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While there is increasing recognition that social processes in cities like gentrification have ecological consequences, we lack nuanced understanding of the ways gentrification affects urban biodiversity. We analyzed a large camera trap dataset of mammals (>500 g) to evaluate how gentrification impacts species richness and community composition across 23 US cities. After controlling for the negative effect of impervious cover, gentrified parts of cities had the highest mammal species richness. Change in community composition was associated with gentrification in a few cities, which were mostly located along the West Coast. At the species level, roughly half (11 of 21 mammals) had higher occupancy in gentrified parts of a city, especially when impervious cover was low. Our results indicate that the impacts of gentrification extend to nonhuman animals, which provides further evidence that some aspects of nature in cities, such as wildlife, are chronically inaccessible to marginalized human populations.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To test associations between neighborhood social, built, and ambient environment characteristics and multidimensional sleep health in Hispanic/Latino adults. METHODS: Data were from San Diego-based Hispanic/Latino adults mostly of Mexican heritage enrolled in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (N = 342). Home addresses were geocoded to ascertain neighborhood characteristics of greenness, walkability (density of intersections, retail spaces, and residences), socioeconomic deprivation (e.g. lower income, lower education), social disorder (e.g. vacant buildings, crime), traffic density, and air pollution (PM 2.5) in the Study of Latinos Communities and Surrounding Areas Study. Sleep dimensions of regularity, satisfaction, alertness, timing, efficiency, and duration were measured by self-report or actigraphy approximately 2 years later. Multivariable regression models accounting for study design (stratification and clustering) were used to examine associations of neighborhood variables with individual sleep dimensions and a multidimensional sleep health composite score. RESULTS: Neighborhood characteristics were not significantly associated with the multidimensional sleep health composite, and there were few significant associations with individual sleep dimensions. Greater levels of air pollution (B = 9.03, 95% CI: 1.16, 16.91) were associated with later sleep midpoint, while greater social disorder (B = -6.90, 95% CI: -13.12, -0.67) was associated with earlier sleep midpoint. Lower walkability was associated with more wake after sleep onset (B = -3.58, 95% CI: -7.07, -0.09). CONCLUSIONS: Living in neighborhoods with lower walkability and greater air pollution was associated with worse sleep health, but otherwise findings were largely null. Future research should test these hypotheses in settings with greater variability and investigate mechanisms of these associations.

Creating a socially sustainable city will often encompass strategies to ensure that the different communities are “cohesive” and that the many neighbourhoods are diverse to prevent residential segregation. However, the literature on diverse communities and urban diversity has detailed processes of avoidance, exclusion, and friction as well as addressed the coping mechanisms that some residents develop. In this paper, we analyse ethnographic data from Oslo, Norway, with the aim to contribute to the research on neighbourhood social sustainability and residential preferences. It is claimed that to understand such preferences, the concepts of cultural security and cultural insecurity are useful. People’s interest in “culture” may pose a challenge to policy makers’ visions for socially sustainable urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed literature published between January 1, 1990 and October 31, 2021, to identify socioeconomic determinants that contribute to higher burden and adverse outcomes in diseases for which self-care is an important modality of treatment and prevention. We identified these diseases using over-the-counter medicines sales data sourced from IQVIA. We searched Ovid Medline, PubMed, and EMBASE databases for articles published in English using inclusion/exclusion criteria. We analyzed articles covering 42 diseases that qualified as cardiovascular disorders (219 studies including ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, and related risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia and atrial fibrillation), nutritional disorders (66 studies including malnutrition which encompasses undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, and anemia), digestive disorders (40 studies including gastroesophageal reflux disorder, inflammatory bowel disease, and dyspepsia), allergy disorders (40 studies including asthma and allergic rhinitis), pain disorders (14 studies including lower back pain, knee pain, generalized musculoskeletal pain and headaches), dermatological disorders (23 studies including atopic dermatitis [eczema], occupational dermatosis, and facial dermatitis), respiratory disorders (11 studies including chronic cough, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, wheezing, and influenza), and gynecological disorders (29 studies including bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis vaginosis). We found that lifestyle factors were the commonly reported risk factors, and residential segregation, education, and income were the commonly reported socioeconomic determinants. A closer analysis of income within each disorder revealed that it is more often associated with health conditions that are self-limiting. Although we did not find any discernible relationship between the commonly reported socioeconomic factors and the prevalence of self-medication for the health conditions considered, income plays an important role in the burden and outcomes of conditions that require more self-care compared to those that require less self-care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate differential effects of neighborhood structure on the arrest rates of men versus women. Given potential disparities in the use of discretion by offense severity, we disaggregate crime to aggravated assaults, burglaries, and drug offenses. We employ negative binomial regression models to predict the number of arrests by sex for each crime type, and test for significant differences within and between sex across offense severity. We find few differences within and across sex, however, levels of disorder and the racial composition of a neighborhood are important structural factors in understanding arrests by sex and across offense type. Neighborhood composition is associated with differential rates of arrest by sex and across offense severity, which has implications for gender disparities in the criminal justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text explores the evolution of U.S. suburbs from being perceived as havens of privilege before the 1960s to facing challenges in the 1970s and 1980s due to increasing fears of environmental and societal threats. The disappearance of children like Etan Patz and Adam Walsh heightened these fears, leading to increased surveillance and security measures in suburban neighborhoods. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 saw a resurgence of suburban privilege as many people moved from cities to suburbs, impacting housing availability and affordability. The text suggests that addressing housing affordability in suburbs requires innovative solutions and public policy interventions. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines how white supremacy diluted the nationwide struggle to eliminate racial residential segregation known as the Fair Housing Movement. As the sole civil rights organization dedicated to fair housing, the National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing (NCDH) fought valiantly to help African Americans buy homes in white neighborhoods and generated the political momentum necessary for the passage of fair housing laws from 1950 through 1987. However, it also disseminated a moderate vision of fair housing that depended on white Americans' comfort. This vision left the NCDH vulnerable to criticism from Progressive and Black Power fair housing activists who believe in fair housing on African Americans' terms or advocate for reinvestment in African American neighborhoods. Although these factions remain ignored and underfunded, they challenge the notion of a unified national Fair Housing Movement and offer an alternative, more equitable vision of this often-overlooked portion of the Civil Rights Movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examining Currier and Ives's immensely popular and racist lithographic print series, the "Darktown" comics, from 1877 to 1900, this article argues that the prints represented homogeneous black urban space as commonplace, natural, and correct despite the fact that extensive residential racial segregation was not the reality in any U.S. cities during the period. In doing so, the images both reflected growing white desires for segregation and constituted one site where Americans encountered, and potentially acquired, ideas about segregation. By demonstrating that images of racial segregation circulated via the Darktown comics prior to advent of ghettoization, this article addresses a significant gap in the historical scholarship on U.S. racial residential segregation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as this scholarship has overlooked popular culture as a site where ideas about segregation appeared and played out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnic proportions of neighborhoods are a "macro" measure of intergroup contact and can buffer or expose people of color to discrimination. Simultaneously, perceived discrimination can sensitize students of color to social identity threat in environments in which they are numerically underrepresented and negatively stereotyped. In the current research, we integrate these two lines of research to examine whether neighborhood ethnic composition – the percentage of Latinx residents in one's home community – predicts social identity threat for Latinx students attending college at a predominately White institution (PWI). In two studies, Latinx college students attending a PWI provided their 5-digit zip code and completed measures assessing their perceived discrimination and social identity threat. Across both studies, neighborhood ethnic composition (greater percentage of Latinx residents) was associated with greater social identity threat and this association was mediated by greater perceived discrimination. These studies advance research on neighborhood ethnic composition and social identity threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated first‐and second‐generation Latine immigrant children's attributions for cultural and structural discrimination, and how this differed based on their own neighborhood composition. Participants were recruited from 19 elementary schools (N = 101 girls, 101 boys), and ranged in age from 8 to 12 years old (M = 9.22; SD = 11.98 months). All children were either first‐generation (40%) or second‐generation (60%) immigrants from Mexico, South America, and Central America. Mixed ANCOVAs analyzed how attributions of structural and cultural discrimination differed based on children's perceptions of ethnic residential composition. The findings indicated that elementary school‐aged Latine children, regardless of neighborhood composition, were aware of the biased cultural narrative that Latine immigrants are "criminals." This seems to be the most salient form of cultural discrimination for children in middle childhood and echoes much of the political rhetoric around immigration reform. Children's own neighborhood composition predicted their understanding of residential segregation. Children who lived in predominantly White neighborhoods perceived segregation to be due to White people's biases, whereas children who lived in predominantly Latine neighborhoods perceived segregation to be due to Latine families' economic disadvantage or both groups' mutual preferences. These findings suggest that Latine children, by middle childhood, are aware of biased cultural narratives in the U.S., and their understanding of structural inequalities are related to the neighborhood context in which they live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firearm violence is a persistent public health crisis in the United States, with over 100,000 individuals being shot every year. This violence not only affects those directly injured but also thousands of youth who are exposed to indirect forms of firearm violence, such as witnessing gunfire or losing a family member to gun violence. Firearms are the leading cause of death among children and teens in the U.S., with youth of color disproportionately affected. Additionally, there has been an increase in adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in the U.S., which further exacerbates the negative outcomes for children. This special issue of Youth & Society presents new research on the impacts of firearm violence on youth, including disparities, prevention efforts, and interventions. The findings highlight the need for preventive efforts that account for racial and ethnic groups, screening for suicide risk among younger adolescents, and addressing systemic factors that drive firearm violence outcomes. The research also explores the associations between firearm-related beliefs and perceived ease of firearm access with firearm exposure and police violence exposure. The studies provide insights into specific interventions and challenge presumptions about youth and their perceptions of safety. The research also identifies protective factors and pathways for mental health support and interventions for adolescents exposed to firearm violence. The implementation of firearm purchaser licensing laws has been found to be associated with lower rates of violence. Overall, this body of research contributes to the growing field of firearm violence prevention and offers opportunities for effective solutions to address this public health crisis. The impacts of firearm violence on youth are extensive and lifelong, [Extracted from the article]

Youth interpersonal firearm violence disproportionately affects Black youth, with residential racial segregation as a key determinant. Racially segregated neighborhoods, which are economically isolated (e.g., neighborhood disadvantage), are linked to increased exposure to violence. This exposure, in turn, is a determinant of youth firearm aggression (i.e., using a gun on someone else). Mechanisms from residential racial segregation to firearm aggression, however, have not been evaluated. Therefore, we tested neighborhood disadvantage and exposure to violence as mediators in the association between residential racial segregation and youth firearm aggression. Participants were 338 Black youth who had used drugs in the past 6 months and sought care in an urban emergency department. Using serial mediation analysis, residential racial segregation was indirectly associated with youth firearm aggression via neighborhood disadvantage and then exposure to violence. While researchers have documented the association between structural racism and firearm violence injury and incidents, our study assessed multiple socioecological mechanisms simultaneously. Identifying the downstream socioecological consequences of residential segregation can guide the development of firearm aggression prevention programs addressing the consequences of racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Traffic‐related air pollutants have been associated with a variety of adverse human health impacts, including cancers. In the United States, numerous studies have documented racial inequities in neighborhood exposures to traffic‐related air pollution. Emerging evidence suggests that structural racism may influence neighborhood exposures to air pollutants. However, existing research has largely focused on residential racial segregation, one indicator of structural racism. This study developed a multidimensional measure of structural racism to examine the relationship between structural racism and estimated cancer risk from air pollutants in Georgia. Methods: Carcinogenic air toxics data were obtained from the US Environmental Protection Agency's 2019 Air Toxics Screening Assessment and sociodemographic data from the American Community Survey. Guided by stakeholder input, county‐level data on residential segregation, education, employment, incarceration, economic status, political participation, and homeownership were used to create a multidimensional county‐level structural racism index. Relative risks (RRs) were estimated for associations between structural racism and elevated (top 10% in Georgia) estimated cancer risk from air toxics. Results: Multilevel analyses revealed a significant association between multidimensional structural racism and exposure to carcinogenic traffic‐related air pollutants. Neighborhoods in the highest quartile of structural racism exhibited an elevated cancer risk from traffic‐related air pollutants (RR, 7.84; 95% CI, 5.11–12.05) compared to neighborhoods with lower levels of structural racism. Conclusions: Multidimensional structural racism was associated with estimated cancer risk from traffic‐related air pollution in Georgia. Findings can inform future studies and policy interventions that address racial inequalities in exposure to traffic‐related air pollution. Significant associations were observed between high levels of structural racism and estimated cancer risk from traffic‐related air pollution. These findings can inform policy interventions that address racial inequalities in exposure to traffic‐related air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study measures residential segregation and investigates its association with travel mobility by using mobile phone data from Shenzhen, China. It considers residential segregation in terms of income level and migrant group; and travel mobility in terms of travel frequency, activity space, and travel distance. Unlike previous research on residential segregation and travel mobility, our research uses mobile phone data to produce empirical evidence. The extent of segregation between different migrant and income‐level groups is measured using the location quotient and Getis‐Ord index. This enables us to develop a linear regression model with which to investigate the associations of residential segregation with travel mobility. The study results show that the segregation of middle‐ and low‐income groups and migrants from Southwestern China and Jiangxi is negatively associated with travel mobility among those in the suburbs; meanwhile, for groups segregated in the city center, there is a positive association with travel mobility. These findings suggest that residential segregation is especially adverse for the travel mobility of disadvantaged groups and those living in the suburbs. Accordingly, the paper presents policy recommendations that would enhance travel mobility by alleviating the problems associated with the residential segregation of socially disadvantaged groups living in the suburbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese institution for population registration is called the hukou system. It divides residents into local and non-local hukou holders concerning geographical mobility. Within Chinese society, young people often move away from their birthplace and subsequently become non-local hukou holders in the destinations. The hukou system has become a barrier to the access of young people to urban rights, placing them in a peripheral position in society. To understand the often-overlooked geographies of young people in China, the article examines how the hukou system undermines young people’s right to the city. Subsequently, the invisible politics of young people in China is discussed, based on a scoping review that approaches the issue through three themes: young people’s tactics in their mobilities; housing inequality and residential segregation; and young people’s aspirations for the future. Combining authoritarianism and neoliberalism, the hukou system controls the distribution of city rights, and thus regulates the flows of young people. Such regulation constitutes a transitional regime that shapes the life trajectories of Chinese youths. Therefore, the article recommends hearing the voices of Chinese young people in the field of Children’s Geographies, and thus enabling their voices to influence future reforms of hukou policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social segregation is a challenge intensified by rapid urbanisation. Using mobility data, researchers have widened the scope of analysis from static residential segregation patterns to experienced segregation in activity space. Despite such progress, we have yet to decipher how social segregation evolves with the urban development process. The different roles of transport modes, major transport infrastructure expansion, and longitudinal changes over decades are rarely captured. This study utilises three Hong Kong Travel Characteristics Surveys data from 1992 to 2011 to analyse the city's social mixing changes. Detailed mobility and socio-demographic data of 101,385 (2011), 92,520 (2002) and 77,271 (1992) individuals were included. We found that the unequal experience of social segregation among different social demographic groups has persisted across the two decades. Nevertheless, public transit has a significant effect in increasing social mixing, thereby moderating the experienced social segregation. The roles of buses and the metro system are particularly noteworthy. Nonetheless, we found a selection bias of new metro stations in areas of high social mixing already. Over time, the metro expansion plays a paradoxical role. On one hand, the metro stations' immediate catchment areas have seen a decreased low-income population. On the other hand, the increased number of metro trips allows people to have a more diverse experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis work builds upon previous research to assess the associations between underlying dimensions of racial residential segregation and police-caused homicide of Black civilians. Previous scholars have observed that much of the existing work on residential segregation and police-caused homicide has used one measure of segregation, most commonly the dissimilarity index, although recent work has expanded the focus to include multiple indicators of segregation. Our research extends this research by computing multiple measures of racial residential segregation for a sample of U.S. Core Based Statistical Areas in 2010 and factor analyzing them to identify underlying dimensions. Measures of the resulting dimensions are merged with the Mapping Police Violence data on police-caused homicide. The analyses reaffirm and extend previous conclusions about the importance of spatial relationships within residential locations for understanding contemporary police-caused homicide, while raising questions about the underlying theoretical mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assess racial disparities in the service quality of app-based ride-hailing services, like Uber and Lyft, by simulating their operations in the city of Chicago using empirical data. To generate driver cancellation rate disparities consistent with controlled experiments (up to twice as large for Black riders as for White riders), we estimate that more than 3% of drivers discriminate by race. We find that the capabilities of ridehailing technology to rapidly rematch after a cancellation and prioritize long-waiting customers heavily mitigates the effects of driver discrimination on rider wait times, reducing average discrimination-induced disparities to less than 1 min--an order of magnitude less than traditional taxis. However, our results suggest that even in the absence of direct driver discrimination, Black riders in Chicago wait about 50% longer, on average, than White riders because of historically informed geographic residential patterns. We estimate that if Black riders in the city had the same wait times as White riders, the collective travel time saved would be worth $4.2 million to $7.0 million per year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between residential patterns and socioeconomic statuses highlights the complex interactions between the economic regime, welfare system, and neighborhood effects, which are crucial in urban inequality studies. With the diversification of the housing demand and supply system, the traditional analysis conducted separately from the ethnic or spatial segregation perspective fails to capture the rising inequalities and changing socio-spatial context. Taking Nanjing as an example, based on a multi-source database including the housing price, residential environmental quality, surrounding support facilities, and mobile phone user portrait data, this paper proposed a modified method for discovering the coupling relationship between residential patterns and socioeconomic statuses. It is found that socioeconomic status contributes to residential spatial aggregation and that the relationship between social and spatial dimensions of residential differentiation is tightly coupled and related. The lower socioeconomic strata were displaced to the periphery and the older urban core, while affluent inhabitants were more likely to settle voluntarily in segregated enclaves to isolate themselves from the general population through more flexible housing options. The heterogeneity of the urban socioeconomic dimension is primarily affected by consumption and occupational status, while housing prices mainly determine the divergence of spatial distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposes a new approach for residential segregation analysis contributing to the methodological debate relating to the measurement of the phenomenon and its comparability between different urban contexts. The strategy of analysis involves the use of areal interpolation methods to create high-resolution population grids, a compositional data approach, and the implementation of factorial analysis to define a socio-economic class composition index based on categorical data, which is a common data type in social research. The latter, in combination with spatial autocorrelation tools and the adoption of a criterion based on temporal distances to define spatial relations between grid cells, enables the identification and mapping of segregated areas. To test our method, we rely on the latest UK census data (2021) for the metropolitan areas of Liverpool, Manchester, and Newcastle upon Tyne, employing social groups defined according to the National Statistics Socio-economic Classification provided by the Office for National Statistics as population data. Finally, the validity of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through case studies, and the results are interpreted within the broader theoretical framework on the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The racial and ethnic diversification of the U.S. population has transformed the demographic makeup of communities and rapidly increased exposure to diversity in American neighborhoods. Although diversity exposure occurs throughout people's daily lives, the conventional approach to describing diversity only at places of residence potentially understates the full extent of this phenomenon. In this study, we explore short-term, within-day changes in the diversity of different neighborhoods by considering U.S. workers' work and residential locations. Using estimates for daytime and nighttime populations among metropolitan census tracts, our empirical analyses investigate the extent to which the process of daytime mobility for work relates to changes in the racial and ethnic diversity of different spaces. Our results indicate widespread daily shifts toward diversity for most neighborhood types, especially those with residential (nighttime) populations that are predominantly Black, Latino, or Asian. We find that patterns of intraday diversification experienced minor declines across recent decades but are present in most metropolitan areas. Our findings also show that intraday changes in racial and ethnic diversity overlap with nonracial forms of daily diversity change. Further, average within-day changes in diversity are more pronounced in areas with greater residential segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine trends and potential disparities in North Carolina (NC) driving while impaired by alcohol (alcohol-DWI) license suspensions from 2007–2016. Specific objectives included: 1) examining personal (e.g., race/ethnicity) and contextual (e.g., residential segregation) characteristics of alcohol-DWI license suspensions by suspension duration; and 2) examining trends in annual suspension rates by race/ethnicity, sex, and duration. Methods: We linked NC administrative licensing and county-level survey data from several sources from 2007–2016. Suspensions were categorized by duration: 1 to <4 years and 4 years or longer (proxies for initial and repeat suspensions, respectively). We calculated counts, percentages, and suspensions rates (per 1,000 person-years) with 95% confidence intervals, examined trends in annual suspension rates by race/ethnicity, sex, and suspension duration. Results: We identified 220,471 initial and 41,526 repeat license suspensions. Rates among males were three times that of females. 21-24-year-old (rates: 6.9 per 1,000 person-years for initial; 1.5 for repeat) and Black (4.1 for initial; 1.0 for repeat) individuals had the highest suspension rates. We observed decreases in annual initial and repeat suspension rates among males, but only in repeat suspensions for females during the study period. A substantial decrease in annual initial suspension rates was observed among Hispanic individuals relative to other racial/ethnic groups, while annual repeat suspension rates exhibited large decreases for most racial/ethnic groups. The highest overall suspension rates occurred in counties with higher proportions of the population without health insurance and with the highest levels of Black/White residential segregation. Conclusions: Potential disparities by race/ethnicity and sex existed by alcohol-DWI license suspension duration (i.e., initial vs. repeat suspensions) in NC. Contextual characteristics associated with suspensions, including a high degree of residential segregation, may provide indications of underlying structures and mechanisms driving potential disparities in alcohol-DWI outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young adults aged 18–28 represent a pivotal demographic whose experiences of inequality significantly shape their life trajectories in cities. Despite their potential for innovation and social advancement, public agendas often marginalize their needs and aspirations. This paper explores urban inequality among young adults by examining how they define and value different aspects of their daily lives when urban inequality is at play. Drawing on focus group discussions in two socioeconomically segregated urban districts in Bogotá, this paper employs the capability approach to construct a comprehensive list of 15 capability domains that young adults use to define and value their daily experiences. The paper adds to the existing literature a detail a step-by-step process involving the identification, selection, and ranking of relevant capabilities, with young adults actively engaged in value judgements through a deliberative process of public reasoning. Findings reveal that quality-of-life domains for young adults extend beyond traditional youth policy sectors, encompassing political participation, public space and mobility, social norms, and independence. The results not only expand the scope of existing youth agendas but also align with demands expressed during recent social unrest in Colombia and the region, where young adults have played a central and vocal role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Deep-rooted racial residential segregation and housing discrimination have given rise to housing disparities among low-income Black young adults in the US. Most studies have focused on single dimensions of housing instability, and thus provide a partial view of how Black young adults experience multiple, and perhaps overlapping, experiences of housing instability including homelessness, frequent moves, unaffordability, or evictions. We aimed to illuminate the multiple forms of housing instability that Black young adults contend with and examine relationships between housing instability and mental health outcomes. Methods: Using baseline data from the Black Economic Equity Movement (BEEM) guaranteed income trial with 300 urban low-income Black young adults (aged 18–24), we conducted a three-stage latent class analysis using nine housing instability indicators. We identified distinct patterns by using fit indices and theory to determine the optimal number of latent classes. We then used multinomial logistic regression to identify subpopulations disproportionately represented within unstable housing patterns. Finally, we estimated associations between housing experience patterns and mental health outcomes: depression, anxiety, and hope. Results: We found high prevalence of housing instability with 27.3% of participants reporting experiences of homelessness in the prior year and 39.0% of participants reporting multiple measures of housing instability. We found the 4-class solution to be the best fitting model for the data based on fit indices and theory. Latent classes were characterized as four housing experience patterns: 1) more stably housed, 2) unaffordable and overcrowded housing, 3) mainly unhoused, and 4) multiple dimensions of housing instability. Those experiencing unaffordable and overcrowded housing and being mainly unhoused were more than four times as likely to have symptoms of depression (Unaffordable: aOR = 4.57, 95% CI: 1.64, 12.72; Unhoused: aOR = 4.67, 95% CI:1.18, 18.48) and more than twice as likely to report anxiety (Unaffordable: aOR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.03, 5.04; Unhoused: aOR = 3.36, 95% CI: 1.12, 10.05) compared to the more stably housed pattern. We found that hope scores were similarly high across patterns. Conclusions: High prevalence of housing instability and mental health challenges among low-income Black young adults demands tailored interventions to reduce instability, given widening racial disparities and implications for future well-being into adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affective polarization is increasingly evident around the world. This has been attributed in part to residential segregation by partisanship. The ‘Big Sort’ has meant that neighbourhoods in the United States, and elsewhere, have become more homogenous in terms of vote. Yet there is little systematic evidence on the relationship between homogenous partisan neighbourhoods and affective polarization. Does living among fellow partisans make people more negative towards the other side? In this Research Note, we use unique data from Britain to show that while people accurately recognize that their local area is more or less politically homogenous, neighbourhood political homogeneity is not correlated with any measure of affective polarization. These findings are robust to the type of political divide (partisanship or Brexit identity), the level of geography, length of residence and controls for ideology and social characteristics. We therefore suggest that while geographical sorting is an important phenomenon, it is unlikely to be a major cause of affective polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several ways of theorizing the process of segregation. From a geographical perspective the spatiality is one of the most decisive component of the term. There are two types of spatial segregation; the horizontal residential segregation, which can be considered as default understanding of segregation. This is a more frequently researched and generally known type. The less researched vertical residential segregation applies a three-dimensional approach to the process and implies, that segregation can evolve through the upward expansion of the city. It has a long history, however it has been overshadowed by the transport-development led urban sprawl, suburbanisation and deurbanisation in the 20th century. In addition, the Chicago School's study about urban models have contributed to the rapid development of the theory and research of horizontal residential segregation. According to the avai lable literature, the 2000's brought a change in the research on vertical residential segregation across Europe, however no focused research has been carried out in Hungary so far. In this study the theory of vertical residential segregation is presented through literature review. Based on the literature three types of vertical residential segregation was identified as the theoretical framework of the paper. Three sample areas in Szeged, Hungary were selected based on the three different forms and archetypes of vertical segregation. To confirm the theoretical framework of the existence of the three archetype of vertical segregation an online housing market survey was made on properties offered for sale in 2020 to examine the supply side of the real estate market. To research the demand side, data on apartments sold between 2015 and 2019 were processed and analysed. Based on these, correlation between floor and price, size was analysed to set residential segregation trends for each type on the sample areas, and regression analysis between the location of the property within the building and the average price. Results show that vertical residential segregation can be observed in Szeged. The location of the properties within a building influence where certain social groups move to. A correlation between the average unit price of the property and the floors can be detected, but the co-movement of the two variables is at most moderately related according to social science interpretations. With the data on the real estate market, we have succeeded in revealing the vertical form of residential segregation. In the future more research with social indicators will be necessary to complement the research of the authors to get a more accurate picture of the micro-scale segregation process within buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses four books that focus on the history of fugitives from slavery and their impact on American history. The books cover various aspects of the Underground Railroad, abolitionist movements, and the experiences of escaped slaves in urban settings. Each book offers a unique perspective on the role of fugitives in shaping American history, challenging traditional narratives and highlighting the complexity of their contributions. The authors explore themes of resistance, activism, and the interconnectedness of different strands of the abolitionist movement, providing a nuanced understanding of the historical significance of fugitives from slavery. [Extracted from the article]

The Ethnic Integration Policy in Singapore functions to socially engineer ethnic desegregation in public housing. Aside from investigating whether the Ethnic Integration Policy has truly achieved its stated goal, urban researchers have also devoted much attention to investigating the Ethnic Integration Policy's secondary effects, such as how it has facilitated the creation of divergent resale housing markets for different ethnic groups. Most of these studies focus on the Ethnic Integration Policy's effects at a household level. Little attention, however, has been paid to the straightforward question of how and to what extent the Ethnic Integration Policy contributes to geographic stratification in Singapore. Anecdotally, Singaporeans find it easy to name which neighbourhoods contain clusters of rich or poor households or which neighbourhoods are popular ethnic enclaves, but researchers have yet to develop a formal model of how the Ethnic Integration Policy and social-economic inequality interact. Using a mix of planning area and survey data, this article examines the spatial relationships between the Ethnic Integration Policy and ethnic and socio-economic clusters in Singapore. This article finds that contrary to past literature that have mostly attributed racial clustering as occurring among racial minorities, racial clustering occurs mostly among the Chinese when nation-level residential change is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Two exploratory 6-month pilots of triadic walking with culturally celebratory social reminiscence in gentrifying neighborhoods tested feasibility and health impact among normal and mildly cognitively impaired (MCI) older Black adults. Research Design and Methods Fourteen triads walked 1-mile 3×/week, using a navigational application with image-based reminiscence prompts. Focus groups evaluated perceived health impact and experience. Primary outcome measures were program evaluations (feasibility), pre–post self-report health, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, blood pressure, and weight. Analysis used mean rank scores for program evaluations, pre–post paired t -tests for health outcomes, and thematic coding for 30 focus groups. Results Feasibility: Retention was 74% and 86% for pilots, and 100% and 92%, respectively, were "extremely likely" to recommend to friends/family. Mean rank scores indicated appropriate pace and dose, effective conversational prompts, and program readiness with minor changes. Health impact: Self-rated health, mood, activity levels, and energy improved, days feeling downhearted decreased, and days feeling calm/peaceful were maintained or improved. Among Cohort 2, cognitive assessment scores were maintained or improved for 67%; for MCI, 76% had mean improvement of 2.4 (p  = .045). Blood pressure and weight decreased for 78% and 44%, respectively. Focus groups: Perceived impact of triadic walking included increased physical and social activity outside the program, increased awareness of cognitive decline risk and personal agency, and deep-seated sense of community connection. Discussion and Implications Triadic walking provides structure, accountability, connection, and purpose, motivating sustained engagement. Walking programs that center socialization, particularly within culturally meaningful contexts, may be more effective among older Black adults. Clinical Trial Registration Number NCT05906654 ; NCT05906667 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residential segregation by race and class is a durable form of inequality. Yet, we know less about how the unequal sorting of families into neighborhoods and schools occurs. Drawing on interviews with a diverse sample of 156 families, we examine whether residential and school decisions are connected and how they differ by household income. We find that, for higher-income families, residential decisions maintain and build on existing educational advantages, while lower-income parents churn between both houses and schools, doing the continuous work of compensating for unequal settings. Only the highest income—mostly White—parents report that they can combine their housing and school decisions and achieve satisfaction in both domains. In contrast, housing insecurity and unequal, racially-stratified geographies constrain less advantaged, primarily minority families to prioritize affordable shelter over school choice. When such trade-offs lead to inadequate educational experiences for their children, these families try to improve their children's schools through re-optimization strategies, withdrawing and re-enrolling them into different schools. While some parents perceive that these changes benefit their children, such school transfers can also increase educational instability. More generally, the lack of quality schools in affordable neighborhoods burdens families by requiring compensatory strategies to resolve housing and educational shortcomings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the concept of generics and their role in understanding prejudice. The author argues that prejudiced beliefs can be understood through stereotype judgments, which are based on generic generalizations. The article acknowledges different types of generics and their relevance to understanding prejudice. It also addresses criticisms of generics and argues that they can provide explanatory relevance without relying on essential or biological facts. The article discusses the relationship between generic cognition, prejudice, and stereotypes, and explores the influence of social interactions and material conditions on beliefs. It also considers alternative explanations and the tension between extensional and intensional characterizations of prejudice. The author suggests that higher-order evidence and contextual factors are important in determining the rationality of beliefs. [Extracted from the article]

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BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome varies by socio-demographic characteristics, with younger (18-29 years) and older (50-69 years) Hispanic/Latino having higher prevalence compared to other groups. While there is substantial research on neighborhood influences on cardiometabolic health, there are mixed findings regarding the effects of gentrification and few studies have included Hispanic/Latinos. The role of neighborhood income inequality on metabolic health remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: Examined associations of neighborhood gentrification and income inequality with metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) using data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The HCHS/SOL is a community-based cohort of adults of Hispanic/Latinos (aged 18-74). Analyses included 6710 adults who did not meet criteria for MetsS at baseline (2008-2011) and completed the visit 2 examination (2014-2017). Poisson regressions estimated odds ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for neighborhood gentrification and change in income inequality with MetSyn incidence. MAIN OUTCOME AND EXPOSURE MEASURES: Gentrification was measured with an index that included changes (2000 to 2006-2010) in education, poverty, and income. Change in neighborhood income inequality (2005-2009 to 2012-2016) was measured using the Gini coefficient of income distribution. MetSyn was defined using National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. RESULTS: Among 6647 Hispanic/Latino adults, 23% (N = 1530) had incident MetSyn. In models adjusted for socio-demographic, health insurance status, and neighborhood characteristics, gentrification (IRR, 1.00, 95%CI, 0.96-1.03) and income inequality change (IRR, 1.00, 95%CI, 0.99-1.00) were not associated with MetSyn at visit 2. There was no association between cross-sectional income inequality (2005-2009) and MetSyn at visit 2 (IRR, 0.97, 95%CI, 0.82-1.15). CONCLUSION: Neighborhood gentrification and income inequality change were not associated with incidence of MetSyn over 6 years among Hispanic/Latino adults. This study demonstrated that income-based residential changes alone may not be sufficient to explain neighborhood influences on health outcomes among this population.

Gentrification, a racialized and profit-driven process in which historically disinvested neighborhoods experience an influx of development that contributes to the improvement of physical amenities, increasing housing costs, and the dispossession and displacement of existing communities, may influence the risk of severe maternal morbidity (SMM). Leveraging a racially diverse population-based sample of all live hospital births in California between 2006 and 2017, we examined associations between neighborhood-level gentrification and SMM. SMM was defined as having one of 21 procedures and diagnoses, as described in the SMM index developed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We compared three gentrification measures to determine which operationalization best captures aspects of gentrification most salient to SMM: Freeman, Landis 3-D, and Urban Displacement Project Gentrification and Displacement Typology. Descriptive analysis assessed bivariate associations between gentrification and birthing peoples characteristics. Overall and race and ethnicity-stratified mixed-effects logistic models assessed associations between gentrification and SMM, adjusting for individual sociodemographic and pregnancy factors while accounting for clustering by census tract. The study sample included 5,256,905 births, with 72,718 cases of SMM (1.4%). The percentage of individuals living in a gentrifying neighborhood ranged from 5.7% to 11.7% across exposure assessment methods. Net of individual and pregnancy-related factors, neighborhood-level gentrification, as measured by the Freeman method, was protective against SMM (OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.86-0.93); in comparison, gentrification, as measured by the Gentrification and Displacement Typology, was associated with greater risk of SMM (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.14-1.23). These associations were significant among non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic individuals. Findings demonstrate that gentrification plays a role in shaping the risk of SMM among birthing people in California. Differences in how gentrification is conceptualized and measured, such as an emphasis on housing affordability compared to a broader characterization of gentrifications multiple aspects, may explain the heterogeneity in the directions of observed associations.

Objectives: To evaluate the relationships between perceived neighborhood racial composition (PNRC), psychosocial risks and resources, and depressive symptoms among young (ages 22-35), middle-aged (ages 36-49), and older (ages 50+) Black Americans. Methods: Full sample and age-stratified linear regression models estimated the PNRC-depressive symptoms association and the extent to which it persisted after accounting for psychosocial risks (i.e., neighborhood disorder, other social stressors) and resources (i.e., mastery, social support, racial identity) among 627 Black Americans in the Nashville Stress and Health Study. Results: Living in racially integrated and predominately White neighborhoods was associated with elevated depressive symptoms. While psychosocial risks and resources explained a substantial portion of these associations, patterns varied across age groups. Discussion: PNRC impacts depressive symptoms among Black Americans by shaping psychosocial risks and resources. Findings underscore interconnections between contextual and psychosocial factors, as well as the distinct mental health significance of these processes across stages of adulthood.

This paper assesses young adults’ quality-of-life in the context of urban segregation by using the Capability Approach as an informative framework to analyse people’s well-being. The study employs an open list of 15 urban capabilities to assess how young adults experience life in contexts when patterns of residential segregation are at play. Results show that quality-of-life outcomes diverge considerably between urban areas characterised by higher and lower degrees of social mix as young adults progress differently in the achievement of capabilities. The findings reveal that in mixed communities, while peer influence and social networks have a limited effect on young adults’ opportunities, there is a benefit derived from increased access to job opportunities and urban resources through interactions with better-off dwellers. Conversely, in areas with lower levels of social mixing, role models and social networks primarily operate within same-class boundaries, potentially restricting young adults’ life perspectives and hinder social mobility.

Background: Despite increased recognition that structural racism contributes to poorer health outcomes for racial and ethnic minorities, there are knowledge gaps about how current patterns of racial residential segregation are associated with cancer screening uptake. The authors examined associations between Black residential segregation and screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) and cervical cancer among non‐Hispanic Black and non‐Hispanic White adults. Methods: This was a retrospective study of CRC and cervical cancer screening‐eligible adults from five health care systems within the Population‐Based Research to Optimize the Screening Process (PROSPR II) Consortium (cohort entry, 2010–2012). Residential segregation was measured using site‐specific quartiles of the Black local isolation score (LIS). The outcome was receipt of CRC or cervical cancer screening within 3 years of cohort entry (2010–2015). Logistic regression was used to calculate associations between the LIS and screening completion, adjusting for patient‐level covariates. Results: Among CRC (n = 642,661) and cervical cancer (n = 163,340) screening‐eligible patients, 456,526 (71.0%) and 106,124 (65.0%), respectively, received screening. Across PROSPR sites, living in neighborhoods with higher LIS tended to be associated with lower odds of CRC screening (Kaiser Permanente Northern California: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] LIS trend in Black patients, 0.95 [p <.001]; aOR LIS trend in White patients, 0.98 [p <.001]; Kaiser Permanente Southern California: aOR LIS trend in Black patients, 0.98 [p =.026]; aOR LIS trend in White patients, 1.01 [p =.023]; Kaiser Permanente Washington: aOR LIS trend in White patients, 0.97 [p =.002]. However, for cervical cancer screening, associations with the LIS varied by site and race (Kaiser Permanente Washington: aOR LIS trend in White patients, 0.95 [p <.001]; Mass General Brigham: aOR LIS trend in Black patients, 1.12 [p <.001]; aOR LIS trend in White patients, 1.03 [p <.001]). Conclusions: Across five diverse health care systems, the direction of the association between Black residential segregation and screening varied by PROSPR site, race, and screening type. Additional research, including studies that examine multiple dimensions of segregation and structural racism using intersectional approaches, are needed to further disentangle these relationships. In a retrospective study of five diverse health care systems in the United States, Black residential segregation, as measured by using the local isolation score, was not consistently associated with colorectal or cervical cancer screening in adjusted models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An outpouring of critical sub/urban scholarship in recent years has explored the historical and ongoing linkages between race, real estate, and space in the United States. Much of this literature has positioned residential segregation as crucial for structuring the geographies of capital accumulation, highlighting how segregation delimits places for extraction and dispossession. In this essay, I build from the foundations this literature lays by bringing together Charles Abrams' concept of "the racist theory of value" (RTV) and David Harvey's notion of "anti-value" to illuminate the centrality of racialized devaluation in the accumulation process in the US. Specifically, I contend that the RTV, in its role in entrenching residential segregation and collapsing race and value together in space, has helped to demarcate and contain the devaluation that capitalism requires in Black residential spaces. As a key innovation for real estate capital to manage the geographies of (anti-)value, the RTV ensures that the economic losses generated in the accumulation process are felt most acutely in Black communities. In this way, the RTV constitutes a form of planned spatial obsolescence wherein the restricted movement of Black people is converted into the controlled movement of devaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities are large and densely populated areas, a fact that can influence how individuals relate to each other. However, the intensity and dynamism of cities make them a site for particular kinds of divisions, which may produce inequalities. This is visible through residential segregation, which is the territorial division of groups into largely homogeneous areas correlated with socio-economic disparities and individuals' negative perceptions of otherness. At the very least, residential segregation delimits what some can get from cities in terms of accessing resources and respectful treatment. According to Elizabeth Anderson, it is necessary from a normative perspective to remedy residential segregation with integration. Drawing on her approach, I put forward a relational egalitarian diagnosis, as well as an integrationist project, to help foster mutual respect between city dwellers. In order to operationalise this normative demand, but in a way distinct from Anderson's project, I explore what is lost when integration focuses only on physical changes, overlooking role divisions in cities and a fair participatory process for achieving equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lasting health and social effects of the US federal housing policies that created racial residential segregation have been substantial. We aim to evaluate the association between three dimensions of residential segregation (i.e., evenness, exposure, and concentration) and the Framingham 30-year cardiovascular (CVD) risk score. Using the Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we examined the extent to which three features of Wave I residential segregation were associated with Wave IV Framingham 30-year CVD risk score using separate General Estimating Equation models that accounted for the complex clustered study design. We also examined differences in the associations by race (i.e., non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White). For each exposure, we ran unadjusted covariate adjusted, and a covariate adjusted model containing an interaction between race and the segregation measure. We observed that none of the residential segregation measures were associated with 30-year CVD risk. However, we observed a statistically significant interaction between race and the Black vs. White Index of Concentration of Extremes, whereby segregation was associated with an 8% higher CVD risk among Black participants and a 3% lower CVD risk among White participants. This research suggests that Black young adults residing in communities that have a higher concentration of White residents is harmful to their cardiovascular health, while it is beneficial for White residents. These findings are consistent with the existing literature on harmful effects of structural racism on CVD outcomes and specific CVD risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Residing in a disadvantaged neighborhood has been linked to increased mortality. However, the impact of residential segregation and social vulnerability on cause-specific mortality is understudied. Additionally, the circulating metabolic correlates of neighborhood sociodemographic environment remain unexplored. Therefore, we examined multiple neighborhood sociodemographic metrics, i.e., neighborhood deprivation index (NDI), residential segregation index (RSI), and social vulnerability index (SVI), with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer-specific mortality and circulating metabolites in the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS). Methods The SCCS is a prospective cohort of primarily low-income adults aged 40–79, enrolled from the southeastern United States during 2002–2009. This analysis included self-reported Black/African American or non-Hispanic White participants and excluded those who died or were lost to follow-up ≤ 1 year. Untargeted metabolite profiling was performed using baseline plasma samples in a subset of SCCS participants. Results Among 79,631 participants, 23,356 deaths (7214 from CVD and 5394 from cancer) were documented over a median 15-year follow-up. Higher NDI, RSI, and SVI were associated with increased all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality, independent of standard clinical and sociodemographic risk factors and consistent between racial groups (standardized HRs among all participants were 1.07 to 1.20 in age/sex/race-adjusted model and 1.04 to 1.08 after comprehensive adjustment; all P

Abstract Background Obesity is a global health problem, and its connection with social and environmental factors is well-established. Social factors, such as urban segregation, may impact obesity through various mechanisms, including food and physical activity environments, as well as social norms and networks. This multilevel study aims to examine the effect of socio-economic residential segregation of Latin American cities on the obesity of individuals within those cities. Methods We analyzed data from national surveys for a total of 59,340 individuals of 18–70 years of age, conducted in 156 cities across Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico between 2007 and 2013. We adjusted two-level linear mixed models for body mass index (BMI) stratified by sex and country, controlling for age, educational level and poverty. Separate models were built for dissimilarity and isolation segregation indices. Results The relationships between segregation indices and BMI were mostly not statistically significant, and in some cases, they were opposite to what was expected. The only significant relationships were observed in Colombian men, using the dissimilarity index (-7.5 [95% CI: -14.4, -0.5]) and in Colombian women, using the isolation index (-7.9 [95% CI: -14.1, -1.7]). Conclusions While individual-level factors cannot fully explain differences among people in the same city, segregation indices may help. However, we found that in some cases, the relationship between BMI and segregation indices is opposite to what is expected based on prior literature. This should be considered in examining the phenomenon. Further research on obesogenic environments in segregated neighborhoods could provide valuable evidence.

AbstractResearch shows that policy tools to reduce residential segregation are also effective to reduce economic inequality and, for decades, achieving the adequate level of 'social mix' has been an important policy goal in housing and community policy fields. Yet whether social mix creates social interactions, thus producing favourable social outcomes, is still disputed. This study aims to expand the empirical record on the modus operandi of social mix and its policy viability, and to provide useful information on relevant contextual factors to prescribe effective social mix policies to improve social interaction. We fit interactive linear models to data from Los Angeles County in California, USA, to test the hypothesis that social mix (measured via residential income mix) promotes social interactions (in the form of civic, daily-life, and political activities and group memberships), and to examine whether arts and recreation centres (i.e. the places where social interactions occur to produce social mix) moderate the effect of residential income mix on favourable social outcomes. Results show that while residential income mix is negatively associated with social interactions, recreation centres help income-mixed communities increase social interactions among their residents. We also find evidence that communities with higher income mix levels manifest higher social interaction as there are more arts and recreation centres in their communities. Our findings shed light on why social mix policy works in some communities but does not work in others, elucidating why previous research displays conflicting claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractMigrant housing-related disadvantages and residential segregation are both important concerns in migrant-receiving countries. However, there exists little understanding about the connection between the two. According to the spatial assimilation framework, migrants who establish themselves in the labour market and experience income increase tend to move to higher-income neighbourhoods. However, migrant opportunities to rent or buy an apartment may vary across cities due to each city having its own distinctive housing regimes, along with related tenure structures, as emphasised by the housing availability framework. Different opportunity structures may lead to different pathways of spatial assimilation, as moving into a higher-income neighbourhood does not necessarily entail becoming a homeowner, and vice versa. The main findings of our comparative and longitudinal study reveal that different pathways of spatial assimilation indeed do arise in cities which have different housing regimes, as has been proposed by the housing availability framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Quality of life (QoL) is a subjective measure reflecting individuals' evaluations based on their personal goals and values. While global research shows the role of neighborhood factors like ethnic diversity and socio-cultural dynamics on QoL, these are unexplored in the Nepali context. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between neighborhood environment and QoL among Nepali older adults in eastern Nepal. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 847 non-institutionalized older adults (aged ≥ 60 years) from two districts in eastern Nepal. QoL was evaluated using the 13-item brief Older People's Quality of Life questionnaire, where a mean score of < 3 indicated low/poor QoL. The neighborhood environment, conceptualized across three domains (demographic, socio-cultural, and built environment), included ethnic diversity, connections with family, friends, and neighbors, cultural ties, residential stability, and rurality. Their association with QoL was examined using multivariable logistic regression. Results: Around 20% of older adults reported poor QoL. Higher ethnic diversity (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.12, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.04–0.36), moderate contact with family and relatives (aOR = 0.26, CI: 0.11–0.61), and high contact with neighbors (aOR = 0.09, CI: 0.03–0.21) were associated with lower odds of poor QoL. Conversely, high contact with friends (aOR = 2.29, CI: 1.30–4.04) and unstable residence (OR = 6.25, CI: 2.03–19.23) increased the odds of poor QoL. Additionally, among the covariates, chronic disease, tobacco use, unemployment, and lack of education were also significantly associated with poor QoL. Conclusion: Overall, the demographic environment, socio-cultural factors, and the built environment of the neighborhood influence QoL. Therefore, diversifying the neighborhood's ethnic composition, promoting social connections such as frequent contact with family, relatives, and neighbors, and ensuring residential stability can enhance the QoL of older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecologists often leverage contributory science, also referred to as citizen science, to answer large-scale spatial and temporal biodiversity questions. Contributory science platforms, such as eBird and iNaturalist, provide researchers with incredibly fine-scale data to track biodiversity. However, data generated by these platforms are spatially biased. Research has shown that factors like income, race, and historical redlining can influence spatial patterns of reported eBird and iNaturalist data. However, the role of contemporary residential segregation remains unclear. Additionally, we do not understand how these variables potentially relate to certain Census tracts having more or less biodiversity data than you would expect based on size or population density. To further understand the social factors that may contribute to spatial biases in eBird and iNaturalist data, we focused on three cities within the USA (Oakland, California; St. Louis, Missouri; and Baltimore, Maryland). We specifically investigated how income, race, segregation, and redlining via Home Owners' Loan Corporation grades (grades A = best, B, C, and D = hazardous and "redlined") are associated with the difference between reported and expected observations based on area and human population density. We find that census tracts with higher income and more White people generally have more observations than expected. We only find segregation to influence differences in reported and expected observations in Baltimore, with more segregated Census tracts having more observations than expected. Lastly, we find that grades C and D consistently have fewer data than expected compared with grades A and B for both platforms in each city. Our results show that although each city has distinct societal and ecological features, societal inequity permeates each city to shape the uptake of data for two of the largest sources of biodiversity data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The United States of the Few: How Welfare for the Rich Keeps Hurting America's Poor" is a book by Matthew Desmond that examines the issue of poverty in America. Desmond argues that poverty persists because of systemic factors and not because of the poor themselves. He discusses the institutional pillars that contribute to economic deprivation, such as exploitation, the wealth gap, and residential segregation. Desmond proposes solutions to break the cycle of poverty, including increasing aid for the poor and reducing aid for the rich, enforcing tax rules, implementing affordable housing programs, and promoting fairer zoning and living wages. While the book offers compelling arguments, the reviewer suggests that a more nuanced and comprehensive approach that considers cultural and political factors is needed to address the issue effectively. [Extracted from the article]

This article aims to update the analysis of the residential segregation of the foreign population in European cities by considering the most recent 2021 census data for two different Italian metropolitan areas, Milan and Bologna. The diachronic analysis (2001–2021) of several indices of residential segregation (i.e., dissimilarity index, two group and multigroup; location quotient; and kernel density estimation) at the metropolitan scale (i.e., functional urban area) will contribute to the debate on the residential settlement patterns of foreign populations, highlighting the specificities of Southern European cities. Despite the significant differences between the two cities considered, the same desegregation trends (i.e., reduction in segregation indices) are identified in both cases. The results show a decrease in residential segregation over time in both core and commuting areas. Furthermore, phenomena of peripheralisation related to overrepresentation in metropolitan municipalities emerge, although core areas remain where the foreign population is most concentrated. The complexity and ambivalence of residential dynamics in the two cases suggest that residential segregation can also take "unusual forms" in Southern European cities that are not always related to the macro-concentration phenomena. In this sense, the "urban diaspora" hypothesis seems to be a suitable concept for capturing the new distributional trend of the foreign population in the Southern European context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban environments are characterised by sparsity of space, elevated levels of air pollution and limited exposure to natural environments. Yet, residential environmental quality varies substantially both between and within cities. This study combines information on the socio-economic and demographic composition of 243,607 urban neighbourhoods with administrative and remote sensing data on the spatial distribution of industrial plants and urban green space to investigate patterns of environmental inequality in urban Germany at unprecedented levels of spatial granularity. It disentangles neighbourhood disadvantages experienced by foreign minorities (non-nationals) from those experienced by low-income households in order to assess the plausibility of economic explanations of residential sorting. The high level of spatial granularity makes it possible to examine patterns of environmental inequality not only between the relatively large areas that have been used as units of analysis in previous work but also within them, while reducing the threat of ecological bias. Results indicate that non-nationals are more likely to be exposed to industrial air pollution and less likely to live close to green spaces. This association holds even after adjusting for neighbourhood income composition and in fixed-effects specifications that restrict the analysis to within-city variation. I find no evidence for environmental inequality by socio-economic status. Exploratory sub-sample analyses show that neighbourhood disadvantages for non-nationals are higher in cities characterised by high levels of anti-foreigner sentiment, pointing towards housing market discrimination as a potentially important driver of foreign residents' neighbourhood disadvantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effect of racial residential segregation on disparities between Black and White patients in stage at diagnosis, receipt of surgery, and survival. Subjects included Black and White patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer between 2005 and 2015 obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Demographic data were obtained from the 2010 decennial census and 2013 American Community Survey. The exposure of interest was the index of dissimilarity (IOD), a validated measure of segregation. The outcomes of interest included relative risk of advanced stage at diagnosis and surgery for localized disease, 5-year overall and cancer-specific survival. Black women were more likely to present with Stage IV ovarian cancer when compared to White (32% vs 25%, p < 0.001) and less often underwent surgical resection overall (64% vs 75%, p < 0.001). Increasing IOD was associated with a 25% increased risk of presenting at advanced stage for Black patients (RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.08, 1.45), and a 15% decrease for White patients (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.73, 0.99). Increasing IOD was associated with an 18% decreased likelihood of undergoing surgical resection for black patients (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.77, 0.87), but had no significant association for White patients (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.96, 1.08). When compared to White patients in the lowest level of segregation, Black patients in the highest level of segregation had a 17% higher subhazard of death (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.07, 1.27), while Black patients in the lowest level of segregation had no significant difference (HR 1.13, 95% CI 0.99, 1.29). Our findings demonstrate the direct harm of historical government mandated segregation on Black women with ovarian cancer. • Black women with ovarian cancer present later, receive less surgery, and have increased mortality compared to white women. • These disparities are exacerbated when levels of racial residential segregation are increased. • In areas of low racial residential segregation, the mortality discrepancy between Black and white women is comparable. • We illustrate how historical racist housing policy affects current health outcomes for Black women with ovarian cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]