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AbstractMany identities are originally minoritized products of imposition by majoritized others. Contextualized through the identity of ‘Nihonjin’ (‘a Japanese person’) – one regularly informed by long deconstructed yet still prevalent myths of ‘the Japanese’ (i.e. ‘Nihonjinron’) – I conceptualize minoritization through a three-stage process of imposition, concession, and objectivization. To illustrate this ‘ICO process’ I draw on the experiences of ‘Japanese returnees’ and ‘Japanese biracials’ via in-depth semi-structured interviews. Further supplemented by ethnographic vignettes of those identified as ‘foreigners’ in Japan, I demonstrate how the ICO process can be synonymous with both racialization and culturalization independent from socio-genetics. Negotiable aspects and complex social hierarchies notwithstanding, I emphasize minoritized peoples’ forced concession with navigating lives through identities fabricated by majoritized others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study examines Chinese returnee scholars' language practices in teaching and research and their identity construction during their early career years. Using interviews and drawing upon poststructuralist identity theory, it examines the adaptations of twelve Chinese bilingual returnee scholars to new academic communities in English language departments, their teaching and publishing language choices, and their identity construction throughout this process. The findings showed these scholars constructed their professional identities through negotiating English as a teaching language in ways interwoven with students' needs, institutional policies, and their past experiences. The Chinese returnee scholars were found to be "rootless" in terms of possessing inadequate social and cultural capital locally, resulting in limited collaboration and difficulties developing sufficiently robust language competency to publish bilingually. Some scholars, however, employed accumulated capital to exercise agency in bringing about changes in their new academic environments. Implications for bilingual returnee scholars and university policymakers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the career choices, contributions, and challenges of Chinese graduates of Japanese and Australian universities who returned to China, and it explored the factors that influenced them based on the life planning model. The mixed-method approach was adopted by combining the results of 208 questionnaire responses and 13 semi-structured interviews of the returnees working for a company in China. As a new finding, study country-specific factors, such as economic relation between the study country and home country and institutional factors related to the human resource management style of the study country, were identified to have influenced the returnees' career choices, satisfaction, and contributions. This study also highlighted the importance of career development and utilization of specialty/expertise in graduates' decision-making and the issue of overtime work, which was raised as a common challenge by the two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the experiences and exploitation of Ugandan migrant domestic workers who returned from Saudi Arabia. The study followed a constructivist paradigm, an interpretive framework that focuses on individuals' understanding of the world and their creation of unique meanings. A qualitative approach was utilised, specifically employing a phenomenological case study design. Data was gathered through unstructured interviews with twenty-eight (28) migrant domestic workers. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse the data. The findings regarding the lived experiences and exploitation of returnee Ugandan migrant domestic workers were visualised through concept maps created using NVivo version 10.0. The study discovered that the returnee workers' experiences were primarily related to their interactions with various individuals in their employers' households, including dealing with abusive employers, inconsiderate children and relatives, and challenging working conditions. Other experiences involved working in an unfriendly environment, carrying out difficult tasks, facing heavy workloads, experiencing occupational health difficulties, enduring physical abuse, inadequate rest, food deprivation, sexual advances, and false allegations. Consequently, providing legal protection for domestic workers in Saudi Arabia is crucial. Although progress has been made in addressing legal gaps, particularly regarding weekly rest days, more work remains. This includes implementing or expanding minimum wages and aligning working hour restrictions with those applicable to other workers. It is therefore recommended that Uganda and Saudi Arabia revise labour export laws to ensure that the rights of migrant domestic workers are respected.

In the period following the military operation against insurgents in the Swat district during 2009-10, the Pakistani government, with support from international organizations, initiated a comprehensive program aimed at the rehabilitation and reintegration of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). This research study utilizes the Delphi method to gather data through face-to-face interviews with officials involved in the rehabilitation efforts. The analysis revealed a range of challenges, such as security threats, infrastructural deficiencies, bureaucratic complexities, educational system revival, unmet donor commitments, financial constraints, weakened local governance, and communication breakdowns. Despite these obstacles, strategic interventions have ameliorated the IDPs' conditions, including enhanced security, temporary infrastructure, international partnerships, makeshift educational provisions, and a dedicated rehabilitation budget. Nevertheless, the full rehabilitation of IDPs remains an unachieved goal. This article suggests that successfully reintegrating affected communities requires innovative strategies tailored to Pakistan's unique sociostructural context, which could serve as a model for similar situations globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informed by Bourdieu's conceptualisation of habitus and its relation with social class, this study explores the construction and negotiation of middle-class identity among a group of urban overseas returnees in China. Using ethnographic interviews and online observational data, the study found that participants built a compliant identity conforming to their parents' expectations and metrics of being 'middle-class'. However, they resisted their families' positioning and the ideal class role images imposed upon them. In their workplace, participants negotiated this middle-class identity mainly by exhibiting professional qualities drawing upon their linguistic capital and new habitus gained through their overseas educational experiences. The privileged identity that the participants exhibited, however, was not without dilemmas and struggles due to their different set of habitus and linguistic practices. Finally, participants were found to project a new middle-class image with translanguaging practice and distinctive lifestyles by co-constructing a 'returnees circle'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the reintegration of Chinese international student returnees intersects with China’s critical effort to combat a significant brain drain of highly skilled talents, highlighting an unprecedented psychological battleground. This convergence underscores the urgent need for nuanced research to navigate the uncharted territory of their mental health. Methods: Employing Bayesian analysis supported by Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms, this study examined depression prevalence and associated factors among 1,014 Chinese returnees. The sample comprised 44.87% male participants (455), 51.58% female participants (523), and 3.55% identifying as “Others” (36), with an age distribution of 61.74% aged 18-30 (626), 28.80% aged 31-40 (292), and 9.47% aged 41-50 (96). The mean age of participants was 29.6 years, ranging from 18 to 50 years. PHQ-9 diagnoses revealed alarming levels of depression, with 47.9% exhibiting a moderately severe degree of depressive disorder. Results: Our findings highlight the intricate interplay between identity clusters— “homestayers” (those leaning towards a Chinese cultural identity), “navigators” (those with a bicultural identity), and “wayfarers” (those leaning towards a foreign cultural identity)—and the likelihood of depression. Specifically, homestayers showed a clear and strong negative association, navigators demonstrated a positive association, and wayfarers had a positive yet unclear correlation with depression levels. Furthermore, acculturation, age, and gender showed no significant effects, whereas education mildly mitigated depression. Discussion: Based on these findings, we suggest the implementation of bettertailored mental health support and policies to facilitate smoother reintegration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Republic of Serbia is traditionally a country of emigration, especially since the 1960s. As a result of this emigration, return migration has become an increasingly intensive migratory process in the 21st century. This study aims to examine the factors behind return migration, as well as to explore the characteristics of the reintegration process in Serbia, including the sustainability of return. This paper is based on a survey (N = 172) and interviews (N = 20) conducted with return migrants in Serbia. The research findings point to the diversity of the return migration factors, among which a longing for the country of origin is singled out as the most important. Regarding the reintegration process, this study highlights several differences that are apparent between retired returnees on the one hand and other returnees (students, employed, unemployed) on the other. The results show that the satisfaction with quality of life upon return is higher among older returnees and that the satisfaction with quality of life decreases as the respondents' level of education increases. It is also found that the sustainability of return is connected to the life satisfaction and that respondents who plan to migrate again are the least satisfied with the quality of life compared to those who plan to stay and those who have not decided yet. This paper provides insights into some of the critical elements of the return migration and reintegration process in Serbia. Since return migrants can contribute to sustainable socio-economic development due to their human, social and financial capital, this study may be of relevance to the development of strategies and the implementation of policies in the domain of migration governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Documentary Hypothesis proposed by Julius Wellhausen has sparked discussions for over a century. The core of this debate revolves around the perspective through which the creation of the Torah should be viewed. Previous studies have often neglected the focus on "people". The Torah was created by individuals and was profoundly influenced by the era in which they lived. In this specific study, instead of concentrating on the texts or historical background, we should focus on the "authors" or "redactors", exploring how they processed and created the texts under the influence of their times. In Jewish history, the destruction of the Northern Kingdom and the Southern Kingdom played a crucial role in the creation of the Torah. After the fall of the Northern Kingdom, the Deuteronomists, reflecting on historical lessons, formulated a set of legal norms for theology and society, which established theological standards for further interpreting and writing ancient Jewish history. Following the destruction of the Southern Kingdom, Diaspora group and Returnees, centered on reflecting on their catastrophes and responding to contemporary crises, further created and integrated texts of ancestral traditions and the Promised Land, embedding the historical memory of ancestors-land for the Jewish people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the end of the colonial empire, following the Revolution of April 25th, 1974, the borders and identity of the Portuguese nation were redefined. In this context, around half a million citizens from the former colonies were repatriated to Portugal. Their arrival raises important questions about national identity and collective memory. Through a multidimensional analysis of memory, which reveals the complexity of memorial production and reproduction, this article addresses issues of citizenship and (post-)imperial identity related to Portuguese returnees. The text highlights the identity friction resulting from the failure to integrate the returnees into the national collective memory. The recent presence of these Portuguese in Africa and the need for their return after the end of the empire in 1975 questions the narrative of the country of the Discoveries and the "heroes of the Sea", calling into question the idea of an imperial history without colonial and racial conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migrants' children face challenges when returning to their parent's home country, which is usually unfamiliar to them. This qualitative study explores this phenomenon to understand more about the experiences of returnee children regarding their social-educational (re)integration and adaptation, the challenges they faced, and the mechanisms they have developed to overcome them. Results are discussed from the perspective of acculturative stress and social networks, identifying the struggle that returnees have to adapt and acculturate to their new home because of the lack of competence in the Spanish language and the consequences of the discrimination they suffer in the social environment, namely school and in their parents' hometowns. However, results also shed light on how returnees create social networks with classmates and family members who help them overcome these challenges, fears, and feelings of alienation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does studying in the United States affect Chinese doctoral engineering graduates' career decisions? The present study is based on semi‐structured interviews with 16 Chinese engineering graduates who completed their doctorates in the United States, focusing on two critical aspects of their career decisions: returning to China and pursuing academic careers. First, the findings categorise Chinese doctoral engineering graduates into four types based on intention to return to China: fresh returnees, advanced returnees, hesitant stayers and resolute stayers. Second, the findings describe the reasons why they pursued academic or non‐academic careers. In particular, the study explores how the graduates' learning experiences during their doctoral study in the United States affected them in terms of the research field, industry experiences, information gained and expectations about working conditions. In the decision process, it was important for doctoral students to adopt positive and open attitudes and exercise self‐agency to identify the most appropriate directions for their careers. The study has contributions to the agency theory in career decision‐making and social implications for international doctoral students to navigate the career decision process after completing doctoral programmes abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feminist research has highlighted both the emancipatory components of sex work on women's lives, as well as the problematic nature of an overly romanticised reading of women's sexual labour. In Ethiopian cities, including the capital, Addis Ababa, rural migrant women and returnee women from the Gulf States are confronted with layered forms of structural disadvantage that narrow the scope of their prospects for economic empowerment and deepen their vulnerability. Consequently, women relate to the street as a connector to capital, despite clashing claims for access and proximity that govern the street economy. This paper explores the everyday lived experiences of rural migrant women and returnee women streetworkers in Addis Ababa. Drawing on qualitative data collected in 2022 and 2023, the findings of this study show that women resort to sex work under conditions of protracted economic strain and an absence of viable alternatives for self-employment. Due to the marginalisation they face as part of the informal labour market, women exercise sex work both in the form of streetwalking and through routine engagements in transactional sexual relationships; both activities representing a central component of women's ability to get by in the city. This paper argues that despite being the site of consequential transformation, women's economic empowerment through sex work takes place within an entrenched patriarchal order that reproduces disenfranchising power inequalities through the practice of sex work itself, while reasserting the way women's bodily integrity, safety, aspirations, and social standing are governed on – and by – the street. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Abriu, Estudos de Textualidade do Brasil, Galicia e Portugal is the property of Abriu, Estudos de Textualidade do Brasil, Galicia e Portugal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) had two notable consequences. The first is the complex institutional structure, and the second is the war-induced displacement. The article's exclusive emphasis is on the latter consequence. The violent ethnic homogenization and territorialization between 1992 and 1995 permanently altered and severely damaged the ethnic composition of the country. Even though the non-Serbs were forcibly displaced and then returned voluntarily to their home of origin, the returnees are confronted with the secessionist threat and the continuous challenge of life in Republika Srpska (RS). The article aims to address the continuing challenges faced by Bosniak returnees in the RS, with particular emphasis on the connections between returnee experiences and the unresolved threat of secession. To explore the social, political, and economic challenges faced by returnees and the impact of increasing separatist agitation and tendencies in the RS on Bosniak returnees, a field study was carried out in six municipalities located in East Bosnia: Zvornik, Bratunac, Vlasenica, Milici, Srebrenica, and Visegrad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study investigates the heritage language performance of Turkish- German returnees upon their reintegration into Turkey and explores the impact of external factors on their proficiency in the (re-)activated heritage language (HL). Methods: Data collection involved the participation of 28 Turkish heritage speakers and a control group of 28 monolingual speakers. The language proficiency of both groups was assessed through a cloze test and an error correction task with a focus on converbial constructions, evidentiality and direct object case marking in Turkish. A sociolinguistic background questionnaire was used to obtain information about their language experiences. The study focused on understanding the individual and group differences in returnee's heritage language performance. Additionally, random forest analysis was employed to investigate the relative influence of external factors on individual variability within the returnee group. Results and Discussion: The analysis of results revealed notable group differences between the returnees and the control group, emphasizing the unique linguistic challenges faced by those who returned to Turkey. Within the returnee group, there was considerable individual variability in heritage language performance. The subsequent exploration of individual variation highlighted the significant role of external factors. Notably, the length of residence in Germany, the age at which participants returned to Turkey, and the frequency of Turkish language use in their migration context emerged as significant predictors of the returnee participants' proficiency in their (re-)activated HL. Surprisingly, formal contact with the dominant German language did not exert a substantial impact on the returnees' language proficiency, suggesting the nuanced influence of various external factors on heritage language development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are growing populations of Korean children who studied abroad in the English as a second language (ESL) context and had to return to Korea for various reasons before reaching college age. These returnees are concerned about how to maintain (or improve) their English proficiency in the EFL (English as a foreign language) context. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to investigate two Korean-English bilinguals who recently returned to Korea after learning English in the US for more than four years. The research questions were as follows: 1) How do Korean returnees perceive the change of learning status as Korean-English bilinguals in the US and Korea, and 2) What motivated Korean returnees to sustain their English proficiency while acquiring academic literacy in Korean? By using the case study method, an extensive and in-depth description of two Korean returnees' English language learning experiences was provided. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and observation. The analysis showed that the switch from ESL to EFL learning environments, which includes the change of language, culture, and social contexts, influenced how Korean returnees maintain/improve their English proficiency, specifically with their language learning strategies (LLS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Documentary Hypothesis proposed by Julius Wellhausen has sparked discussions for over a century. The core of this debate revolves around the perspective through which the creation of the Torah should be viewed. Previous studies have often neglected the focus on “people”. The Torah was created by individuals and was profoundly influenced by the era in which they lived. In this specific study, instead of concentrating on the texts or historical background, we should focus on the “authors” or “redactors”, exploring how they processed and created the texts under the influence of their times. In Jewish history, the destruction of the Northern Kingdom and the Southern Kingdom played a crucial role in the creation of the Torah. After the fall of the Northern Kingdom, the Deuteronomists, reflecting on historical lessons, formulated a set of legal norms for theology and society, which established theological standards for further interpreting and writing ancient Jewish history. Following the destruction of the Southern Kingdom, Diaspora group and Returnees, centered on reflecting on their catastrophes and responding to contemporary crises, further created and integrated texts of ancestral traditions and the Promised Land, embedding the historical memory of ancestors-land for the Jewish people.

IntroductionThis study investigates the heritage language performance of Turkish-German returnees upon their reintegration into Turkey and explores the impact of external factors on their proficiency in the (re-)activated heritage language (HL).MethodsData collection involved the participation of 28 Turkish heritage speakers and a control group of 28 monolingual speakers. The language proficiency of both groups was assessed through a cloze test and an error correction task with a focus on converbial constructions, evidentiality and direct object case marking in Turkish. A sociolinguistic background questionnaire was used to obtain information about their language experiences. The study focused on understanding the individual and group differences in returnee’s heritage language performance. Additionally, random forest analysis was employed to investigate the relative influence of external factors on individual variability within the returnee group.Results and DiscussionThe analysis of results revealed notable group differences between the returnees and the control group, emphasizing the unique linguistic challenges faced by those who returned to Turkey. Within the returnee group, there was considerable individual variability in heritage language performance. The subsequent exploration of individual variation highlighted the significant role of external factors. Notably, the length of residence in Germany, the age at which participants returned to Turkey, and the frequency of Turkish language use in their migration context emerged as significant predictors of the returnee participants’ proficiency in their (re-)activated HL. Surprisingly, formal contact with the dominant German language did not exert a substantial impact on the returnees’ language proficiency, suggesting the nuanced influence of various external factors on heritage language development.

In Ethiopia as far as the livelihood and survival strategies pursued by international returnees is concerned, such scientific study is scanty or non-existent. The study was devoted to explore the livelihoods and survival strategies chased among the returnees in Addis Ababa to provide scientific evidences and insights for decision making and future intervention efforts. Data were collected from 402 randomly drawn sample returnees via a cross-sectional survey. The supplementary data were collected from purposively selected focus group discussion and semi-structured interview participants. Descriptive statistics and Ordinal Logistic Regression Model (OLRM) were employed to analyze the data. The study revealed that while unemployment was found to be the most categorized livelihood strategy by which returnees were hallmarked and rated above the scale mean on the three-point likert scale (mean = 2.18, Standard Deviation/SD = 0.91); wage-employment and self-employment were rated below the scale mean (mean = 1.41, SD = 0.61; and mean = 1.39, SD = 0.56) respectively, which reflects that majority of the study population weren’t involved in livelihood strategies common in urban settings. OLRM results confirmed that educational attainment and age of the returnees made the first and the second largest contributions in predicting wage-employment in the positive and negative directions with beta coefficients (β = 0.985; and β = |-0.611| respectively at (p ≤ 0.000) level of significance. A notable proportion of Ethiopian returnees deemed to be unemployed and not engaged in any urban livelihood activities and deprived of enjoying the potential benefits obtained from self-employment and wage-employment activities in the study area.

Refugee return remains the preferred approach of States, donors, and UNHCR to put an end to the refugee condition. This qualitative study uses data collected through a series of interviews in a case study of returnees to Burundi between 2017 and 2022, to explore the extent to which the current reintegration can be understood as leading to an end to protracted displacement. In achieving this, the article also asks how the global refugee regime's current humanitarian approach to return and its sedentary framing affect these processes; and the role played by human agency and mobility, including the impact of past displacement experiences, on these processes. The study concludes that, for many, the return to Burundi, whether it is the first, second, or third return, is often not ultimately understood as a permanent move "home" leading to durable solution, but rather simply another form of forced displacement. Unsuccessful reintegration following past displacements, policies conflicting with the best interests of returnees, and humanitarian approaches to return and its sedentary framing all emerge as major drives of this failure. Consequently, the multiple identities acquired by and imposed on returnees through these processes are essential for their survival in these difficult and constantly evolving conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration from the global South to the North is a contemporary problem with a high number of casualties. This study examines the challenges of rehabilitation and reintegration of returnee migrants from Libya in Benin-city, Edo State, Nigeria. Maslow’s Human Needs theory and Push-Pull migration theory were adopted as a framework for the study. Primary data was collected through the use of semi-structured interview guide and non-participant observation. A total number of 20 oral interviews were conducted, which included 10 in-depth interviews with the returnees and 10 key informant interviews with the coordinators and stakeholders of the rehabilitation and reintegration programme in Benin-city, Edo State. Secondary sources included books, journals and Newspapers. Findings show that weak monitoring and evaluation, inadequate funding, stigmatization, politicization of the programme by the Edo State government officials and other stakeholders leading the reintegration programme, are factors that challenge the rehabilitation and reintegration of the returnees from Libya in Benin-City, Edo State, Nigeria. Among other things, the study recommended that effective monitoring and evaluation mechanism should be deployed, and collaboration with donor agencies and host nations by the Edo State government is also needed to improve funding and ensure sustainable reintegration of the returnees.

Scholars have observed that in the face of wage differentials that favor destination countries, an increasing number of presumably rational Ghanaian migrants in developed countries choose to return to Ghana. To explore this phenomenon, a systematic literature review methodology was employed in collecting, sampling and analyzing migration literature in general, and Ghanaian migration literature in particular to ascertain the dominant mechanisms that surround the return and reintegration of returned Ghanaian immigrants. The paper shows that (un)favorable social, economic and political conditions in Ghana and destination countries are the critical underlying conditions that influence the return of Ghanaian immigrants — suggesting that Ghanaian immigrants are rational actors who perform a cost-benefit analysis of the contextual realities that circumscribes the economic landscape of Ghana and destination countries. The paper identifies that the challenges associated with returnees’ reintegration in Ghana have social, economic and institutional aspects. Against this backdrop, the paper recommends the formulation of a comprehensive return migration policy that emphasizes the sociocultural context of immigrants. The paper advocates for an individual, community and structural intervention to facilitate the mobilization and effective use of returnees’ socio-economic capital.

Over the past few decades, the Chinese government has issued several policies to attract overseas elites to return to China and has given them privileges in academic resource allocation. This particular treatment has provoked complaints from domestic scientists who have received no additional resources. Therefore, the research performance of returnees and their local counterparts has been widely debated. We selected 4,770 returnees and their local counterparts in the same departments of the same institutions in the same year from 1984 to 2017, and compared their research performance using regression analysis. The results show that returnees have no significant advantage in publishing more papers or first-tier journal papers, but more returnees are corresponding authors in Natural Sciences. In addition, in Arts & Humanities and Social Sciences, returnees still have an advantage in publishing more papers and in more first-tier journal papers. This study has implications for the employment policies of Chinese universities/research institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Management international / International Management / Gestiòn Internacional is the property of Management International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over recent years, with the support of international NGOs, many thousands of irregular migrants were 'returned' to West Africa from Libyan detention centres. Through extensive ethnographic fieldwork with different groups of returnees in Benin City, Nigeria, I studied the establishment and evolution of the 'returnee' identity. Making use of labelling, social identity and performativity theories, I found that the performance of the returnee identity for Western donors, researchers and the media creates opportunities for the returnees to regain respect in their communities. Emphasising the role of performativity in identity formation, I use the metaphor of a theatrical play. Initially scripted by the EU border-externalisation policies, the return-migration play has evolved to fit in local political realities. On the frontstage, returnees were adjusting to the EU counter-migration agenda, testifying about the risks of irregular migration. Backstage, however, they kept pursuing their migration aspirations, also using the returnee identity to establish themselves in the city and gain some level of political recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific evidences on determinants of return migration decision were scanty in Ethiopia. The study is an endeavour made to unveil the determinants of return migration decision in Addis Ababa. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 402 international returnees drawn via a simple random sampling method to provide a platform for future intervention efforts. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive, inferential statistics, and binary logistic regression model (BLRM). The chi-square test indicated that there is no statistically significant relationship between forced and voluntary return modalities and the sex, roles in the family, religion, and educational status of the returnees at the 0.05 level of significance. Results of BLRM depicted that destination area factors had more substantial positive impact with the odds ratio of 85.70 than homeland and personal factors with the odds ratio of 25.58, and 9.12 respectively, despite, all the three factors have a positive effect on likelihood of making return migration decision at (P<0.001). The results disclosed that Ethiopian emigrants that constitute a significant number were subjected to coercion in the destination areas to evacuate instead of making free choice to return, which inexorably could lead the returnees to unsustainable livelihoods in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study contributes to research on the development of the heritage language after return to the country of origin and examines whether the ultimate attainment of the heritage grammar after many years of residing in the country of origin brings returnees to a level compatible with that of monolinguals. We focus on the production and perception of evidentiality markers in the heritage Turkish of Turkish-German bilinguals who returned to Turkey after finishing a German high school and have been residing in Turkey for more than 11 years. Two production tasks (a narrative task and a discourse completion task), as well as a grammaticality judgement task were used in the study. The data analysis revealed that the production and perception of evidentiality by the returnee participants diverged from those of the monolingual control group. The divergence manifested itself in ungrammatical uses of evidentiality markers in the context of the indirect evidentiality and less sensitivity to grammatical and ungrammatical items comprising direct and indirect evidentiality markers. The findings of the study suggest that after many years of residing in Turkey the language behaviour of the returnee participants still possesses features that are typical for heritage speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated contrastive perception of L1 phonological categories in Albanian–English bilinguals who returned to Albania after living abroad for over on average a decade. In Standard Albanian, there are phonemic contrasts between /c/ and /tʃ/, /ɫ/ and /l/, and /ɹ/ and /r/. These phonemic contrasts do not occur in English. Using a "real speech" binary minimal pair identification task, we compared the accuracy and response times of bilingual returnees against functional Albanian monolinguals who had never lived abroad. Results showed that (1) reaction times for /c/ versus /tʃ/ were longest for both groups, indicating that this contrast was "harder" than the other contrasts. Surprisingly, (2) bilinguals outperformed monolinguals in accurately identifying /c/ versus /tʃ/; and (3) no significant group differences were found for the other two phonemic contrasts. In combination with other research showing that Albanian is undergoing a merger of /c/ and /tʃ/, our findings suggest that this merger is more advanced in monolinguals than bilinguals—probably because the bilinguals were abroad when the merger started. Examination of variation within the bilinguals indicated that (4) the younger the speaker was when they left Albania, and the more recently they had returned, the lower their accuracy was in identifying the laterals. These phonological findings enhance our understanding of perceptual L1 attrition whilst underlining the need to examine language change in the country of origin in L1 attrition research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-pandemic, the international education marketplace was expanding rapidly along with cross-border educational mobilities. Researchers have explored the adaptions of international students to study destinations, notably within an acculturation framework. However, researchers have given less attention to adapting to life in the country of origin that international students encounter as returnees. It is commonplace for returning graduates to transition from higher education to employment. Despite such challenges, few studies have investigated how international students reintegrate into the job markets of their home countries. In this paper, we discuss the current state of relevant research on acculturation and reacculturation and provide a foundation for future research. Finally, theoretical and practical contributions in the field of counselling and guidance are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's city governments compete to achieve or maintain importance in today's globalised economy. Corresponding governmental strategies seek to attract and retain high-skilled Chinese return migrants, a group that is expected to stimulate and carry forward economic upgrading. The cities' competition for those high-skilled return migrants is closely related to the development of high-tech development zones. In addition to industrial activities in the development zones, local governments create urban amenities by constructing specially designed living spaces as well as facilities in the development zones. Considering the tense housing situation in China, efforts to provide appealing and affordable housing solutions are considered a promising strategy for attracting high-skilled return migrants. Against this background, the article analyses, using the example of the two cities of Guangzhou and Dongguan (Pearl River Delta, China), two research questions: (1) What strategies do the municipal governments use to attract high-skilled return migrants - with what spatial consequences? (2) What are the most important factors and reasons for high-skilled return migrants when choosing their place of residence for resettlement? The empirical study uses a mixed methods analysis of government and media reports, secondary data as well as qualitative interviews with experts and high-skilled return migrants. Results show that despite the fact that both cities apply similar strategies to attract high-skilled return migrants, Guangzhou as a first-tier city remains more attractive to settle down permanently. The case of Dongguan's Songshan Lake Science and Technology Industry Park provides relevant insights into a prevalent municipal strategy for attracting high-skilled return migrants by providing indemnificatory housing solutions. The strategy of providing dedicated housing estates can lead to a tendency towards spatial segregation. Further, the authors raise awareness to the importance of underlying demands and preferences in resettlement behaviour when trying to attract high-skilled return migrants permanently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ethiopia as far as the livelihood and survival strategies pursued by international returnees is concerned, such scientific study is scanty or non-existent. The study was devoted to explore the livelihoods and survival strategies chased among the returnees in Addis Ababa to provide scientific evidences and insights for decision making and future intervention efforts. Data were collected from 402 randomly drawn sample returnees via a cross-sectional survey. The supplementary data were collected from purposively selected focus group discussion and semi-structured interview participants. Descriptive statistics and Ordinal Logistic Regression Model (OLRM) were employed to analyze the data. The study revealed that while unemployment was found to be the most categorized livelihood strategy by which returnees were hallmarked and rated above the scale mean on the three-point likert scale (mean = 2.18, Standard Deviation/SD = 0.91); wage-employment and self-employment were rated below the scale mean (mean = 1.41, SD = 0.61; and mean = 1.39, SD = 0.56) respectively, which reflects that majority of the study population weren't involved in livelihood strategies common in urban settings. OLRM results confirmed that educational attainment and age of the returnees made the first and the second largest contributions in predicting wage-employment in the positive and negative directions with beta coefficients (β = 0.985; and β = |-0.611| respectively at (p ≤ 0.000) level of significance. A notable proportion of Ethiopian returnees deemed to be unemployed and not engaged in any urban livelihood activities and deprived of enjoying the potential benefits obtained from self-employment and wage-employment activities in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]