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This paper describes an experiment designed to test a planter system that can be used by urban residents in greening rooftops, balconies and patios. Design emphasis was on inexpensive planter construction, low seasonal maintenance requirements, and ease of replacement of plant material. Additionally, four plant species were tested for survival over one year within the core area of Chicago. The planters recycled natural rainfall, requiring no additional watering after setup through the growing season. Plant growth and mortality over the summer varied, as did over winter survival. Plant survival rates through the end of the growing season in the planter systems were 83% for Rhus copallina, 100% for Juniperus horizontalis, 78% for Sedum spectabile, and 89% for Schyzachyrium scoparium. All species lived through the winter season in the system planters. R. copallina had the highest mortality rate with 80% of plants alive at the end of the growing season not surviving the winter. The control site with plants directly in soil had the highest over winter rates of survival; all plants alive at the end of the growing season survived through the winter. Surface and soil temperature comparisons through the winter season show that this design provided little insulating effect.

During 1996–1998 and 2002–2003, field surveys were conducted within the Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, located on the Atlantic coast of South Carolina, to determine if refuge vegetation exhibited foliar symptoms (stipple) induced by ambient ozone. Foliar stipple was observed on Rhus copallina (Winged Sumac), Sapium sebiferum (Chinese Tallowtree), and Vitis sp. (wild grape). Grape had the greatest frequency of stippled plants, followed by Winged Sumac and Chinese Tallowtree. Chinese Tallowtree produced the most classic ozone-induced stipple, and may have the most potential as a useful ozone-sensitive bioindicator. Percentage of plants with ozone-induced symptoms varied among species and years. The threshold value of CUM60 ambient ozone needed to induce symptoms on ozone-sensitive plants in the refuge was estimated to be approximately 9000 ppb-hrs.

Throughout the southeastern United States, Rhus and Rubus species are common associates of the southern pines on a wide array of upland site and stand conditions. Because of their ability to overrun disturbed sites, these species are categorized as competitors to pine during stand regeneration. Since prescribed burning is often used for site preparation in advance of pine regeneration, this study investigated the effect of fire on the germination of seeds from three pine competitors (Rubus argutus Link, Rhus copallina L. and Rhus glabra L.). During dormant-season burns, sumac seeds were located 45 cm above litter, within the F layer of a reconstructed forest floor, and at the interface of the forest floor and mineral soil. During growing-season burns, fresh blackberry fruits were placed at heights of 0, 15, 30, and 45 cm above the surface litter of a reconstructed forest floor. In subsequent germination tests, sumac seeds from within the F layer of burned litter had significantly higher germination rates for smooth sumac (31%) and shining sumac (42%) as compared to unburned control seeds (1–5%). In general, germination rates for sumac seeds placed in the air or on mineral soil during burning were no better than control seeds. Seeds from blackberry fruits that were located at heights of 15, 30, and 45 cm had germination rates that were comparable to unburned control seeds (18%), but seeds from fruits placed on the litter during burning had

Eight Alpine wethers (8-9 months of age, 27.5+/-1.10kg body weight (BW)) were randomly assigned to consume, free-choice, either shining sumac (Rhus copallina) or water oak (Quercus nigra) leaves as a sole diet. Leaves were collected and dried prior to feeding. A 14-day adaptation period was followed by a 4-day total fecal and urine collection. Chemical composition (%) of the fed water oak and shining sumac leaves revealed similar levels of OM (95.9 and 94.1) and N (1.54 and 1.42) but higher concentrations of cell wall fractions, NDF (54.8 and 31.2) and ADF (34.5 and 26.4), in water oak than shining sumac. Body weight of wethers differed between treatments, although this was not reflected in DM intake. Average daily intake values were 616g DM, 589g OM and 9.3g N. NDF intake was significantly lower (P=0.002) in goats-fed shining sumac than in those that consumed water oak (192 versus 330g). Daily fecal output of all components was higher (P

The pergid sawfly Heteroperreyia hubrichi from Brazil was screened under quarantine to determine its safety as a biological control agent of the exotic invader Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae). No-choice host-specificity tests were conducted using 36 plant species in 15 families. Neonate larvae of the sawfly were exposed to the plants in a quarantine facility and in field trials in Florida and Brazil, respectively. The neonate larvae fed and completed their development to the adult stage only on Brazilian peppertree and cashew Anacardium occidentale L. Although the sawfly larvae were able to feed and reach the pupal stage on cashew in Brazil, the adult female was not able to oviposit on this plant and oviposited only on Brazilian peppertree. The first instars fed slightly, consuming less than 5% ( 2 ) of the foliage on 3 plant species (mango, Mangifera indica L.; poison oak, Toxicodendron toxicarium (Salisb.) Gillis; Surinam cherry, Eugenia uniflora L) and moderately between 5 to 10% (1–2 cm 2 ) on 4 species (California peppertree, Schinus molle L.; Chinese pistachio, Pistacia chinensis Bunge; poison sumac, Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze; winged sumac, Rhus copallina L). This injury was made by 10 larvae, so individual feeding was not significant and all larvae died without reaching the pupal stage. These results indicate that H. hubrichi is highly specific to the Brazilian peppertree. A request for the release of this insect in Florida, submitted in October 1996, was approved by the Technical Advisory Group on the Introduction of Biological Control Agents of Weeds (TAG) and is currently under a risk assessment by the USDA-APHIS.

Rhus copallina Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 266. 1753. "Habitat in America septentrionali." RCN: 2118. Lectotype (Fernald & Griscom in Rhodora 37: 168. 1935): Clayton 728 (BM-000051815). Current name: Rhus copallina L. (Anacardiaceae). Note: Specific epithet spelled ���copallinum��� in the protologue., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part R), pp. 785-805 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 794, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Rhus coriaria L., commonly known as sumac (also spelled sumach), grows wild in the region extending from the Canary Island over the Mediterranean coastline to Iran and Afghanistan. It is native to the Mediterranean and southeast Anatolian region of Turkey [1, 2]. The name is derived from “sumaga”, meaning red in Syriac [3]. The name sumac is given also to the commercial preparation of the dried and ground leaves of the Sicilian or tenners sumac ( Rhus coriaria) of Southern Europe, long used in making leather [4]. The spice, produced by grinding the dried fruit with salt, is used as a condiment and sprinkled over kebabs and grilled meat as well as over the salad often accompanying these dishes [5‐8]. There were different studies conducted on various sumac such as mineral content and antimicrobial and antioxidant effects [9‐16], but a study on the oil of sumac has not been previously reported. Sumac oil might be a good product for the food industry to use in salad and meals, especially when it is mixed with olive oil, and also seeds of sumac might be used in the different oil industries in the world. The objective of this study was the preliminary investigation of fatty acid composition and proximate composition of different sumac cultivars grown in the region of southeast Turkey. Four different cultivars of sumac samples were obtained from native producers in southeast Anatolia (Birecik, Darende, Kahramanmaras, Sanliurfa). The oil was extracted from the samples using cold ether extraction. For chemical analysis, each group of sumac was homogenized and then analyzed to determine moisture, oil, and protein using standard methods [17]. Fatty acid (FA) compositions of the oils were determined by preparing methyl esters of the FA [18]. The gas chromatography equipment used was a Shimadzu GC 40 A (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) fitted with a 2.1 m spiral steel (SS) column of inner diameter 3.2 mm. The total oil, protein, moisture, and ash contents of the sumac ranged from 10.00 to 15.00 %, 3.36 to 3.74 %, 6.35 to 8.32 %, and 2.82 to 3.32 %, respectively (Table 1). The protein content of Rhus copallina was 6.3 % in the literature [19]. As seen from Table 1, the oleic acid contents of the oils ranged from 34.00 to 40.35 % while the linoleic and linolenic acid conte nts ranged from 33.31 to 35.83 % and 1.53 to 2.99 %, respectively. However, the palmitic acid content changed between 20.75 % and 25.60 %. In this study, it was seen that the major fatty acids in the sumac were oleic (C 18:1 ), linoleic (C 18:2 ), and palmitic (C 16:0 ) acids. The polyunsaturated fatty acid contents (18:2 +18:3) of the total fatty acids ranged from 34.84 to 37.36 %. Storage capabilities were also dependent on the polyunsaturated fatty acid level because polyunsaturated fatty acids are more susceptible to oxidative degradation [20‐22]. As sumac oil contains a lower polyunsaturated fatty acid content, it can probably be stored over a long time and contribute to the shelf life of the olive oil. McNeil et al. [23] pointed out that the consumer taste pref erence for certain cultivars varied from year to year. Especially, a mixture of sumac and olive oil may be a new product for different salad formulations and fast foods. Finally, the results indicate that some of the cultivars of sumac grown at southeast Anatolia are different from each other in terms of individual fatty acids. Since research on sumac oil is very limited in the literature, we suggest that furthe r research should be conducted on it and its chemical properties.

Genetic diversity in three species of Rhus was investigated using starch gel electro- phoresis. Rhus michauxii is a rare species endemic to North Carolina, whereas R. glabra and R. copallina are widespread. All three species are clonal, typically dioecious, woody shrubs. Forty-seven percent of the loci examined for R. michauxii were polymorphic, compared to 88% of the loci examined for both R. glabra and R. copallina. Mean genetic diversity (He) within populations of R. michauxii (0.05) was lower than the genetic diversity within populations of R. glabra and R. copallina (0.15 for both species). Mean number of multilocus genotypes per population was lower for R. michauxii, 4.1, versus the other two species, R. glabra, 27.5 and R. copallina, 26.6. Genotypic diversity indices (DG) were 0.41, 0.95 and 0.95 for R. michauxii, R. glabra and R. copallina, respectively. The proportion of genetic diversity among populations (GST) was higher in R. michauxii (0.335) and R. copallina (0.301) than in R. glabra (0.198). Genetic identity values among the species ranged from 0.52-0.96, and grouped R. michauxii closely with R. glabra. Rhus glabra and R. copallina have levels of genetic diversity similar to wide ranging plant species with the same suite of life history characteristics. The lower level of genetic diversity in R. michauxii is characteristic of species with limited geographic distributions. The relatively high levels of genetic diversity seen among populations indicates that clonal repro- duction may play an important role in the genetic structuring of these species.

The functional role of Rhus copallina in the tension zone between forests and prairies and the mechanisms which allow clones of this species to replace climax tallgrass prairie were studied in the cross—timbers region of north—central Oklahoma. Measurements and observations indicated that bottomland forest trees were unable effectively to invade climax tallgrass prairie without the prior invasion of R. Copallina or other shrubs. Upland forest tree species, however, were frequently able to invade climax prairie, but these invasions were enhanced by the prior invasion of shrubs. The entry and growth of clones of R. copallina into climax prairie was characterized by a reduction in the density of prairie vegetation and a concomitant increase in tree seedlings, shrubs, and herbs which comprised the nearby hardwood forests. Growth ring counts of nine clones revealed an average rate of encroachment of 1.25 m/yr. The reduced fire frequencies (relative to primeval prairies) on the study area tended to favor the gr...

Twelve medicinal herbs were bioassayed to correlate a high incidence of esophageal carcinoma in natives of different places with their habitual consumption of these products. Outbred NIH Black rats were given 72 weekly sc injections of the total aqueous extracts of the plant materials. The tanninrich plant extracts from Areca catechu and Rhus copallina produced local tumors in 100 and 33%, respectively, of the experimental animals. Other materials included Diospyros virginiana and extracts from plants not rich in tannins. Diospyros and extracts of Sassafras albidum and Chenopodium ambrosiodes were tumorigenic in over 50% of the treated animals.

A key to Trisetacus includes T. grossmanni , which damages Sitka spruce in Germany, and the three previously known species. Aceria fagerinia , from Pennsylvania, yellow erineum on beech. JOHNELLA includes J. virginiana from Virginia and J. chrysolepis from California, both found on oaks. New species from Maryland are: Cecidophyes lyrata , a leaf vagrant on Quercus lyrata; Aculus copallina , on Rhus copallina; Phyllocoptes sassafrasella , on sassafras; Epitrimerus virginiana , on Prunus virginiana; and Diptacus fragarifoliae , on wild strawberry; from Virginia, Rhyncaphytoptus rubrifoliae and Diptacus rubra , both on Quercus rubra; and from California, Epitrimerus demissae , on Prunus demissa . A key is given to separate Cecidophyes and four related genera. ANOTHOPODA , type A. johnstoni , from Australia, redefines the subfamily Nothopodinae.

THE EXTENSIVE research on photoperiodism in recent years has demonstrated that the life cycle and activities of the plant are closely interwoven with the duration of the daily illumination. Most of the studies on this subject have been concerned especially with growth, flowering, and fruiting. There is a close interrelationship, however, between these phenomena and leaf-fall, in certain plants at least. A simple method of studying response to prolonged illumination is afforded by certain trees growingf in proximity to street lights. Such trees often show retention of the leaves beyond the normal season. This is characteristic of a number of common genera and species. In their pioneer work on the general subject of photoperiodism Garner and Allard (1920, 1921) early recognized that leaf-fall and ripening of the pods in Peking and Biloxi soy-beans (Soja max) were accelerated by exposure to short day lengths. Later the same authors (1922, 1923) demonstrated that in smooth sumnac (Rhus glabra), dwarf sumac (Rhus copallina), and the tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) the leaves were retained longer when the plants were given additional illumination. These results are also incorporated in the reviews by Kellerman (1926), Schick (1932), and Garner (1936). Mochkov (1929-1930), studying Robinia pseudoacacia, Phellodendron amurense, Salix lanata, and Salix babylonica, concluded that in longer days the periods of growth and vegetative activity increase, while in shorter days they decrease. Oden (1929) found that with seventeen hours of daily illumination in autumn the normally rather rapid fall of leaves continued all through the winter, in Acer campestre, Lonicera periclymenum, and TViburnum opulus. Similarly buds could be made to unfold in December by means of additional light. Kramer (1936) has demonstrated that Fraxinus americana, Liriodendron tulipifera, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Quercus stellata become dormant earlier if grown under short day-lengths. All of these, among others, excepting Fraxinus americana, grew later into the autumn when the days were artificially lengthened. The renewal of growth early in the year (beginning in January) could be hastened or retarded by lengthening or shortening the period of illumination. This recent work supplements the somewhat generalized but nevertheless significant observations on leaf-fall reported in the older literature. It is well known that the falling of leaves, especially in autumn, is not the result of one simple cause, but may be due to the interaction of various factors, some internal, some external to the plant. Similarly, the retention of leaves on certain trees in winter is again not to be attributed to a single cause. The literature of this subject has been well reviewed by Pfeiffer (1928). The part played by relative illumination in the cyclic

Rhus copallina, spec. nov. 5. Rhus foliis pinnatis integerrimis, petiolo membranaceo articulato. Roy. lugdb. 24. Mat. med. 152. Rhus elatior, foliis impari pinnatis, petiolis membranaceis articulatis. Gron. virg. 149. Rhus obsoniorum similis americana, gummi candidum fundens non serrata, foliorum rachi medio alata. Pluk. alm. 318. t.56. f.1. Habitat in America septentrionali. ���, Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1753, Species plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 266, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3931989

The vegetation from abandoned mine sites in the Picher lead zinc mining field in Ottawa County, Oklahoma, structurally and compositionally resembles that of other disturbed habitats in the eastern part of Oklahoma. The overstory dominants are cottonwood (Populus del- toides) and black willow (Salix nigra). Winged sumac (Rhus copallina), American elm (Ulmus americana), and black cherry (Prunus serotina) were the most important understory species. The seeds of the characteristic overstory and understory vegetation are primarily dipersed by wind and birds. Inefficient seed dispersal is suggested as a reason for the almost complete absence from these sites of the upland forest dominants, oaks (Quercus spp.) and hickories (Carya spp.) Soil analyses revealed the sites have high concentrations of heavy metals, however, their potential toxic effects may have been alleviated to some extent by the high pH and soil calcium concentrations. Macro- nutrients are not limiting in the soils from these sites. Similarity indicies and unidimensional site ordination were used to investigate the intrasite variation and reveal a correspondence between the individual site vegetative composition and soils.

The root habits of plants of various environments have been investigated by different workers but no one seems to have examined those of a group of woody species which occur very frequently in old fields in southern Indiana. A study of the root systems of the woody plants of such communities seems, therefore, to have promise of interesting and valuable results. In Europe root studies have been attacked rather vigorously. Biisgen and Munch ('29) give an excellent summary of the work done. In this country Cannon ('11) made a thorough study of the roots of desert plants. Weaver ('19) gave another valuable contribution to our knowledge of roots. Weaver and Kramer ('32) described the invasion of trees into grassland in eastern Nebraska. The dry prairie is slowly invaded by shrubs, the three principal species concerned being smooth sumac, Rhus glabra, coralberry, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, and hazelnut, Corylus americana. Cannon ('11) grouped roots into three types: (1) generalized, with tap root and laterals both well developed; and the specialized; (2) those with prominent tap roots; and (3) those with prominent laterals. This grouping is used in the descriptions of root types in this paper. Formerly almost all of southern Indiana was in deciduous forest. Now few old-age forests are present. After clearing, cultivation of a field results in exclusion of most species formerly present. Later if a field becomes poorer due to inefficient management, it loses much of its usefulness. Cleared places are very often turned into pasture or abandoned entirely. Usually the fields are slowly invaded by species such as Rhus copallina,' Sassafras officicale, Similavx rotundifolia:, and Sympho~ricarpos orbiculatus. They are more able to establish themselves than those of the natural assemblage of more mesophytic woodland plants. It was in this latter group of shrubby species in which the investigations of root habit were made.

The purpose of this investigation was to test and prove the hillculture crop value of various Iowa sumacs as erosion control and economic tannin-producing plants. The four species of sumac chosen for observation and possible investigation were Rhus aromatica Ait., fragrant or aromatic sumac; Rhus copallina L., black or dwarf sumac; Rhus glabra L., white or smooth sumac and Rhus typhina Torn., staghorn sumac. Experiments with these shrubs were begun in 1938 at the time that plantations of grapes, plums, nut trees, post trees and other woody plants of economic value were established in this area on eroded hillsides. The field work of these studies was done at the Hillculture Experimental Farm at Floris, Iowa.