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Noting the attractions of self-report questionnaires and surveys to those engaged in educational research, this article discusses some of the problems that can arise from their injudicious use. It is argued that the potentially misleading nature of findings from such approaches is particularly highlighted when mixed methodologies are employed. Illustrations of this point are provided by means of reference to studies in the areas of locus of control and achievement motivation. The article concludes by calling for greater use of multi-method approaches in educational psychology/special education, operating at different levels of the ecosystem.

This paper focuses on the critical role of integrative leadership in inter- and transdisciplinary (ITD) research programs. ITD programs have become one of academia's responses to address contemporary sustainability challenges. Fulfilling the promise of such programs is extraordinarily challenging for all involved participants, but especially for program leaders who have to ensure that the perspectives of the involved program participants become truly integrated and that final and useful synthesis outputs are created. We present six core leadership challenges and respective strategies to address them to advance integration within ITD programs. These challenges include (1) mastering complexity and ambiguity, (2) advancing decision-making with lateral leadership, (3) ensuring responsibility and accountability, (4) setting program boundaries, (5) selecting suitable projects, and (6) dealing with misconceptions. We derived these challenges and respective strategies from both leading and studying in-depth three ITD programs focusing on sustainability issues in Switzerland. With this paper, we intend to promote awareness about the range of leadership challenges in ITD programs and provide actionable knowledge, which can support in particular fellow and future leaders, but also funders and heads of research institutions in their efforts to realize the integrative potential of such programs. Image 1: © Eawag: Lisa Deutsch & Sabine Hoffmann; Stückelberger Cartoons: Christof Stückelberger, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We sketched the history of machine translation (MT) from the 1940s to the 1980s from a linguistic historiography perspective and the concept of research programs. For this purpose, two questions were established according to the selected historical period: (1) What are the characteristics and the use of technological tools? (2) What are the impacts such changes have on social contexts of use in relation to the performance of human translators? The methodological direction adopted to demonstrate the results in this article was established into three phases: 1st. heuristic phase: periodization definition; selection/treatment of corpus; 2nd. hermeneutic phase: guidelines establishment for the analysis; 3rd. expository phase: results presentation through a historiographical narrative. The analysis material was organized and hierarchized into two large sets: documents regarding functionalities and tools and documents in connection with the history of MT. This article argues that for about 40 years, the MT was characterized by initiatives and operations of a mechanization program that began to change the translator's profile and professional insertion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined the extent of leadership styles practiced by the school administrators, the level of school climate, and the school performance of Higher Educational Institutions in Southern Mindanao in the trilogy programs of higher education namely: instruction, research, and community extension.The descriptive-correlational research design was used employing quantitative method. The data were gathered through survey questionnaire and administered to the 96 respondents composed of school administrators and teachers. The findings of the study revealed that the most dominant leadership styles practiced by the school administrators are Servant Leadership and Democratic Leadership. Results also revealed that the level of school climate in selected HEIs is high. In terms of Instructional programs, Research programs, and Community Extension Programs, the status of the school is “very good” and that these programs are highly fulfilled. The findings also revealed that there was a significant moderate positive correlation between leadership style and school climate. Moreover, there was significant low positive correlation between leadership styles and school performance. Given the overall results, the study had recommended that an administrative training program which was formulated based on the findings of the study should be adopted by the selected Higher Educational Institutions in Southern Mindanao. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on a gender analysis of the main scientific and technological activities carried out by specialists linked to nuclear applications in the nuclear sector and the Cuban nuclear science and technology program. All existing information regarding participation and leadership in science and innovation projects was collected, including projects implemented with the International Atomic Energy Agency, scientific publications, the Nuclear Energy and Advanced Technologies Agency (AENTA) Awards, Cuban Academy of Science Awards, National Innovation Awards, AENTA Branch Forum, international awards, state scientific-technological protection services - radiological surveillance and specialized productions. The analysis has been carried out for the period between 2000-2022, corresponding to the last 22 fiscal years in which there has been an increase in the active participation of women in the nuclear sphere, with the aim of contributing to the decisions in the design of policies and their implementation in the nuclear field for the empowerment of Cuban women in this sector, and with special contribution to the future actions of the Network of Cuban Women in the Nuclear, known as WiN Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay addresses several pertinent issues of interpretations of processes of autocratization pertaining to two different historical contexts. The authors seek to identify major arguments concerning theoretical backgrounds in the current agendas of research into the transitions from the polyarchic republican city-states to the authoritarian regimes of personal power in the Renaissance Italy and into the contemporary processes of autocratic reversals. The authors strive to show that it is useful to pay thorough attention to varying theoretical challenges characterizing agendas of research into historically diverse regime transitions. In such a way, it is possible to expose and assess limits and directionality of prevailing research programs. This seems important in order to gain new incentives for an advancement of thinking about both contemporary and historical processes of autocratization and to enhance a promising cross-fertilization of the study of regime changes conducted by political science, historical sociology and historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Philosophy & History of Biology / Filosofia e História da Biologia is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Filosofia e Historia da Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Havstad and Smith (2019) argue that Lakatos’ “methodology of scientific research programs” (MSRP) is a promising philosophical framework for explaining the perceived empirical success of the hypothesis that birds are maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs, and the perceived empirical failures or stagnation of alternatives to that hypothesis. These conclusions are rejected: Havstad and Smith’s account of the alternative “research programs” inadequately characterizes criticism of the hypothesis that birds are maniraptoran theropods and they neither offer sufficient modifications to MSRP to correct its known difficulties in deriving logically or empirically satisfactory criteria for the assessment and preferential selection of “research programs” from historiographical data, nor proposals to mitigate its tendency to promote confirmation bias and dogmatism. Independent flight loss, an important problem in systematic ornithology with implications for the origin of birds, provides a supplementary demonstration of how the application of MSRP in the present context would tend systematically to mislead investigations of the evolutionary history of birds by promoting an uncritical perspective. Given these difficulties, MSRP is an unacceptable philosophical framework for evaluating alternative hypotheses for the origin of birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investors, entrepreneurs, health care pundits, and venture capital firms all agree that the health care sector is awaiting a digital revolution. Steven Case, in 2016, predicted a “third wave” of innovation that would leverage big data, artificial intelligence, and machine learning to transform medicine and finally achieve reduced costs, improved efficiency, and better patient outcomes. Academic medical centers (AMCs) have the infrastructure and resources needed by digital health intrapreneurs and entrepreneurs to innovate, iterate, and optimize technology solutions for the major pain points of modern medicine. With large unique patient data sets, strong research programs, and subject matter experts, AMCs have the ability to assess, optimize, and integrate new digital health tools with feedback at the point of care and research-based clinical validation. As AMCs begin to explore digital health solutions, they must decide between forming internal teams to develop these innovations or collaborating with external companies. Although each has its drawbacks and benefits, AMCs can both benefit from and drive forward the digital health innovations that will result from this journey. This viewpoint will provide an explanation as to why AMCs are ideal incubators for digital health solutions and describe what these organizations will need to be successful in leading this “third wave” of innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper supports recent calls for research programs that explore the public's online representations of their knowledge of science-related topics, and argues that a useful line of inquiry in such a program would be to investigate how values are communicated in the public's construction of their knowledge of climate change on social media. A values-based approach to public knowledge broadens the concept of knowledge from being a cognitive and quantifiable attribute that the public may be expected to have less of than experts. In so doing, it captures more holistic aspects of public epistemologies, and acknowledges that climate change is an emotive and normative issue. This paper connects such a future line of inquiry with the concept of the public's climate “imaginaries” and proposes a number of qualitative methods for analyzing the public's communication of knowledge/values on social media.

What follows is a much-needed appraisal of the current state of scientificity and progressiveness in the study of international politics. Imre Lakatos' Methodology of Scientific Research Programs will provide the epistemological grounds. Three broad claims will be made and supported: (i) Waltz's neorealism is not an isolated theory of international politics, but a proper scientific research program; (ii) Mearsheimer's offensive realism too is not an isolated theory, but a set of theoretical amendments to the Neorealist Scientific Research Program's protective belt; and (iii) the offensive-realist theoryshift is both theoretically and empirically progressive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Philosophy & History of Biology / Filosofia e História da Biologia is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Filosofia e Historia da Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

I respond to three points of criticism that have been raised against the concept of meta-empirical confirmation. I argue that meta-empirical confirmation can be set up in a coherent way and is sufficiently discriminating for rendering it a non-trivial indicator of a theory's viability. Moreover, I argue that acknowledging the significance of meta-empirical confirmation provides an argument for the pursuit of alternative research programs rather than for their suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decades the question of defining life has gained increased interest but, at the same time, the difficulty in reaching consensus on a possible answer has led many to skeptical positions. This, in turn, has raised a wider debate about why defining life is so hard and controversial. Such a debate (or 'meta-debate') introduces additional aspects to be considered, like the role and nature of a definition of life itself. In this paper, we will focus on those aspects, arguing that progress can be made (and has, indeed, been made) if we conceive definitions of life as open heuristic tools that contribute(d) to develop specific research strategies in the biological sciences and, more generally, to increase our understanding of life's complexity. In contrast with pragmatic or operationalist approaches, we will defend that definitions of life comprise a set of ontological assumptions, together with an inherent unifying vocation, so they should be subject to comparison and critical assessment, closely related to the success or failure of the corresponding research programs, but also to the success or failure in establishing well-grounded interconnections among the latter. We consider that the search for a more coherent, integrated and generalized theory of biology cannot be pursued without keeping an empirical standpoint, and the exercise of defining life should not be taken as an obstacle but as a valuable (and, of course, evaluable) instrument to achieve that goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]