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The article discusses the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance's (AHKGA) evaluation of the Para Report Card Initiative for measuring the physical activity of children and adolescents with disabilities (CAWD). Topics discussed include an evaluation survey to reflect experiences in the initiative, a planning survey about the integration/segregation of CAWD data into/from the Global Matrix 5.0, and the cooperation between AHKGA and the International Federation for Adapted Physical Activity (IFAPA).

South Korea has developed its first Para Report Card on physical activity (PA) for children and adolescents with disabilities. Five national surveillance databases were used to evaluate PA indicators based on the benchmarks and grading rubric provided by Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance. Report card evaluation committees were invited to grade and assess the results using strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis. Five indicators (overall PA, D+; organized sports and PA, D−; active transportation, D−; physical fitness, D+; and government, A+) and one additional indicator (sleep, C−) were assigned a letter grade. The other five indicators were graded as incomplete. The Para Report Card revealed a significant gap between the behavioral-indicator grades (D− to D+) and the policy-indicator grade (A+), suggesting that government strategies and investment have not yet been translated into behavioral PA among children and adolescents with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive evaluation of physical activity (PA) engagement and policy implementation among Filipino children and adolescents with disabilities is vital in the promotion of an active healthy lifestyle. This is the first Para Report Card of the Philippines that presents the available evidence on the 10 commonly used PA indicators. Published and gray literature were searched for country-specific evidence on PA behaviors, physical fitness, and sources of influence. Stakeholders representing relevant national institutions, special education schools, and advocacy groups also provided input on the grades. Only Organized Sport and Government indicators had sufficient data to be graded F and B, respectively. The rest of the indicators were graded as incomplete due to the limited availability of nationally representative data. Findings of the Philippines 2022 Para Report Card on PA highlight the need to strengthen the documentation and evaluation of these indicators among Filipino children and adolescents with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report aims to provide a better understanding of physical activity (PA) and related factors among Spanish children and adolescents living with disabilities. The 10 indicators used for the Global Matrix on Para Report Cards of children and adolescents living with disabilities were evaluated based on the best available data in Spain. An analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats based on data provision was drafted by three experts and critically reviewed by the authorship team to provide a national perspective for each evaluated indicator. Government was the indicator with the highest grade (C+), followed by Sedentary Behaviors (C−), School (D), Overall PA (D−), and Community & Environment (F). The remaining indicators received an incomplete grade. There were low levels of PA in Spanish children and adolescents living with disabilities. Yet, opportunities to improve the current surveillance of PA among this population exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an overview of the results from 14 countries or jurisdictions in a Global Matrix of Para Report Cards on physical activity (PA) of children and adolescents with disabilities. The methodology was based on the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance's Global Matrix 4.0. Data were aligned with 10 indicators (Overall PA, Organized Sport, Active Play, Active Transport, Physical Fitness, Sedentary Behavior, Family & Peers, Schools, Community & Environment, and Government) to produce Para Report Cards. Subsequently, there were 139 grades; 45% were incomplete, particularly for Active Play, Physical Fitness, and Family & Peers. Collectively, Overall PA was graded the lowest (F), with Schools and Government the highest (C). Disability-specific surveillance and research gaps in PA were apparent in 14 countries or jurisdictions around the world. More coverage of PA data in Para Report Cards is needed to serve as an advocacy tool to promote PA among children and adolescents with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The Inclusive Society partnership research model aims to promote change in society for people with disabilities by supporting research teams composed of researchers and partner organizations. The objective of this article is to identify the strengths and limitations of this research model. Material and methods: An autoethnography approach was used. Thematic analysis of four methods was undertaken: semi-directed interviews with members of the research teams funded by Inclusive Society (researchers, partners), a focus group with the Inclusive Society's intersectoral collaboration agents, their logbooks, and Inclusive Society's annual reports. Results: Strengths and limitations of the Inclusive Society model were identified through their networking activities, the role and support of the intersectoral collaboration agents and the partnership research program. Conclusions: Networking activities are an essential element of Inclusive Society. They are indispensable for composing intersectoral research teams that will work on answering needs of people with disabilities. Intersectoral collaboration agents are also a strength of the model, but their role could be clarified to better frame what tasks are in their scope of practice and what the research teams could ask from them. Finally, the research program eligibility criteria could be improved to support, among others, the projects' appropriation phases. Networking activities stimulate the creation of intersectoral research teams centered on answering the needs of people with disabilities that are identified in the field Hired facilitators can play an important role in the emergence of research teams, merging the academic and non-academic worlds, and supporting the teams during their research project In participatory research projects, some funding should be reserved to support the partner organization's participation and the appropriation phase of the research projects [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Detailed reporting of individually tailored exercise prescriptions (ExRx) used in clinical trials is essential to describe feasibility, tolerability, and efficacy of the intervention and to inform translation to clinical care. This article outlines the methodology used to develop a resistance training (RT) ExRx for people with colon cancer receiving chemotherapy and reports adherence to the randomized controlled trial testing the impact of RT on relative dose intensity of chemotherapy and patient-reported toxicities. Methods: Participants randomized to the exercise arm (n = 90) were included. To promote muscle hypertrophy, the ExRx was twice-weekly, moderate to heavy loads (65%-85% one-repetition maximum), high sets (3-5), and intermediate repetitions (6-10) of five large multijoint movements with adjustable dumbbells. Attendance (achieved frequency) and adherence (achieved volume) were calculated. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify clusters of individuals with similar adherence patterns and compared baseline characteristics across adherence groups. Results: The median attendance was 69.1%. Adherence was 60.6% but higher for those receiving 3 versus 6 months of chemotherapy (80.4 vs 47.4%; P < 0.05). Participants engaged in a median of 1.4 d of RT each week, lifting 62% of the one-repetition maximum load, for 3.0 sets and 7.5 repetitions per set. Three distinct adherence groups were identified: 13% "nonstarter," 37% "tapered off," and 50% "consistent exercisers." Females were more likely to be in the nonstarter and tapered-off groups. Conclusions: This article outlines suggested methods for reporting ExRx of RT in oncology clinical trials and provides insight into the tolerance of ExRx of RT during chemotherapy treatment for colon cancer. These findings aim to foster constructive dialogue and offer a premise for designing future research to elucidate the benefits of exercise during chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In health policy, much attention has been paid to collaboration between the primary and secondary health care sectors, especially in relation to hospitalisation and discharge. Despite ideal plans for collaboration, the research literature shows that inadequate communication is a well‐known problem that can be a barrier to a safe trajectory for the citizen. Based on the assumption that better knowledge of each other's work will lead to better collaboration, a cross‐sectoral exchange program with nurses was initiated. Aim: The aim was to investigate which barriers to good patient trajectories the involved nurses attributed to cross‐sectoral collaboration and what impact the exchange to the opposite sector had for them. Methods: Twenty‐eight nurses were exchanged: 14 from a cardiology department and 14 from municipal home care. The nurses shadowed a colleague from the opposite sector in their daily work. Subsequently, six focus group interviews were conducted. The transcribed material was analysed based on Ricoeur's interpretation theory. Results: Two main themes, including sub‐themes emerged: (1) Challenging communicative conditions: (a) Inadequate digital communication, (b) Inadequate care plans and discharge reports, (c) Conversation promotes understanding, and (d) Challenging collaboration and communication with the discharge coordinators. (2) Perceived importance of the exchange: (a) Cross‐sectoral relationship, prejudice and gaining respect for each other and (b) Working in two different worlds. Conclusion: Electronic communication is inadequate, and the IT systems do not support sufficient cross‐sectoral communication. The organisational model in the municipal care sector is inflexible in terms of allocations for the current needs of citizens, and professionals feel that their professional judgements are not recognised. The nurses gained insight into each other's work and working conditions and respect for each other's professionalism. The exchange has the potential to both improve the relationship and communication between the sectors for the benefit of a better and more coherent patient course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mental health vulnerability of children and young people in foster and adoptive families is well recognised, which has led to the development of dedicated posts and care pathways in mental health care provision. This article reports on learning resulting from local quality improvement work in a single child and adolescent mental health service team. This work was concerned with the 'front door' of access to care for these groups and specifically addresses initial consultations with adoptive parents and adoption professionals, reporting findings from an analysis of reports from consultations undertaken over a 13-month period between April 2021 and May 2022. The analysis highlights that support can be sought by these parents and professionals for diverse issues relating to mental health which is also indicative of a high level of need amongst children and young people involved with specialist mental health provision. The analysis also has wider implications for practice in demonstrating the benefits of attending to clinical data to contribute meaningfully to practice-based scholarship in this type of specialist setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most people know whether they are left-handed or right-handed, and usually base this assessment on preferences during one-handed tasks. There are several manual tasks that require the contribution of both hands, in which, in most cases, each hand plays a different role. In this specific case, holding an ice-hockey stick is particularly interesting because the hand placement may have an incidence on the playing style. In this study (n = 854), the main objective was to determine to what extent the way of holding an ice-hockey stick is associated with other lateralized preferences. Amongst the 131 participants reporting a preference for the left hand in unilateral tasks, 70.2% reported a preference for shooting right (placing the right hand in the middle of the stick); and amongst the 583 participants reporting a preference for writing with the right hand, 66.2% reported a preference for shooting left. 140 (16.4%) participants were classified as ambidextrous and 61.4% of them reported a preference for shooting right. This preference on the ice-hockey stick is closely correlated (uncrossed preference) to the way one holds a rake, shovel, or broom, or a golf club, but inversely related to the way one holds an ax and a baseball bat. The link between the way of holding the ice-hockey stick and eyedness or footedness is weak. These results are contrasted with the results reported by Loffing et al. (2014) and reveal the need to clarify the exact nature and requirements of the targeted tasks when studying bilateral asymmetric preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The absence of an electoral connection is a widely held assumption in the scholarship on the European Parliament (EP) and a cause of serious normative concern about the functioning of the European Union. Weak individual legislator accountability is part of this assumption, even if we still know little about the extent to which legislative performance matters for citizens in EP elections that allow preferential voting. This study is the first to analyse how legislative performance influences the preference vote shares of members of the European Parliament (MEPs) and whether this is moderated by their parties’ EU salience and incumbent intra-party competition. It draws on an original dataset that combines candidate and electoral data from three rounds of EP elections held between 2004 and 2014 under open or flexible list rules with information on individual legislative activity (i.e., number of reports, parliamentary questions and speeches) and leadership positions at EP and committee level. One dimension of legislative performance, report writing, is associated with a larger share of preference votes but only for incumbents of parties assigning high salience to the EU. While MEPs win a higher share of preference votes when they face limited co-partisan incumbent competition, this factor does not moderate the electoral connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates a previously unresearched use of the discourse marker so : prefacing answers to questions from an interlocutor, informally coined "backstory so " and found to signal that the answer necessitates background information, or more complexity or length than the asker assumes the questioner expects, a function known to be carried out by well. This investigation was motivated by (i) negative attitudes toward this use of so , describing the speakers with attributes like annoying, condescending, confusing, and wrong; (ii) layperson claims that it is new; and (iii) non-scholarly writings by linguists reporting controversy over whether answering questions with so is actually new or a Zwickian Recency Illusion. This paper draws on spoken data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English from 1990 to 2016, and presents findings of 774 target tokens by 544 unique speakers starting in 1992. Results of a logistic regression show a statistically significant increase in the rate of this form over that time. I tentatively suggest that previous constraints against the discourse marker so prefacing answers to mark added information seem to have undergone a rapid language shift, competing with the older use of well , and supporting the layperson intuitions of newness. • Prefacing the answer to a question from an interlocutor with so shows evidence of being an innovation on the rise. • This use of so marks added background information that the answerer assumes the questioner lacks, a function often carried out by well. • Grassroots prescriptivists in the online discourse criticize so -prefacing answers and claim that it has been increasing. • The rise of this form may have started in the early 1990s, which does not support a Zwickian Recency Illusion. • Those laypeople associate so -prefacing answers with expert interviews on NPR , which was also the most common source in the corpus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the 1988 report "The Future of Public Health" from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) which concluded that the governmental public health in the U.S. is a system in disarray. Cited are work done to strengthen academic-practice linkages since 1988 report, how the absence of financial and organizational renaissance continues to hinder capacity of the public health profession, and work that remains unfinished from the IOM reports.

Adults' ability to accurately evaluate children's statements can have far-reaching consequences within the legal system. This study examined the evaluations of police officers ("experts") and laypersons ("nonexperts") when presented with videotaped interviews of children aged 3 and 5 years who provided either true or false reports or denials. Participants were drawn from several counties in the eastern United States. Children's interview statements fell within four statement types: accurate reports, false reports, accurate denials, and false denials. Both groups of participants displayed overbelief in false denials. Several control variables predicted accuracy, including children's age and children's race. A significant interaction emerged: Experts (vs. nonexperts) had greater odds of being accurate when judging false reports (vs. false denials). These findings highlight the challenges adults face when distinguishing between various types of children's statements. The results have important implications for legal contexts, emphasizing that fact finders need to be mindful of the risks associated with both overaccepting false denials and accepting false reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ChatGPT, a large language model, has gained significance in medical writing, particularly in case reports that document the course of an illness. This article explores the integration of ChatGPT and how ChatGPT shapes the process, product, and politics of medical writing in the real world. We conducted a bibliometric analysis on case reports utilizing ChatGPT and indexed in PubMed, encompassing publication information. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis was conducted to categorize the applications and limitations of ChatGPT and the publication trend of application categories. A total of 66 case reports utilizing ChatGPT were identified, with a predominant preference for the online version and English input by the authors. The prevalent application categories were information retrieval and content generation. Notably, this trend remained consistent across different months. Within the subset of 32 articles addressing ChatGPT limitations in case report writing, concerns related to inaccuracies and a lack of clinical context were prominently emphasized. This pointed out the important role of clinical thinking and professional expertise, representing the foundational tenets of medical education, while also accentuating the distinction between physicians and generative artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Anecdotal evidence strongly suggests there has been a rise in violent crimes. This study sought to examine trends in injury characteristics of homicide victims in Maryland. We hypothesized that there would be an increase in the severity of wound characteristics. STUDY DESIGN: The Office of the Chief Medical Examiner is a statewide agency designated by law to investigate all homicides, suicides, or unusual or suspicious circumstances. Using individual autopsy reports, we collected data among all homicides from 2005 to 2017, categorizing them into 3 time periods: 2005 to 2008 (early), 2009 to 2013 (mid), and 2014 to 2017 (late). Primary outcomes included the number of gunshots, stabs, and fractures from assaults. High-violence intensity outcomes included victims having 10 or more gunshots, 5 or more stabs, or 5 or more fractures from assaults. RESULTS: Of 6,500 homicides (annual range 403 to 589), the majority were from firearms (75%), followed by stabbings (14%) and blunt assaults (10%). Most homicide victims died in the hospital (60%). The average number of gunshots per victim was 3.9 (range 1 to 54), stabs per victim was 9.4 (range 1 to 563), and fractures from assaults per victim was 3.7 (range 0 to 31). The proportion of firearm victims with at least 10 gunshots nearly doubled from 5.7% in the early period to 10% (p < 0.01) in the late period. Similarly, the proportion with 5 or more stabbings increased from 39% to 50% (p = 0.02) and assault homicides with 5 or more fractures increased from 24% to 38% (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In Maryland, the intensity of violence increased across all major mechanisms of homicide. Further follow-up studies are needed to elucidate the root causes underlying this escalating trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated how caregivers in Finland and the US recount learning and teaching care within the family, drawing on a new educational-psychological framework for care. This study applied thematic analysis to seven focus groups in the US and five focus groups in Finland composed of caregivers (N = 45). The results suggest one main theme for learning, Imperfect Mirroring of Past Parenting and Present Parenting Practice, and two themes for teaching: Actions Tell More Than Words (US) and Teaching Them To be Independent and Caring Citizens (Finland). For learning, the findings indicate that childhood experiences are transformed into an informal guide for how care should (or should not) be practiced, highlighting how the lack of systematization in learning care contributes to caregivers' need for self-teaching and unlearning what they experienced. In addition, caregivers tend to reproduce their learning experiences in teaching to care, and within this process, they focus more on pragmatic aspects of care. The various elements theorized in the Psychological Processes for Care Framework used, including identifying and anticipating others' needs and deciding on the responsibility of addressing needs, were neglected in caregivers' reports of teaching care. Implications argue in favor of psycho-educational programs for caregivers that can systematically address two pressing issues in learning-teaching care - the complexity involved in care processes and understanding the intersubjective nature of the construction of caring relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this qualitative sociological study we explore the significance of social integration and social strain in gambling suicides. There is evidence that gambling and suicidality are associated. Mental distress is common among people experiencing gambling harm. Indebtedness and financial losses are also associated with suicidality among people experiencing gambling harm. The significance of social factors and social context on gambling suicides is understudied. Social integration theory proposes that social ties, such as marriage, can protect people from suicide. Strain theory explains suicide by social factors causing strain. Our research question is: How are social integration and different sources of strain related to cases of gambling suicides? The data consists of police investigation reports of 21 suicide cases. The data was analyzed with thematic content analysis. The results show variation in the social integration and strain the deceased experienced before their deaths. None of the deceased were without social ties. The entanglement of different sources of strain was manifest. The results suggest that a typology consisting of four categories of suicide contexts can be distinguished by the respective strength of integration and the number of different strains. We conclude that gambling policy with a focus on harm prevention is also a matter of suicide prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is a hazardous industry with undocumented injury events. Credible surveillance measures are critical for this industry, especially to guide injury prevention programs with targeted recommendations for specific commodity groups and populations. This multi-phase study explored the feasibility for two state agency databases, the Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation (BWC) Program and the Emergency Medical Services Incident Reporting System (EMSIRS), to augment the state's Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) annual reports. BWC data described injury claims in agricultural workplaces from 1999 to 2008. State EMSIRS data described the types of medical emergencies for which EMS services were requested to Ohio farms in 2013–2014. Descriptive analyses were performed on each distinctive source. Over 14,000 BWC claims were analyzed, with primary nature of injury identified as sprains and strains of bodily extremities; falls were the most common cause of injury. The EMSIRS data provided 1,376 cases, where EMS services were requested to Ohio farms at injury onset. Some cases had possibility to be excluded in CFOI or employment claims data, with 24% patients 65 years and older and 6% children 13 years and younger. The primary cause of injury was falls, and the highest reported injury type was blunt trauma. Both BWC and EMSIRS databases showed the potential to enhance Ohio's agricultural surveillance data with viable information not found in previously used systems. Each agency database had its own merits to further clarify and quantify morbidity. When used together, these sources enrich surveillance statistics to describe Ohio's agricultural injury incidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiencing child sexual abuse is associated with increased risk for a range of short‐ and long‐term negative effects. This short report defines and explores the annual incidence rates of child sexual abuse in the United States over 25 years between 1996 and 2021 (the most recent data released) and, comparatively, annual incidence rates of child maltreatment, more generally. A retrospective trend analysis of Child Maltreatment Reports, produced by the Department of Health and Human Services with data from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System, was conducted to compile and analyse rates of child sexual abuse and child maltreatment over time. In general, the rates of reported child maltreatment and child sexual abuse have declined, on average, since the 1990s. We, then, discuss these trends in connection with research documenting societal and family factors that may have contributed to these declines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on evaluating the quality of reporting in palliative and end-of-life care intervention studies regarding social characteristics like socioeconomic position, race, religion, and main language of participants. Topics include the findings that a significant proportion of studies do not report these characteristics adequately, with a tendency to use broad categories that may not capture the diversity of participants, hindering efforts to address inequalities in palliative care.

Between 2017 and 2020, the UN Special Rapporteur (SR) Dainius Puras published three reports that called for significant changes to organisation, funding and service provision in mental health care in ways that emphasise inclusive, rights‐oriented, democratic and sustainable community health services. This article aims to examine formal organisational responses to the UN mental health reports and consider the underlying arguments that either support or delegitimise the SR stance on the need for a paradigmatic shift towards a human rights‐based approach to mental health. By combining several different search strategies to identify organisational responses across the web, a total of 13 organisational responses were included in the analysis. Given the political nature of the responses, concepts from discourse theory were used to analyse the responses. The analysis showed how the responses articulated two binary positions and contesting articulations of good mental health care, which formed a backdrop for rejecting the SR reports in defence of psychiatry. The discussion elucidates how the responses tend to resemble previous ways in which critique has been dealt with mainly by 'biological psychiatry', but that the counter‐critical nature of the medical and psychiatric organisational responses remains in contrast to the broader reception within the UN community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, healthcare providers have overcome difficult experiences such as workplace violence. Nurses are particularly vulnerable to workplace violence. The objective of this study was to characterize violence and aggression against nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America. Methods: An electronic cross-sectional survey was conducted in 19 Latin American countries to characterize the frequency and type of violent actions against front-line healthcare providers. Results: Of the original 3544 respondents, 16% were nurses (n = 567). The mean age was 39.7 ± 9.0 years and 79.6% (n = 2821) were women. In total, 69.8% (n = 2474) worked in public hospitals and 81.1% (n = 2874) reported working regularly with COVID-19 patients. Overall, about 68.6% (n = 2431) of nurses experienced at least one episode of workplace aggression during the pandemic. Nurses experienced weekly aggressions more frequently than other healthcare providers (45.5% versus 38.1%, p < .007). Nurses showed a trend of lower reporting rates against the acts of aggression suffered (p = .076). In addition, nurses were more likely to experience negative cognitive symptoms after aggressive acts (33.4% versus 27.8%, p = .028). However, nurses reported considering changing their work tasks less frequently compared to other healthcare providers after an assault event (p = .005). Conclusion: Workplace violence has been a frequent problem for all healthcare providers during COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America. Nurses were a particularly vulnerable subgroup, with higher rates of aggressions and cognitive symptoms and lower rate of complaints than other healthcare providers who suffered from workplace violence. It is imperative to develop strategies to protect this vulnerable group from aggressions during their tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the process itself of comprehension monitoring of worked-out examples in mathematics. A 'reversal error' was embedded in a worked-out example of algebraic nature. Ninety-four engineers in a master's degree program to become secondary teachers of technology were asked to judge the comprehensibility of the statement and the resolution provided, and to report in writing any incoherence, inconsistency, or error they might detect. The participants' mental processes throughout the task were operationalized through behavioural variables based on a psychological mechanism proposed for inconsistency detection. The behavioural variables focused on the monitoring of important mathematical processes, the algebraic translation, and the interpretation of the numerical solution of the worked example. The software 'Read and Answer' was used to record online data on each participant's behaviour while monitoring the example, as well as his/her written partial and final reports (the task products). An individual short interview was conducted to increase the reliability of the study. Data from each participant were first analysed. Secondly, data from all the participants were considered together in statistical analyses aimed at relating behavioural variables to task products. Four student monitoring profiles were identified corresponding to different combinations of detection/overlooking the embedded algebraic inconsistency, and detection/overlooking the subsequent inconsistency in the result: 'competent monitoring', 'delayed monitoring', 'blocked monitoring', and 'poor monitoring' students. Implications for teaching are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malawi's disease surveillance system is built on several different data sources and systems and is informed by the Integrated Diseases Surveillance and Response (IDSR) strategy. This study was carried out as part of a larger multicountry study to identify context-specific factors, which influence the operationalization of integrated disease surveillance. A total of six focus group discussions were conducted with 43 relevant personnel at the primary and secondary healthcare levels in two districts (Lilongwe and Dowa) and at the national level. The discussions were analyzed and sorted into predefined categories based on the domains of the International Association of Public Health conceptual framework. We found ongoing efforts to enhance integrated disease surveillance operationalization, including the establishment of the Public Health Institute of Malawi for coordination, digitalizing the surveillance system through One Health Surveillance Platform, and improving communication among rapid response teams using WhatsApp. The adoption of World Health Organization's third edition IDSR technical guidelines was also underway. Nonetheless, there were major implementation barriers such as parallel and uncoordinated surveillance systems, priority conditions that cannot be diagnosed at the point of reporting, lack of case definitions and diagnostic codes for priority conditions, reporting forms with unexplained acronyms, illegible data sources, unstable electronic data transfers, inadequate supervision and training, poor enforcement of reporting from private health facilities, high reporting burden, and lack of and feedback to those reporting. The results fit well into the predefined categories used. The study reveals basic problems with the operationalization, tools, and reporting forms used for IDSR. These findings may have implications for practice and policy in Malawi and other countries where IDSR is the national strategy for surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) Child File, the only national dataset cataloging child maltreatment reports. It includes variables representing economic distress frequently used in published research. At the national level, these variables are demonstrably implausible, substantially underestimating economic distress. Method: This paper reviews recent work using these variables, analyzes the NCANDS data directly, demonstrates why the economic variables in NCANDS are unusable at a national level, and provides recommendations for incorporating economic measures using NCANDS. Results: We find 19 articles that have used these variables within the past 10 years. Most states provide implausible estimates. Economic measures can be incorporated into NCANDS data by either subsetting to s states with plausible estimates of these variables in given years, or appending county-level economic Census data. Discussion: Without addressing these variables' issues in plausibility, use of them will yield biased estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While innovation is known to catalyse solutions to global sustainable development challenges, lack of engagement from stakeholders during conceptualisation and development may influence the degree of success of implementation. This paper presents a complete and novel engagement methodology, developed from value led business modelling approaches, for working with multi-sector stakeholders. The methodology can be used to determine barriers and facilitators to clinical practice innovations or translational research, within a country-specific context. The approach has then been applied in the Cambodian prosthetics and orthotics sector to provide a practice-based exemplar application of the framework. This approach seeks to ensure the suitability and sustainability of clinical practice and research programmes being implemented within a complex ecosystem. A theoretical basis, drawn from academic and business innovation sectors, has been consolidated and adapted for practical application to design, direct, and inform initiatives in low resource settings. The methods presented provide a way to both develop and articulate the mission, vision, and goals of any proposed change, and to effectively communicate these with stakeholders in a way that engages the personal and professional values that exist in their ecosystem. It provides a structured process through which meaningful conversations can happen, and a basis for relationship management with key stakeholders; intrinsic to enable a sustained legacy from research and development. The engagement from stakeholders during conceptualisation and throughout development can determine the success, or not, of any implementation and scale of innovation. This paper presents a conceptual stakeholder-led engagement methodology, developed from value led business modelling approaches, for determining barriers and facilitators to translational global healthcare research in a country-specific context, in this case the Cambodian prosthetics and orthotics sector. Subsequent research and development work in this area needs to carefully manage and negotiate influencing factors identified through the application of the described methodology, to ensure initiatives (whether research or wider national development work) are sustainable and successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmacists are expected to demonstrate their expertise in clinical practice and conduct research activities to generate new evidence. However, the factors promoting research activities among pharmacists remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the research activities of Japanese pharmacists through a questionnaire survey and examined the factors contributing to the promotion of research activities. A web-based questionnaire using Google Forms was disseminated across pharmacists working in community pharmacies, drugstores, hospitals, and clinics. The questionnaire included respondents' backgrounds, research activities, and research environments. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the factors promoting pharmacists' research activities, with experience in research paper acceptance as the objective variable. In total, 401 responses were included in the analysis. Of the respondents, 54.1% were hospital pharmacists, and 77.1% were pharmacists with > 5 years of pharmacist experience. Furthermore, 50.4% of the pharmacists had presented at conferences, and 22.2% had experience in research paper acceptance. The influential factors were "master's degree or higher," "number of affiliated academic societies," "acquisition of specialists/certified pharmacists," and "daily availability of a consultant for writing research papers." This study revealed the factors contributing to the promotion of research activities among pharmacists. We believe that our findings will help promote research among pharmacists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial use in livestock production is considered a key contributor to growing antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. In 2015, California became the first state to enact restrictions on routine antimicrobial use in livestock production via Senate Bill 27 (SB27). SB27 further required the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) to collect and disseminate data on antimicrobial use in livestock production. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this report is to assess whether CDFA’s data release allows us to evaluate how antimicrobial use changed after the implementation of SB27. METHODS: We combine the CDFA data with feed drug concentration ranges from the Code of Federal Regulation to evaluate the spread of plausible antimicrobial use trends. We also estimate antimicrobial consumption rates using data from the National Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS) and compare these to changes in medicated feed production reported by the CDFA DISCUSSION: We show that CDFA's reported data are insufficient to reliably estimate whether antimicrobial usage has increased or decreased, most notably because no information is provided about the mass of antimicrobials approved for use or medicated feed drug concentrations. After incorporating additional external data on feed drug concentrations, one can at best provide uninformative bounds on the effect of SB27. We find some evidence that antimicrobial use has decreased by incorporating data on national sales of antimicrobials for food-producing animals, but the weakness of this inference underlines the need for improved data collection and dissemination, especially as other states seek to implement similar policies. We provide recommendations on how to improve reporting and data collection under SB27. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumours of lacrimal drainage system are a rare entity and among these rare tumours lymphomas are a rarity. We report a case of 65 year old male who presented with mass inferior to left lacrimal sac region which was diagnosed as Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma on histopathology and immunochemistry. The patient underwent excision biopsy followed by chemotherapy and is disease free till writing of this report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This systematic review demonstrated that artificial intelligence (AI) can help detect metastatic prostate cancer with or without lymph node involvement on prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET scans with high accuracy. Additional benefits of AI include the ability to estimate the volume of metastatic cancer, prognosticate, and differentiate bony metastasis from post-radiotherapy bone changes. AI can also improve workflow by helping to standardize reporting and automate time-consuming tasks. However, given the variable sensitivity and positive predictive value of AI, it is recommended that an experienced nuclear medicine physician proofread the final report. Larger studies producing more consistent results are needed before AI can be fully integrated into PSMA reporting. Early detection of metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) is crucial. Whilst the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET scan has high diagnostic accuracy, it suffers from inter-reader variability, and the time-consuming reporting process. This systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (ID CRD42023456044) and aims to evaluate AI's ability to enhance reporting, diagnostics, and predictive capabilities for mPCa on PSMA PET scans. Inclusion criteria covered studies using AI to evaluate mPCa on PSMA PET, excluding non-PSMA tracers. A search was conducted on Medline, Embase, and Scopus from inception to July 2023. After screening 249 studies, 11 remained eligible for inclusion. Due to the heterogeneity of studies, meta-analysis was precluded. The prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST) indicated a low overall risk of bias in ten studies, though only one incorporated clinical parameters (such as age, and Gleason score). AI demonstrated a high accuracy (98%) in identifying lymph node involvement and metastatic disease, albeit with sensitivity variation (62–97%). Advantages included distinguishing bone lesions, estimating tumour burden, predicting treatment response, and automating tasks accurately. In conclusion, AI showcases promising capabilities in enhancing the diagnostic potential of PSMA PET scans for mPCa, addressing current limitations in efficiency and variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context.-- Electronic synoptic pathology reporting using xPert from mTuitive is available to all pathologists in British Columbia, Canada. Comparative feedback reports for pathologists and surgeons were created by using the synoptic reporting software. Objective.-- To use data stored in a single central data repository to provide nonpunitive confidential comparative feedback reports (dashboards) to individual pathologists and surgeons for reflection on their practice and to use aggregate data for quality improvement initiatives. Design.-- Integration of mTuitive middleware in 5 different laboratory information systems to have 1 software solution (xPert) sending discrete data elements to the central data repository was performed. Microsoft Office products were used to build comparative feedback reports and made the infrastructure sustainable. Two different types of reports were developed: individual confidential feedback reports (dashboards) and aggregated data reports. Results.-- Pathologists have access to an individual confidential live feedback report for the 5 major cancer sites. Surgeons get an annual confidential emailed PDF report. Several quality improvement initiatives were identified from the aggregate data. Conclusions.-- We present 2 novel dashboards: a live pathologist dashboard and a static surgeon dashboard. Individual confidential dashboards incentivize use of nonmandated electronic synoptic pathology reporting tools and have increased adoption rates. Use of dashboards has also led to discussions about how patient care may be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current incentive structures reward mental health researchers for producing positive, novel, and clean results. This can promote questionable research practices which contribute to a distorted evidence base, in turn limiting progress in mental health research. Registered Reports (RRs) offer a solution to realign the incentives towards conducting high‐quality, rigorous, and accurate studies, by preventing publication and reporting biases. However, the uptake of RRs in mental health research has so far been limited. This editorial perspective highlights the advantages of RRs for mental health research, before discussing potential challenges and how they can be addressed. Greater uptake of RRs in mental health research could help to promote a fairer research culture, limit publication bias and questionable research practices, and ultimately, improve understanding of mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Inadequate reporting of smoking cessation intervention trials is common and leads to significant challenges for researchers. The aim of this study was to tailor CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials)‐SPI (Social and Psychological Interventions) guidelines to improve reporting of trials of behavioural interventions to promote smoking cessation. Method: Informed by missing data from the IC‐SMOKE (Intervention and Comparison group support provided in SMOKing cEssation) systematic review project, this study used a multi‐stage Delphi process to examine which items could be added or modified to improve the reporting of smoking cessation trials. The first stage involved an on‐line survey of 17 international experts in smoking cessation and trial methodology voting on the importance of items for inclusion in the updated guidelines. This was followed by a face‐to‐face expert consensus meeting attended by 15 of these experts, where the final inclusion and exclusion of new items and modifications were agreed upon. A nine‐point Likert scale was used to establish consensus, with suggested modifications requiring agreement of 75% or more. Disagreements in the first stage were presented again at the second stage for discussion and a second round of voting. Only items which reached the threshold for agreement were included. Results: The experts agreed on the inclusion of 10 new items and the specification of 12 existing items. This included modifications that could apply to trials more widely (e.g. the rationale for the comparator), but also modifications that were very specific to smoking cessation trials (e.g. the reporting of smoking cessation outcomes). Conclusions: A Delphi study has developed a modified CONSORT‐SPI guideline (CONSORT‐SPI‐SMOKE) to improve the reporting of trials of behavioural interventions to promote smoking cessation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate a natural language processing (NLP) system for extracting structured information from the free-form text of rectal cancer magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reports written in Chinese. A rule-based NLP model that could extract 11 key image features of rectal cancer was constructed using 358 MRI reports of rectal cancer written between 2015 and 2021. Fifty reports written before 2015 and 50 written after 2021 were used as test datasets, and the reference standard was determined by manual extraction of information by two radiologists. The length and reporting rate of image features in pre-2015 and post-2021 datasets, as well as the accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score of feature extraction by the NLP system, were compared. The time required for the NLP to extract data was compared with that required by the radiologists. Reports written after 2021 had longer diagnostic impression sections than reports written before 2015. The reporting rate of key imaging features of rectal cancer was 36.55% before 2015 and 79.82% after 2021. The accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score of NLP for correct extraction of values from reports were 93.82%, 95.63%, 87.06%, and 91.15%, respectively, for pre-2015 reports, and 92.55%, 98.53%, 94.15%, and 96.29%, respectively, for post-2021 reports. NLP generated all the structured information in <1 second. The NLP system with rule-based pattern matching achieved rapid and accurate structured processing of rectal cancer MRI reports. MRI reports with structured templates are more suitable for NLP-based extraction of information. • The study developed a NLP model to extract 11 key features from MRI reports. • The F1 score of NLP was 91% for pre-2015 reports, and 96% for post-2021 reports. • The NLP system with rule-based pattern realized the structured processing. • The method would be transferable to other diseases and radiological modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Basing decision-making processes on data containing errors and inaccuracies is unavoidable in many situations. The COVID-19 pandemic related data is a clear example, where the information provided by official sources was often unreliable due to data collection mechanisms and the amount of asymptomatic cases. Objectives: To estimate the amount of misreported data in a time series and reconstructing the most probable evolution of the process and provides a discussion on the more appropriate statistical methods able to yield reliable forecasts in this context. Methods: The usage of a model based on autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic time series is proposed, estimating the parameters by Bayesian synthetic likelihood. Results: Only around 51% of the cases of COVID-19 in the period from February 23rd, 2020 to February 27th, 2022 were observed in Spain, also detecting remarkable differences in the reporting issues between Autonomous communities. Conclusion: The presented method allows generating realistic predictions under different possible scenarios, and therefore it represents a valuable tool for policy makers in order to improve the evaluation of the evolution of a situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent debates surrounding intimate partner violence (IPV) have focused on its gender symmetry and gender-oriented nature. These debates center on findings from various data sources, like victimization or self-reported surveys and police-based reports. Data by Statistics Canada, from 1999 to 2014, has shown that the prevalence of IPV is similar for male and female victims, except for sexual assaults. However, there has been a paucity of studies on the severity and risk factors of IPV against men by female partners. Thus, this paper examines the severity of and risk factors for physical IPV against heterosexual men in Canada using the General Social Survey (Victimization) data of 2014. This study revealed that there is a symmetry in the experiences of physical violence between male and female victims. This study also revealed that male victims experience more severe violence than female victims. Using binary logistic regression analysis, years of dwelling together, the victim's age, childhood victimization, and marijuana use were found to predict physical IPV against heterosexual men. This paper concludes with suggestions about how these predicting factors can be used to identify male victims and the need for a more inclusive approach toward addressing IPV, which should include male victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the content of 1186 Child Fatality Review Board individual case reports collected nationally over a 24‐year period (1995–2019). This information, in contrast to group data, may yield important insights into the causative factors, especially for child fatality resulting from neglect and inflicted injury. The reports were collected from six of the 50 states and evaluated for the quality and amount of information. They were also surveyed for data identifying causative factors for neglect and inflicted injury. Only 25 (2 per cent) of 1186 reports that are publicly available contained sufficient information about the four major causative factors—cause of death, prior child protection agency involvement by the family, evidence of professional negligence or error and family history of at‐risk circumstances. The 25 cases were then reviewed and coded for presence of information about these factors. The findings demonstrate the need for federal intervention to provide specific guidelines for the states to track their cases, to use a common nomenclature, to investigate common causative factors and to practice common reporting procedures. In this way, a robust national database can be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyses the characteristics of a sample of social work reports issued at a social care centre in Spain. The research involved three assumptions: (1) drafting reports is a demanding task; (2) social workers are poorly trained in report writing; and (3) procedures for drafting reports are inadequate. The research involved two phases: (1) social workers (N = 8) were interviewed; (2) the content and writing style of 250 reports were analysed. The results show that the social work reports analysed stand out for their relevance. However, they need to be more systematic, concise and reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As delays or disorders in early language and communication are the most prevalent symptom in children with disabilities, early screening is crucial to promote prevention, early diagnosis, and intervention. However, to the best of our knowledge, no screening tool is available for the joint assessment of early language and social communication skills in European Portuguese (EP)‐learning children, which is critical for screening, monitoring and enrolment in appropriate early intervention services. Aims: (1) To adapt and validate the EP version of the Communication and Symbolic Behaviour Scales Developmental Profile™ (CSBS DP™) Infant–Toddler Checklist, a parental report for the screening of early language and social communication skills. (2) To conduct a cross‐cultural comparison between the EP adaptation and the original US version. Methods & Procedures: A total of 611 EP‐learning children (ages 6–24 months) were assessed on the CSBS DP Infant–Toddler Checklist. Normative data, psychometric characteristics (i.e., internal consistency and test–retest reliability), and cross‐cultural comparison between the EP and the original version were explored. Outcomes & Results: Internal consistency ranged from good to excellent and the test–retest reliability was excellent. The performance of the EP and US samples matched on almost all scores. However, EP children performed significantly better than their American peers in the Social compositive at 22 months and in the Symbolic composite at 20 months. No further differences were found. Conclusions & Implications: These findings showed that the EP CSBS DP Infant–Toddler Checklist seems to be a reliable screening tool of communicative and symbolic behaviours for EP‐learning children, which can be particularly relevant for decision‐making in clinical practice. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject: Early communication skills are known to be related to later language outcomes. Thus, screening tools for the early identification of children at risk for language and communication impairments, which may lead to monitoring and early intervention, have the potential to promote better outcomes. However, to the best of our knowledge, no screening tool is available for the assessment of early communication abilities in EP‐learning children. What this paper adds to existing knowledge: This study adapted and validated the EP CSBS DP Infant–Toddler Checklist, the first published parental report checklist for the assessment of early communication skills in EP. It described the psychometric characteristics of the adapted checklist, summarized the newly available normative data for EP‐learning infants and toddlers, and compared the performance of EP‐learning children with the original standardization sample reported for American English. The results demonstrated that this tool is a reliable instrument for the early screening of language, communicative and symbolic behaviours for EP‐learning children between 6 and 24 months of age. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: Given that early screening is crucial to promote prevention, early diagnosis and intervention, the availability of this tool is particularly relevant for children monitoring and their enrolment in appropriate early intervention services, helping decision‐making in clinical practice, in line with current guidelines regarding early monitoring and intervention to promote and support better outcomes. Thus, the tool and related normative data will be useful for paediatricians, family doctors, primary healthcare providers, developmental psychologists and speech–language therapists, among other professionals in the healthcare and educational fields, concerned with speech, language, and communication development and impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article relies on reports written by Swiss diplomats during the Cultural Revolution in Beijing to discuss how they experienced the Cultural Revolution, and how the violence and chaos that they witnessed in 1966 and 1967 affected their mental health. Switzerland's importance as a hub for China in Western Europe meant that the Swiss diplomats were not harmed by the Red Guards. As a result, the Swiss diplomats gained a unique perspective among Beijing's foreign diplomats, observing and documenting the Cultural Revolution in fascinating detail in their reports to Bern. However, while they were protected from outright violence, they struggled with the helplessness they felt in the face of Red Guard brutality, being forced to witness the suffering of their colleagues and employees, traumatizing some of them to such an extent that they had to leave Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most college students do not report sexual violence (SV) incidents reportable under Title IX to their universities. Several studies focus on Title IX in regard to gender equality in sports or SV survivors' perceptions of their Title IX experience. However, few studies examine the knowledge and perceptions of Title IX of the general college student body using qualitative methods. This study expands upon this literature by exploring college students' perspectives on Title IX, including the most recent amendments to Title IX regulations. Focus groups and interviews were conducted with 55 students with different levels of Title IX experience at one university. The results show that, with the exception of students with Title IX experience, most students lack knowledge about Title IX regulations and procedures, but all students had high expectations of the Title IX office. There is also skepticism and confusion surrounding changes to Title IX regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a study on the assessment of the value of treatment for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). The study aims to determine the most important health outcomes for decision-making from different perspectives. The results show that the value of a new AD treatment is primarily determined by its impact on improving patients' quality of life, controlling the disease, and reducing itching. However, there are differences in how AD patients and experts assess value, emphasizing the importance of considering the patient's opinion. The study acknowledges the limitations of the MCDA methodology and proposes a comprehensive set of criteria for evaluating AD treatments. The report was written by multiple authors and further exploration of the document is necessary to understand the specific topics and perspectives discussed. [Extracted from the article]

Rape is an underreported violent crime that frequently remains uncleared (open) in the legal system. Rape disproportionately affects women, with 91% of rape victim-survivors estimated to be female. However, law enforcement agencies, the entry point into the criminal justice system, are predominantly comprised of male officers. According to the theory of representative bureaucracy, groups with greater representation in a bureaucratic system are more likely to have their interests protected. This study aims to determine if California law enforcement agencies with a higher percentage of female officers are more likely to have higher rates of rape reporting, clearances, and arrests. No previous study has examined this relationship using statewide data. Crimes and Clearances, Monthly Arrest and Citation Register, and Uniform Crime Reporting data for California (2013–2016) were aggregated into 499 Law Enforcement Reporting Areas (LERA). Bayesian space-time Poisson regressions controlling for LERA demographics and crime produced scaled relative rates for three outcomes: (a) rape report rate: number of reports relative to population ages 18+; (b) rape clearance rate: number of clearances relative to reports; and (c) rape arrest rate: number of arrests for rape relative to reports. A 5% increase in the percentage of female officers within an agency was associated with a 6.2% increase in the rape report rate (ARR: 1.062, 95% credible interval (CI) [1.048, 1.077]), a 2.9% decrease in the clearance rate (ARR: 0.971 95% CI [0.950, 0.993]), and no change in the rape arrest rates (ARR: 1.010; 95% CI [0.981, 1.039]) across all LERA. Thus, increased female officer representation was associated with an increase in rape reporting rates but associated with a decrease in rape clearance rates. The theory of representative bureaucracy was only partially supported, and these relationships may not be causal. The quantity of rape reports received by an agency, employment and promotion practices of agencies, and victim-survivor's attitudes toward officer's gender should also be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Sweden, mandatory reporting in social services is regulated by the Social Services Act to protect service users and improve services. The aim of this article is to describe mandatory reports by staff and compare types of mistreatment, severity and actions across three areas of social services: elderly care, disability services, and individual and family care. All the reports written by staff and investigated by a designated official over a 1‐year period (n = 1105) in one of the largest regions in Sweden were retrieved, inductively coded and quantitatively analysed. The results showed that most of the reports related to unsafe behaviour and organisational issues. Of all the reports, 14% (n = 156) were deemed to be serious. Differences in assessing mistreatment are discussed in relation to incident reporting in health care. The need for new models of analysis for mandatory reporting in social care is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the knowledge and skills of prescription writing among dental house officers from different hospitals. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from July to September, 2022. A self-administered, structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 180 house officers from four teaching dental hospitals (n=45 each). The participants were asked to write a prescription for an adult and a pediatric patient. The prescription was evaluated according to WHO criteria. Analysis was done using SPSS v.20. Data was presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: Among the 180 participants, 42.9% were males and 57.1% were females. 33.9% participants reported prescription writing to be a difficult task. Only 36.7% participants reported to be trained in prescribing pediatric medications. None of the prescriptions completely fulfilled the WHO criteria. Doctor related information (name, address and contact no) was written by only 3.8% of the participants while 10% of the participants mentioned the patient related information (name, address and age). Dosage of the prescribed drugs was the most commonly drug-related missing parameter which was mentioned in 30% of the pediatric prescriptions and 21% of the adult prescriptions. Conclusion: There is a general lack of knowledge among the dental house officers regarding prescription writing as they were found to be unaware of the essential elements of a prescription. The findings call for an urgent change in the undergraduate teaching of prescription writing skills with special emphasis on pediatric drugs and dosage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A clear understanding of why the incidence of cutaneous melanoma continues to rise despite the increased use of sunscreens within the last several decades is lacking. Given how aggressive cutaneous melanoma can be, the aim of this communication is to better elucidate the relationship between sunscreen use and melanoma development and if there are other preventative measures to be aware of. We summarize some of the limitations of existing studies that investigated sunscreen use and melanoma development and highlight the importance of performing new studies that minimize such limitations to obtain more reliable results. This communication is intended to emphasize the importance of continued research not only to determine the most important factors contributing to increasing melanoma rates but also to establish clear guidelines and recommendations to reduce the risk of melanoma development. The incidence of cutaneous melanoma continues to rise despite the increased use of sunscreens within the last several decades. Some research even suggests that the use of sunscreen is associated with increased rates of melanoma. Given the aggressive, and often deadly, nature of cutaneous melanoma, the aim of this communication is to better elucidate the relationship between sunscreen use and melanoma development and if there are other preventative measures to be aware of. A search was performed to identify the studies that have investigated melanoma development in individuals who used sunscreen and those who did not. Study limitations and possible confounding variables were identified, which guided a subsequent search to determine what data were available to support that these limitations and confounding variables may explain the perplexing association between sunscreen use and melanoma development. Five hypotheses were generated, which were related to increased awareness and reporting, the relationship between sunscreen use and the duration of sun exposure, the importance of broad-spectrum protection, and the effect of sunscreen on reactive oxygen species formation. The main conclusion is that more recent studies that control for confounding variables are required to determine the true effect of adequate broad-spectrum sunscreen use today on the development of melanoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]