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Genetic adaptation of soybean phenological stages to high‐latitude long‐day environments is the major pre‐requisite for enhancing regional plant‐based protein production. Both E‐genes controlling flowering and growing environment determine timing of flowering and maturity, and E‐gene composition might differ between Chinese and European soybeans bearing the potential for improving adaptability. Therefore, 140 early maturity elite soybean cultivars of either Chinese or European origin were genotyped for the E1 to E4 flowering loci, and genotypes were tested across 17 European environments spanning a latitude range from 45 to 52°N in order to determine effects of various E‐allele combinations. Differences in E‐allele composition between Chinese and European cultivars were largest for the loci E1 and E3. Wild‐type alleles significantly delayed flowering, and effects of particular E‐alleles were depending on geographic latitude. Consequently, photoperiod‐insensitive E‐haplotypes carrying several non‐functional alleles proved to be suitable for cultivation in higher latitudes, whereas photoperiod‐sensitive late‐maturity E‐haplotypes are adapted to lower latitudes only. Thus, breeding for new E‐haplotypes through combining Chinese and European alleles could enhance the potential for further soybean adaptation to northern growing regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the influence of different sowing dates on soybean yield and seed quality, ten genotypes from three different maturity groups were studied at Research and Development Station for Agriculture Turda and provided results from two different sowing dates. The laboratory analysis included the examination of various parameters and assessed the several quality parameters; these analyses were conducted non-destructively using NIR spectrometry, ensuring the integrity of the grains. The trypsin inhibitor activity was determined using benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitranilide. The obtained results revealed that sowing date had a profound impact on: number of pods, grains and weight per plant. Notably, a substantial reduction in yield was observed when soybeans were sown later compared to the optimal sowing date. Moreover, a substantial decrease in oil content was noted with late sowing dates, while a significant increase in protein content was achieved. Furthermore, the trypsin inhibitor activity exhibited lower levels across all studied cultivars during late sowing experiments compared to the optimal sowing date. It's also worth noting that the fatty acid profile displayed variations dependent on both the genotype and sowing date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weed competition for water, light and nutrients can cause yield losses of up to 80-90% if effective weed reduction measures are not taken in the soybean crop. Research on the influence of sowing time on the degree of weeding of soybeans was carried out at the Turda Agricultural Research and Development Station, during 2021- 2023. Weeds were determined numerically and gravimetrically. Weed control was carried out mechanically, during the vegetation period, two weed controls were executed, the first in the phase of the appearance of the first trifoliate leaf and the second two weeks after the first. The dominant dicotyledonous species were Chenopodium album, Hibiscus trionum, Polygonum convolvulus, Xanthium strumarium, and for the monocotyledonous species Setaria glauca and Echinochloa crus-galli were identified, both in the first and the second sowing season, the difference between the two sowing season being given by the total number of species and the number of weeds identified per plot. The soybean crop was removed from weeds by the two swaths, and the plant was re-weeded with the same species as in the spring after the flowering period. Weeds that appeared during the latter part of the soybean growing season did not cause any significant harm to the crop. The number of weeds per plot and soybean yield were influenced by the sowing season and climatic conditions. The best outcome was achieved when soybeans were sown during the first season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of foliar fertilization as compared to mineral fertilization on yield and yield components of soybean. The experiments were carried out during 2020 and 2021 growing seasons at Research and Development Station for Agriculture Turda (RDSA Turda), Romania, using randomised complete block design with three replications. The two variants of foliar fertilization contain macro and micro elements, being applied in different phases of soybean growth and development. Among the foliar fertilization options, T1 stood out as the foliar fertilization option that contributed to some extent to the growth of plant height, the number of pods/plant, the number of grains/plant, the weight of grains/plant and yield. The second variant of foliar fertilization (T2) in most of the analysed cases determined a decrease in the yield elements as well as the yield compared to the control variant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean is in high demand for both human and animal consumptions because of its nutritional values and potential use of biodiesel product. This crop is broadly cultivated on world arable soils with low nutritive elements. Investigation of soybean yield and related yield component traits with different types of fertilizer and different doses will help improve field management to optimize soybean production. The paper aimed to present the effects of different mineral fertilizers rates on soybean yield and yield components in 13 soybean cultivars from 3 different maturity groups: very early (000), early (00) and semi-early (0) genotypes. The results from this study reveals that positive response to mineral fertilization was mostly influenced by genotype and also maturity group (MG). A positive yield response to fertilization was observed in semi-early soybean genotypes at the 150 kg/ha rate of fertilization with an increase of production of 175 kg/ha compared to the mean of the experimental variants. Data obtained in this experiment showed that it is possible to achive high soybean yields without supplying fertilizers on soils with good nutrient content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertilization is one of the main economic and health-promoting factors in crop cultivation. Field trials were carried out in 2019, in the experimental field of Soybean Breeding Laboratory from Agricultural Research and Development Station in Turda (ARDS Turda), based on a subdivided parcel design with two replications, using plots of 5 m². The biological material used in this study was created at ARDS Turda, 13 semi-early, early and very early soybean genotypes being evaluated: 7 varieties (Perla, Onix, Felix, Carla, Caro TD, Ada TD, Raluca TD) and 6 perspective lines (T-161, T- 295, T-165, T-6126, T-6117 and T-166). Fertilization was carried out with NPK 16:16:16 complex fertilizer applying the following doses: 150 kg/ha, 200 kg/ha, 250 kg/ha and unfertilized (Control). At the end of the growing season the genotypes were characterized by: plant height (cm), number of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant, seeds weight/plant (g), TKW (g), yield (kg/ha). The reported data is the average of 10 measurements. Statistical calculations were accomplished in Excel 2013 (Microsoft, USA) highlighting differences between studied genotypes and applied doses. The average of the seed/plant had small variations, in this year's conditions; the grain size varied between 122 g and 162 g and the maximum yield was about 3 to/ha at the dose of 200 kg/ha complex fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean being the most important legume plant for grains, the high protein and oil content determines many uses, which leads to expansion of soybean crop areas. The experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda (ARDS Turda) in the climatic conditions of the 2018 and 2019. Biological material included 75 Romanian varieties (12) and foreign genotypes (63), from different maturity groups (000 - II). The rainfall and temperature varied in the two-year study which determined differences on average yield obtained for each maturity group. The highest average yield for the maturity groups 00, 0, I, II was obtained in the climatic conditions of the year 2019, instead the behavior of the very early genotypes (000) was different, the year 2018 being more favorable. The maturity group recommended till now for the Transylvanian Plain was very early (000) and early (00), but from the data presented the highest yields were obtained by the maturity groups 0 (2719 kg/ha), I (2895 kg/ha) and I + II (2732 kg/ha). A continuation of the study is required, to establish the suitable maturity group for the new conditions of Transylvanian Plain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional soybean crop has become more and more interesting to farmers because of the many benefits this miraculous plant possesses, known in China as a plant with 1000 uses. Being included in crop rotation generates positive effects on the soil, leading to lower needs for mineral or organic nitrogen fertilizer which contribute to 25% of the total direct greenhouse gas emissions to the EU agricultural sector. Soybean is a good precursor to most cultivated plants, bringing an up to 10% increase in yield to corn and wheat crops. Furthermore, the biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen has the great advantage of being a natural and non-polluting process. Therefore, soybeans integrate the provisions for a clean and non-polluting environment seeing as they are environmentally friendly. Soybean in crop rotation generates a number of positive effects on soil conditions, for example, it enhances soil fertility and improves household nutrition. At the same time, it brings added value both in terms of yield itself and also increases income for small scale farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study was to determine the quality parameters and grain yields of twenty soybean varieties created at Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda (ARDS): Diamant, Perla, Safir, Granat, Eugen, Onix, Felix, Darina TD, Cristina TD, Mălina TD, Carla TD, Larisa, Caro TD, Ilinca TD, Bia TD, Ada TD, Teo TD, Miruna TD, Nicola TD and Felicia TD. Field trials were carried out in the experimental field of the ARDS Turda, based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, using plots of 10 m². The varieties were characterized by: dry weight, ash, proteins, lipids, total carbohydrates, total carotenoids, plants' height, insertion height of basal pods, grain yield and thousand kernels' weight. Analytical determinations were performed using oven drying (for moisture), furnace ashing (for ash), Soxhlet extraction (for total lipids), Kjeldahl method (for total proteins), UV-VIS spectrophotometry (for total carotenoids); the total carbohydrate content was assessed by difference. A chemometric evaluation of the obtained results was carried out, highlighting similarities between the studied varieties and pointing up those ones with the best scores for quality parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating varieties that are able to achieve very high yields is not easy. To achieve this goals it is necessary to maximize in breeding programs richness of the world collection forms, especially forms with great capacity for transmission of valuable traits and shown to be sufficiently adapted to the environmental conditions of our area. The study purpose is testing the genetic potential of genotypes in soybean honeycomb experimental design and evaluation of genetic production potential capacity of each genotype. The genotypes that can be successfully used in the breeding programs as possible genitors for increasing yield are Cristina TD, Mălina TD and Condor varieties, which includes high values for most of the production components (plant height, height of insertion of the first basal pods, number of pods/plant, number of grains/plant, grain weight/plant) and high stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybeans are used in human food, animal feed and as raw material for various industries. In human nutrition immature pods and seeds are used for preparation of various dishes. The whole plant can be used in animal feed as green forage, hay or silage having a high content of protein and fat. The quality of soybean varieties (protein and oil content) was studied at ten varieties developed at ARDS Turda. The varieties studied were: Perla, Diamant, Granat, Eugen, Onix, Felix, Safir, Cristina TD, Malina TD şi Darina TD. The yields obtained in the two experimental years were very different, in 2014 the highest production was recorded at Onix variety and in 2015 is noted Eugen variety, with the highest production. Increased oil content was recorded at Safir variety in both experimental years. The highest content of protein, in 2014, was registered at Eugen variety and in 2015 Safir variety had the highest protein content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean a species of legume with great value both for food and animal feed, being used for the past 500 years. At first it was cultivated only in Asia, until the mid-nineteenth century arrived in the USA, and between 1965 - 1989 our country become important on the map of soybean crop. The chemical composition of soybean varieties may vary depending on the climatic conditions of the area, the natural fertility of soil and the crop technology used. The influence of climatic conditions on the protein and oil content on the soybeans varieties was studied in the years 2014-2015, within the Soybean Breeding Laboratory from ARDS Turda. The biological material used was represented by five ARDS Turda soybean varieties: Granat, Perla, Felix, Mălina TD and Safir. Determination of protein and oil content was carried out using the TANGO NIR spectrophotometry. Soybean requires conditions of humidity, heat and light are met differently from one area to another, temperature and humidity are essential in the phase of germination - emergence until maturity stage. Climatic conditions in the two experimental years have influenced the content of protein and oil at the varieties studied. In 2014 conditions the protein and oil content were higher, and in 2015 the percentage of protein and oil were lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]