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In resource-based communities, housing can be a contributing asset or challenge to attracting and retaining workers and families. In Kitimat, BC, Canada, a housing crisis threatened vulnerable, low income, and middle income residents during a period of rapid growth associated with renewed industrial investments. Even though housing policy and public housing provision falls under provincial government jurisdiction, the crisis response was largely mobilized by local stakeholders. Drawing upon a five year tracking study, this paper traces the rise of new governance arrangements to address local housing pressures. These governance arrangements fostered greater community awareness of housing issues; strengthened relationships across community, industry, and some senior government stakeholders; and renewed local housing assets. This collective capacity to manage housing pressures, however, remains vulnerable due to public policy incoherence that undermines or fails to adequately support local governance initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has become a global consensus to advance the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and cities are an essential and significant part for achieving these goals. There are more than 200 resource-dependent cities in China. With the gradual depletion of resources, cities are generally confronted with problems such as single industrial and energy structure, lagging development of alternative industries, low capacity for innovation, and destruction of the ecological environment, and are faced with various challenges of achieving sustainable development. This paper constructed a comprehensive evaluation model, clarified the multiple feedback and interactive relationship between these cities' driver-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR)' system, established a comprehensive index system of sustainability evaluation and the DPSIR model, and used the 'Taiyuan Innovation Demonstration Zone for National Sustainable Development Agenda' as a case for verification. The research conclusions could drive the comprehensive transformation and upgrading of the economy, society and environment of resource-dependent cities through innovations in development concepts, key technologies, and policy and service systems. This paper put forward the sustainable development pathway of a five-dimensional resource-dependent city, i. e., 'growth, ecology, low carbon, livability, happiness', and used the 'Taiyuan Innovation Demonstration Zone for National Sustainable Development Agenda' as a case to verify the validity of the sustainable development model for resource-based cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practices of visually representing places of resource extraction and land degradation can be deeply contentious, embedded in a wide variety of values, ethics, goals, and relations. Photographs are pervasively used to generate narratives about environmental change, particular social groups, and places. Yet, the sociocultural processes and power relations at play in producing "visual knowledge" and interpreting images often remain underexplored, with limited attention to how photographs and visual storytelling are engaged to (re)orient discussions about change. Challenging ways of seeing, this article discusses relational practices around photography and the narrating, experiencing, and circulating of images. It explores experiences with photovoice—a methodology aimed at realigning the dynamics of who decides what photos matter, how, why, and with what implications, sometimes pitched as a way to "decolonize" research. The study examines interactions in a village in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, where women shared visual stories to express challenges they face in relation to deforestation and other landscape changes, depleted gold deposits, limited livelihood options, and other themes, conveying place histories and ideas about home, identity, governance, and community. Reflecting on intergenerational dialogues and anxieties about the future, the analysis considers photovoice processes in refracting everyday struggles, arguing for feminist epistemologies that carefully attend to the situated ethics and contingent performative powers of visual storytelling where multiple forms of resource extraction powerfully shape community life. The article calls for greater focus on women's place-based storytelling and its communicative power, highlighting the significance of positionality when studying socioecological visualization, affect, and change. Key Words: feminist visualization, Indonesia, participatory visual methods, photovoice, resource extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community development can be conceptualized as a balance that exists amongst environmental, economic, and social systems; this achievement, however, is difficult for communities undergoing rapid urban development. In particular, resource‐based communities (RBCs) that develop as a result of investment into the extraction of a natural resource such as oil and gas have been found to experience uneven economic development, environmental degradation, and social instability. A contributing factor to social instability in RBCs is the reliance on a large transient workforce drawn to the area in search of employment opportunities and the inability to provide this burgeoning population with sufficient urban infrastructure and services. Building on previous research that theorized the key to increasing the sustainability of RBCs is to retain a permanent population, this research explores the contribution that opportunities for leisure and recreation makes to resident retention. Using Fort McMurray, Alberta as a case study, results indicate that among a group of people who lack established social ties, the main source of social interaction is participation in leisure and recreation activities. However, traditional activities associated with leisure and recreation did not take into account the unique challenges found in RBCs indicating an adaptable approach to provision is necessary. Key Messages: The primary method of social interaction and increased social connectedness for transient workers is via leisure and recreation.Within resource‐based communities, traditional activities associated with recreation and leisure are often inappropriate given the unique challenges found in these communities.There is a need to develop a contextually relevant, adaptable approach to the provision of recreation and leisure within resource‐based communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Spatial planning has to be understood broadly to discern the effects on community sustainability, which has to be understood as the coordination of spatial organization. • Planning is crucial in the choice of a settlement model and in the spatial embodiment of that model. • We highlight the importance of expectations and managing expectations in understanding and re-thinking the linkages between speculation and resilience. • The importance of associated ideologies in risk assessment and conceptualization of resilience. Abstract We investigate the linkages between speculation and resilience in resource-based communities (boomtowns) susceptible to economic swings (boom/bust) and reflect on the actual and possible roles of spatial planning to stabilize communities under conditions of boom, bust and speculation. We use a nested case study method, where the Western Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia are investigated more in detail through semi-structured interviews (N = 145) in 12 case communities. We argue that spatial planning must be understood broadly to discern its effects on community resiliency, with resiliency understood as the coordination of spatial organization. Planning, then, is crucial at two stages of development: in the choice of a settlement model and afterwards in the spatial embodiment of that model. We further highlight the importance of expectations and managing expectations in understanding and re-thinking the linkages between speculation and resilience, and the importance of associated ideologies in risk assessment and conceptualizations of resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the origin and evolution of the water management law uniquely implemented in the western United States. Court jurisdiction on water use disputes and the incorporation of the riparian-rights doctrine in land use; Fundamental legal principles in the prior-appropriation system; Urbanization of the western region and water use.

Despite abundant natural resources, Africa faces a bleak economic future, owing in large part to its inability to train capable managers. In this article I present a dynamic model of management education in Africa, based on extensive field research. Among the many variables comprised in the model, those of greatest relevance to aid-giving countries are the pre-university educational system, the strong Western influence in management curricula and teaching methods, the lack of facilities for providing practical experience, and the relationship between governments and universities. Knowledge of weaknesses in the system and of differences between the needs of African and Western management should make it possible to develop more effective management education programs in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the man's history of land and water use which has been seen as glorious and dismal. The rise of earliest civilizations has brought by water management which is simultaneously seen in various dry regions of the world. However, man has always been exploited the use of land and water and never been a conservationist. Through this exploitation, the result was landscape degradation, resources deterioration and nations declination. Man must look and reflect to these results to learn the lessons he encountered. Moreover, man must do countermeasures with the basic problems of water supply and water management to preserve the natural resources given by the creator.

Resources are not ubiquitous and as new sources are developed labour must be made available at the resource sites. Construction of purpose-built resource towns has, until recently, been the usual solution to this problem. While resource towns continue to exist, changes in economic, political, environmental, social and technological factors have influenced the preferences of governments, companies and the resource-related labour force itself regarding the type of settlement option adopted. New resource towns are no longer being built and commute operations and camp accommodations have become the preferred alternative. This has resulted in a much broader spectrum of resource community types, a significantly different geography of resource-dependent communities and a wider and more complex set of development issues that need to be addressed. This paper uses examples from Canada and Australia to outline the evolution of a number of new resource-related community types that have emerged in the past forty years associated with the mining sector and considers some of their key community and regional development implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this study is to understand the use of social networking sites (SNSs) by hotels. Specifically, drawn upon a resource and capability-based perspective, this study addresses two research questions: (1) the relationship between a hotel’s resources and its use of Twitter and (2) the relationship between the use of Twitter by hotels and their RevPAR.Design/methodology/approach The research data include the hotel chain scales, Twitter user profiles and Twitter activities of the hotel parent companies in the USA and the hotels’ RevPAR. To more clearly understand the effect of the use of SNSs, the study uses two dimensions: electronic word-of-mouth and customer engagement. The two dimensions of the hotels’ Twitter use are calculated based on the data extracted from their Twitter user profiles and historical tweets. For a practical purpose, a social media index (SMI), which combines electronic word-of-mouth and the customer engagement score, was used to determine the overall level of Twitter use by hotels.Findings For RQ1, the results indicate there is a positive association between a hotel’s resources and Twitter use. For RQ2, this study shows there is also a positive association between Twitter use by hotels and their RevPAR.Practical implications Twitter use appears to be associated with hotels’ resources. In turn, Twitter use is positively associated with hotel RevPAR. Thus, hotels should look at Twitter as a potential strategic tool for business operation and attempt to increase their ability to leverage Twitter (and other SNSs) for organizational goals (e.g. sales, promotion, customer service).Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study empirically investigating the use of SNSs by hotels with the data drawn from actual firm-generated content (e.g. tweets, retweets) and hotels’ user profile information from Twitter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) has become an international hallmark of the efforts to promote better extractive-sector management and improved societal development in natural resource-rich countries. Since its establishment in 2003, a large number of resource-dependent countries have committed to the EITI Standard, and support of the EITI from donors, nongovernmental organizations, and extractive industry companies has been vast. To understand whether and how adherence to the EITI Standard can affect resource governance and development, it is crucial to examine what factors influence a country’s decision to join and implement the Standard. This article examines why and how rapidly countries adopt the Standard using survival analysis methods and a global dataset on countries’ progress in implementing the EITI Standard. It finds that several factors influence progress and proposes that these can be categorized as internal motivation, internal capacity, and external pressure to implement the Standard. This article contributes to understanding why the EITI Standard implementation stalls in some countries whereas it progresses in others. Importantly, it outlines which factors need to be controlled for in studies that seek to evaluate the impact of the EITI on resource governance and societal development, and argues that such impact evaluations need to correct for the selection biases in countries’ decisions to commit to and implement the EITI Standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic transformation and upgrading of resource-based cities is an overleaping development caused by technological progress and institutional change. Traditional models do not comprehensively evaluate the development level of resource-based cities. This study establishes a comprehensive index system from three aspects: economic adjustment, social progress and environmental improvement. An improved TOPSIS method and sequence weighting are applied to evaluate the level of transformation and upgrading of six resource-based cities in Shaanxi province from 2001 to 2015. The results indicate that six resource-based cities in Shaanxi Province have made an improvement in economic adjustment, social progress and environmental improvement. The economic adjustment effect is not obvious and there is a downward trend in some cities. The social development level of six resource-based cities increases significantly. The structural contradictions in the economy has not been fundamentally resolved. The effect of environmental improvement shows an evident increasing trend. All the six cities in environmental improvement achieve successful transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Small-scale gold mining territories emerge at the nexus of land use, property, and labor relations in some of Indonesian Borneo’s most vibrant and populated spaces, entangling state actors while sitting comfortably beyond the reach of formal state authority. Based on 7 months of field research in a key gold-producing region of West Kalimantan, I argue that gold’s presence, discovery, and informal extraction creates resource frontiers, and that within these frontiers, mining labor practices, property relations, and gold mining-related secret knowledges converge to generate resource territories. While development practitioners, agrarian scholars, and government officials represent mining sites as chaotic and lacking institutional order, I show that a clearly understood organization of life and work animates the territorial subjects and territorialized spaces that small-scale mining populates in both urban and rural mining territories. The article challenges views of territory and territorialization as an imposition of government on the people and resources within spatial boundaries. Territories with no formalized boundaries in Indonesian gold country emerge through specific production practices engaging labor, resource access, and situated knowledges. The complex entanglements of legalities and illegalities suggest that smallholder gold production spaces are ungovernable through centralized state regulatory institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research explored the social dimension of river restoration by examining amenity development as a social response within two watersheds at different biophysical restoration states in Maine, USA. Our research provided the first systematic examination of progress in achieving federal- and state-regulated water quality improvements at an individual river segment level. Using spatial analysis, we documented spatiotemporal patterns of water classification shifts, examined the interactions among these shifts, and assessed the creation of amenity infrastructure and landscape patterns along the river corridors. Despite historical differences in patterns of water classification levels, these two systems were comparable in amenity infrastructure and in many landscape metrics. The pace of amenity development differed over time and along the rivers, with the more impaired system experiencing greater amenity development, raising questions about the larger role of amenity investment in fostering community awareness of river systems and pointing to the complexity of social response to river restoration. Communities may choose to invest in amenity development in advance of full restoration progress to provide greater connections to river systems. Alternatively, such investments may arise only after considerable progress has been achieved. Identifying why and when communities invest in amenities as a dimension of restoration is critical to advancing natural resource management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sparsely populated northern resource communities have been marked by flows of out-migration and an aging population. However, rural places are also becoming the locus of a range of leisure and work related mobilities. The aim of the paper is to identify different forms of rural mobilities and analyse their economic and socio-cultural importance for peripheral development. We introduce a framework of temporary mobilities to study the range of seasonal and temporary movements and mobile groups. The framework is applied to a forestry dependent community in eastern Finland, and a second home community in Finnish Lapland. These northern communities have traditionally been dependent on the use of natural resources. Our analysis shows that during past decades however, their development has become increasingly defined by tourists, recreationists, second home owners and seasonal workers. Our findings highlight the importance of fixity, stopping and staying when evaluating the consequences and potentials of mobilities for rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critics of ‘the governance turn’ suggest that, in self-governing networks and hybrid governance arrangements, there remains an imperative for coordination and steering of governance institutions and processes. This is termed ‘meta-governance’. The dominant view in the meta-governance literature rejects the claim that states have been hollowed-out and maintains that governance still largely occurs through or by government. From this perspective it would appear that meta-governance, almost necessarily, is akin to central steering by the state. We support the small but growing body of scholarship that challenges this notion by claiming that meta-governance may in fact be exercised by any resourceful actor: public or private. We do so by interrogating the specific literature on regional policy and governance and the increasingly complex governance tasks that resource companies have taken on through their participation in an expanded scope of social policy issues. We show that, in the context of rural and remote communities, extractive resource companies have the potential to play a meta-governance role, and conclude by arguing that meta-governance is a significant, but under-explored topic in both rural governance and regional scholarship. We suggest that further research be undertaken to explore this private actor and their role in meta-governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past, employment in northern Sweden has been largely dependent on natural resources. Shifting demands and price fluctuations for raw materials have caused boom periods as well as times of crisis in local communities. During the first decade of the 21st century, increasing global demand for minerals resulted in substantial investments in the Swedish mining industry. The purpose of this article is to assess the importance of mining for employment in the county of Västerbotten, northern Sweden, by focusing on the time period after 1990. Mining employment constitutes a rather small part of all employment in the study area, due to a restructuring process that started in the 1960s. However, results show that mining employment has increased slightly, especially after 2002. Global demand for minerals and related technology and services make it reasonable to believe that this change will have a deeper significance for employment opportunities in the study area. Restructuring in mining generates new business opportunities in subcontracting, consultancy and equipment production, but also creates new challenges. Consequently, it is important to make strategic decisions on regional and local levels concerning how to make use of the development in the mining industry to stimulate long-term regional employment growth.

Since the mid-2000s, the world has seen an unprecedented expansion in corporate resource extraction. This global phenomenon has not been restricted to the Global South, but has also been, unexpectedly and interestingly, felt in the Global North in contexts that were considered to be ruled by political systems where the impacts of rapid resource extraction would not be felt. Between 2005 and 2010, for example, the volume of metallic ore and waste rock mining in Finland increased from fewer than 5 million tons to 46 million tons, mostly through the inauguration of four large mines in the east and north of the country. This paper examines the various explanations for the mining expansion, based on expert interviews, participant observation and a spatial analysis of the change dynamics. The importance and causalities in the control and divisions of social, physical and symbolic spaces are assessed, drawing on and interweaving the theories of Arrighi and Harvey, and conceptualizations of Moore and Bourdieu. A series of fertile conceptual tools for analysing the role of spatial dynamics in land-use changes is developed and put to work in the empirical analysis. The results are significant for the literatures on spatial dynamics and Arctic land-use change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the concept and practice of the commons as a holistic, multi-sectoral, cross-disciplinary framework for critical heritage work on resource frontiers. Drawing from my research on forest commoning in the Appalachian coalfields, I argue that land-based systems of commoning vital to communities in the path of resource extraction merit more attention from heritage workers. Commons tend to disappear through their atomization into siloed objects of study and stewardship. This disappearance, partly a function of reductionist, dualistic thinking, also signals a persistent colonialist myth of emptiness. I argue that the embodied, participatory field methods of public folklorists are particularly well-suited to the study and accreditation of land-based commons as heritage. Building on the idea of ‘deep ecology’, the notion of ‘deep commoning’ espouses our implication in worlds we bring into dialogue through the practice of public folklore as critical heritage work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective implementation of resource policies requires consistent and robust indicators. An increasing number of national and international strategies focussing on resource efficiency as a means for reaching a “green economy” call for such indicators. As supply chains of goods and services are increasingly organised on the global level, comprehensive indicators taking into account upstream material flows associated with internationally traded products need to be compiled. Particularly in the last few years, the development of consumption-based indicators of material use – also termed “material footprints” – has made considerable progress. This paper presents a comprehensive review of existing methodologies to calculate material footprint-type indicators. The three prevailing approaches, i.e. environmentally extended input–output analysis (EE-IOA), coefficient approaches based on process analysis data, and hybrid approaches combing elements of EE-IOA and process analysis are presented, existing models using the different approaches discussed, and advantages and disadvantages of each approach identified. We argue that there is still a strong need for improvement of the specific approaches as well as comparability of results, in order to reduce uncertainties. The paper concludes with recommendations for further development covering methodological, data and institutional aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lifecycle models include economic transition as an alternative future for resource-based communities operating in an emerging post-staples state. This article determines if, when, and how transition has occurred in select mining towns of northern Ontario, and if population growth is associated with this shift. We create an inventory of municipalities that have been mine-dependent at some point since 1950. Using labour force data for the period 1991 to 2011, we find evidence of transforming economies in 13 of 19 census subdivisions (CSDs) examined in depth. Application of our Resource Dependency Model reveals that three types of economic transition trace back to stages of in- or ex-situ mine post-dependence. An economic sectoral analysis demonstrates that public sector employment is largely responsible for partial replacement transition, with private sector employment either steadying (stabilization transition) or growing (enhancement transition) the local economy. Although only five transitioning municipalities experienced concurrent, and short term, population growth, transition is necessary to avoid economic vacuity and significant population loss. Esquisse de la mutation économique dans les villes minières du nord de l'Ontario : une application du « modèle de dépendance des ressources » La mutation économique compte parmi les éléments des modèles de cycle de vie proposés comme une alternative d'avenir pour les collectivités qui dépendent des ressources naturelles doivent s'affranchir de leur dépendance. Cet article a pour objet de déterminer si, quand et comment la mutation a eu lieu dans certaines villes minières du nord de l'Ontario et, ce faisant, si elle s'est accompagnée d'une croissance de la population. Un inventaire est d'abord dressé des municipalités qui vivaient de l'exploitation minière à un moment donné depuis 1950. Selon les données disponibles sur la population active pour la période 1991-2011, il apparaît que l'économie de 13 des 19 subdivisions de recensement (SDR) sous étude a subi une mutation. Notre modèle de dépendance des ressources a permis de constater l'existence de trois types de mutation économique remontant à des phases in ou ex situ postérieures à la dépendance à l'exploitation minière. Une analyse sectorielle de l'économie met en évidence que l'emploi dans le secteur public explique en grande partie la mutation partielle par le remplacement, alors que l'emploi dans le secteur privé contribue soit à la stabilité (mutation qui tend à la stabilisation) soit à la croissance (mutation qui tend à l'amélioration) des conditions économiques locales. Alors que seulement cinq municipalités en mutation ont connu une croissance simultanée, mais brève, de leur population, il est impératif que survienne une mutation afin d'éviter de souffrir d'une économie exsangue et d'une baisse importante de la population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-tech firms increasingly rely on inter-firm collaboration (IFC) in new product development (NPD). While there is a growing research interest in exploring the economic rationale of IFC through the transaction cost economics (TCE) and the resource synergy of IFC through the resource-based view of the firm (RBV), little attention has been given to the institution-based view (IBV) that also has important implications for firms' choice of IFC. In particular, how national institutional environment affects IFC in the NPD process remains under-researched. This study aims to contribute to the literature by extending our understanding of the role of IFC in firms' NPD process, taking into account transactional, resource, and institutional factors. Based on a case study of two firms: a state-owned and a private pharmaceutical firm in China, our research identifies three key forms of IFC, which are dynamic at different stages of NPD and contingent upon an array of institutional, resource, and transactional rationales underpinning firms' choice of different forms of IFC. Our study is the first one that investigates the role of IFC in the NPD process bringing together the IBV, RBV, and TCE perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jiaozuo is a typical resource-based city, and its economic transformation has been an example of success in China. However, quantitative evaluation of the city’s development has scarcely been performed, and future development is not clear. Because of this, using the relevant data from 1999 to 2013, this paper uses the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to evaluate development after the transformation of Jiaozuo with the aim of providing a basis for its future developing plan. The results show that DEA was effective in 2000, 2004, 2006, 2010, and 2012, was weakly effective in 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2013, and was ineffective in 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2011. By evaluating the development of Jiaozuo, this paper provides policy implications for Jiaozuo’s sustainable development, and it may serve as a reference for the sustainable development of China’s other resources-based cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The definition of management actions in natural resource management requires the integration of all types of knowledge involved. An appropriate approach for such a challenge is the ideal of transdisciplinarity. A transdisciplinary process can be considered “consultative” when knowledge is simply gathered and collated, or “participatory” when knowledge integration is undertaken collectively. In this paper, we present a mixed mode procedure (i.e., using interviews, questionnaires, and group discussions) that empirically demonstrates the difference between consultative and participatory transdisciplinary processes. The mixed mode procedure is used for identifying the most relevant problems occurring in the coastal system of Praia da Vitória bay, Azores, Portugal. This mixed mode procedure is likely to be useful for other studies, because the results highlight the need to promote face-to-face interaction at the earliest opportunity, and because it allows an understanding to be gained of social learning processes, the influence of power, and participant behaviour during interaction with others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resource booms, including those currently occurring in northern Canada, are anchored in narratives of economic opportunity. As a consequence, the Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut are currently seeing an increase in immigration from some non-traditional source countries of the global South. Those who arrive in Yellowknife and Whitehorse have different expectations of experiences of the North. Relatively little literature has explored the ways in which place is being constructed by such new Canadians. Where do these notions of place and place identity in northern communities fit within broader and dichotomous discourses of the North as "hinterland or homeland"? This article examines how transnational labour migrants position their life experiences in relation to dominant discourses of neoliberalism and resource frontier values-historically sites of economic opportunity that have valorized characteristics such as masculinity and individualism that have come to ideologically define resource-based communities. Data for this article is drawn from thirty-five narrative interviews with new Canadians who had resided in Whitehorse or Yellowknife for between three and six years on average. The results suggest that transnational newcomers into the North negotiate multiple socio-economic challenges as they engage in place making within a rapidly changing northern economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As systems of marine protected areas (MPAs) expand globally, there is a risk that new MPAs will be biased toward places that are remote or unpromising for extractive activities, and hence follow the trend of terrestrial protected areas in being 'residual' to commercial uses. Such locations typically provide little protection to the species and ecosystems that are most exposed to threatening processes., There are strong political motivations to establish residual reserves that minimize costs and conflicts with users of natural resources. These motivations will likely remain in place as long as success continues to be measured in terms of area (km2) protected., The global pattern of MPAs was reviewed and appears to be residual, supported by a rapid growth of large, remote MPAs. The extent to which MPAs in Australia are residual nationally and also regionally within the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) Marine Park was also examined., Nationally, the recently announced Australian Commonwealth marine reserves were found to be strongly residual, making almost no difference to 'business as usual' for most ocean uses. Underlying this result was the imperative to minimize costs, but without the spatial constraints of explicit quantitative objectives for representing bioregions or the range of ecological features in highly protected zones., In contrast, the 2004 rezoning of the GBR was exemplary, and the potential for residual protection was limited by applying a systematic set of planning principles, such as representing a minimum percentage of finely subdivided bioregions. Nonetheless, even at this scale, protection was uneven between bioregions. Within-bioregion heterogeneity might have led to no-take zones being established in areas unsuitable for trawling with a risk that species assemblages differ between areas protected and areas left available for trawling., A simple four-step framework of questions for planners and policy makers is proposed to help reverse the emerging residual tendency of MPAs and maximize their effectiveness for conservation. This involves checks on the least-cost approach to establishing MPAs in order to avoid perverse outcomes., © 2014 The Authors. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the public/private funding debate and their social and physical presence in the community, the most visible touch-points for environmental responsibility (ER) are arguably seen among public assembly facilities. However, while cost savings and perceptual benefits are considered the most salient outcomes of 'going green', little attention has been paid to the resource-worthiness of ER. Applying facility manager perceptions to the Resource-based View of the Firm (RBV), various ER impacts and outcomes were assessed. The RBV dimensions were theorized to influence stakeholder and local impacts, the outcomes of which are image enhancement and economic reward. The structural model results confirm our assertions; however, not all paths were in the hypothesized directions. The results show that as a resource, ER is perceived as valuable and to a lesser extent, rare, by facility managers, but it may not necessarily substitute for other organizational resources. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the implications of 'resource frontier aging' with a particular emphasis on understanding the role of the voluntary sector in supporting older people living in resource hinterland regions, and in sustaining economic and social development in their communities. Informed by recent calls for greater attention to the diverse experiences of rural aging, individually and collectively, and drawing on previous research on voluntarism in aging rural communities and on community development in Canada's resource hinterland, we conceptualize voluntarism as a multifaceted process that both shapes and is shaped by the interactions between older people and aging places. We articulate an approach for interrogating initiatives that link voluntarism, aging, and community development together, and present findings from an exploratory analysis of local media from two resource towns in northern British Columbia to identify and describe the interrelationship between voluntary sector activities in support of community development and those in support of aging in place. The findings provide evidence of the multiple, nuanced, and reciprocal ways in which voluntarism creates and reinforces the connections between aging and community development, often via the leadership and participation of older residents. Avenues for further research aimed at developing an in-depth understanding of voluntarism as a potentially transformative process in resource frontier communities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]