in finishing a development. By combining imagery training, concentration training, physical training, and consistent technique training, athletes can significantly improve the ability of female athletes to free throw basketball games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The serious implications of asthma stem largely from inadequate control of the condition, affecting individuals with both regular and irregular physical activities. Objective: This study aims to assess the effect of Continuous Run (CR), Circuit Training (CT), and High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) over a 3-month period on reducing, controlling, and improving fitness in individuals with asthma. Methods: The research employed a quasi-experimental study design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach. The treatment involved physical exercise programs (CR, CT, and HIIT) conducted at the athletic field of Padang State University from June 2023 to August 2023. A total of 21 participants (16 males and 5 females) were recruited to participate in this research. They were chosen after meeting inclusion criteria--asthma diagnosis, physical inactivity, between 17 and 40 years old, willingness to refrain from other treatments except using an inhaler in case of relapse, and providing informed consent. Participants who willingly signed and completed the study were distributed to treatment groups, receiving the same exercise program with identical dosages and intensities of CR, CT, and HIIT. The exercise program lasted 75 minutes per session, three times a week for 12 weeks. Data were collected using several instruments. First, spirometry was employed to examine lung function (Forced Vital Capacity [FVC] and Forced Expiratory Volume in one second [FEV1]) with a cut-point of 0.75. Meanwhile, asthma symptom control was measured by the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ), and VO2Max was assessed through a 2.4-kilometer run. The data were then analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test through the IBM SPSS Statistics version 25. Results: All participants completed the combined CR, CT, and HIIT exercise program over 12 weeks. Data analysis revealed significant improvement in lung function, with the average FVC score increasing from 61.62 ± 7.37 to 81.90 ± 4.06, representing a 35.52% increase. Furthermore, the pretest and posttest FVC results indicated an increase from 71.09 ± 4.75 to 90.00 ± 4.46, corresponding to a 27.17% reduction in FVC score, suggesting enhanced lung function. ACQ scores demonstrated a decrease from 1.58 ± 0.17 to 1.20 ± 0.13, representing a 23.34% reduction. Inferential statistical tests revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) between pretest and posttest values for FEV1, FVC, ACQ, and VO2Max in each group. Conclusion: The CR, CT, and HIIT exercise program has been verified as effective in improving lung function, asthma control, and VO2Max. This study provides new insights into asthma treatment through CR, CT, and HIIT exercise programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Shoulder injuries are the most common musculoskeletal or joint problems, causing pain, functional issues, and limitations in Range of Motion (ROM), which can hinder patients' mobility and quality of life. Manipulative massage therapy has the potential to alleviate pain, improve joint movement, and expedite the healing process. The high prevalence of shoulder injuries disrupting daily activities at any time forms the basis of this research. Objective: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of massage therapy on pain levels, shoulder function in patients with shoulder injuries, and Range of Motion (ROM). Methods: The research methodology employed a Quasi-experimental study with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The treatment program consisted of massages conducted at the Physiotherapy Service Center, Sports Science Faculty, Universitas Negeri Padang, from April 2023 to October 2023. Participants included male athletes and sports enthusiasts (n = 17) and females (n = 3), aged 17-40 years experiencing shoulder pain, ROM issues, and shoulder function problems. Participants who willingly signed consent and completed the study became the treatment group receiving the same massage program with a consistent dose and intensity for 35 minutes three times a week. Data collection involves the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain assessment, goniometer for ROM measurement, and SPADI for shoulder function evaluation. Data analysis utilized the Wilcoxon signed-rank test through SPSS version 25. Results: 20 participants completed the massage program over six weeks. After data analysis, the treatment group significantly decreased pain levels from 27.50 ± 5.46 to 3.85 ± 1.13 (85.80 ± 4.27% reduction). Additionally, there was an increase in ROM for flexion, abduction, and extension (Flexion = 156.25 ± 9.15 vs. 175.00 ± 5.12, abduction = 151.25 ± 9.98 vs. 174.00 ± 5.98, extension = 48.25 ± 9.21 vs. 57.00 ± 4.70) with percentage increases in ROM (flexion, abduction, and extension) (12.25 ± 5.35%, 15.40 ± 6.90%, 21.19 ± 17.89%). Inferential statistical tests indicated significant differences between the pre-test and post-test in each group (P < 0.05) for pain level, shoulder function, and ROM measurements. Conclusion: Therefore, the benefits of massage therapy have been verified as effective in reducing pain, improving ROM, and enhancing shoulder function. This research provided new insights into shoulder injury treatment through massage therapy, aiming to support the improved quality of life for those affected by shoulder injuries. Furthermore, these findings can serve as a reference for developing similar therapies in treating other musculoskeletal injuries. Further research is needed, including a larger participant pool for more in-depth investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to identify movements and produce recommendations for children who are predicted to be able to develop in badminton. Materials and methods. The kind of this research is research and development consisting of (1) the Preliminary study stage, (2) the Expert validation stage, (3) the Acceptance test stage, and (4) the benefit test stage. The validation stage is carried out by three experts with assessment indicators of suitability, accuracy, convenience, and practicality. The acceptance test phase was obtained from the application of the instrument to the participants. The benefits test stage was determined by a retest test to determine the reliability of the instrument. Participants in the product trial consisted of two groups, namely the male group with 17 participants and the female group with 17 participants. The age of the participants was 6-7 years old. They were elementary school students who were in grade 2. Statistical analysis used a test-retest. Results. The results show that the validation from badminton experts gives an assessment with a presentation of 97% in the very good category, the validation of talent identification experts is 98% in the very good category, and the validation from the coach is 97% in the very good category. For the acceptance test, 4 children (24%) in the first test were recommended, and 5 children (29%) in the second test were recommended. For girls, 2 children (12%) in the first test were recommended, and 3 children (18%) in the second test were recommended. For the reliability test, it was obtained 0.97 in the very strong category for boys and 0.91 in the very strong category for girls. Conclusions. This instrument has been proven valid and reliable and can provide recommendations. The existence of this instrument can facilitate sports teachers and badminton coaches in identifying children's movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is evident that manual tools used to assess volleyball players' upper limb muscles show some shortcomings in terms of time consumption, accuracy, and high concentration that forecast errors occur during measurement. To address such an issue, this Research and Development (R&D) aims to design and develop an effective digital-based instrument for measuring arm muscles' explosive strength. The participants of this study were 52 male students that were divided into a small group (n=12) and a large group (n=40). They are sports science students at Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai University. There were also nine experts involved in this study. These experts are from some disciplines, namely volleyball, Information Technology (IT) media, as well as test and measurement. Data were collected by means of questionnaires adopting a 4-point Likert scale. After data analysis, results show that all nine-instrument development validators who are volleyball experts, IT media experts, as well as test and measurement experts confirmed that the product developed is Very Feasible (91.58%). Moreover, the reliability test conducted using the product-moment correlation obtained r of 0.652, while the results of the effectiveness test performed using the Independent Sample t-test was 1.000>0.05. The developed tool that functions as a digital-based tool for measuring volleyball players' upper limb muscle explosive power is considered Very Feasible by the experts. Thus, it can become a useful tool for mitigating errors and enhancing accuracy to measure arm muscle explosive power in various settings and purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appropriate training methods and programs in weight training are two important indicators of muscle hypertrophy. However, the movement tempo of each repetition needs to be investigated with certainty to achieve this goal. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of slow-motion in weight training on muscle hypertrophy in untrained young men. The design used is a one group pretest-posttest design which is part of the pre-experimental. A total of 13 fitness members of "one gym" in Padang, Indonesia aged 18-25 years were recruited to be the research sample. The procedure in this study consisted of taking pretest data, treatment weight training with slow-motion, and taking posttest data. The treatment focused on the arm and thigh muscles with various variations of movement, and was carried out for ± 2 months. The instrument used is a tape measure and skinfold thickness, then the data is analyzed by paired samples t-test. The results showed that there was an effect of weight training with slow-motion on muscle hypertrophy (Sig. 2-tailed < 0.05), with a difference of 6.87 for the arm muscle and 10.46 for the thigh muscle (pretest-posttest data). The relationship was significant and linear, with r values for arm muscle 0.965, and thigh muscle 0.889. In conclusion, slow-motion in weight training can produce muscle hypertrophy in untrained young men. This study is expected to be useful for weight training practitioners in choosing training methods to obtain muscle hypertrophy (especially for beginners), fitness instructors, and athletes. Future study is needed to involve comparison groups (other types of weight training methods) and a wider sample size. Then, weight training carried out by any method, without being supported by adequate nutrition (protein), it is impossible to produce optimal muscle hypertrophy. This is also a good opportunity for future study involving proteins and comparing them with different types of training methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The This study aims to design a motor skill training tool for children using sensor-based agility components in pgysical education learning. This study uses a research and development design. the materials used are Arduino, Connector, LED, Sensor tool, Power button, and Tool cover. After the product design is made, Collecting research data by conducting direct interviews with experts. it will then be validated by a competent expert. In this study, we asked for validation from three experts, namely: (1) evaluation and exercise evaluation (2) instrumentation physicist (3) motor skills expert. Collecting research data by conducting direct interviews with experts. Based on the expert validation test, the design of skill training tools using sensor-based agility components gets effective results, so that they can be used to carry out motor skills exercises. The importance of motor skills as the basis for every child's active life, with the help of tools to help children to encourage themselves to practice, Design of motor skills training tools with sensor-based agility components has the potential and effectiveness to train children's motor skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]