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The reaction of asset prices to monetary policy is essential for investors andpolicymakers. However, previous research on the area in Sweden is limited, and there isno evidence of any impact on stock market prices from repo rate changes. This study estimates how stock market indices respond to repo rate changes, including different sector indices. The repo rate is the primary interest rate tool for the Swedish central bank. The utilised methodology is based on previous studies and follows a regression methodology. The paper's findings are that some sectoral stock market indices are affected by changes in repo rate. Bank and Financial sector indexes are positivelyaffected, while Health, Technology, Construction & Materials, Mid Cap, Small Cap,and Financial Services indices are negative. The result is estimated using two different variables for expectations of repo rate changes. The results are justified using a larger sample, including all monetary policy meetings. The results do only have a slight change in coefficients. This paper can be used to further investigate the impact of monetary policy on asset prices in Sweden.

This study investigates the effect of monetary policy, focusing on repo rate and the expansion of QE programs, on Mergers and Acquisitions activity in publicly listed companies on the Swedish Stock Exchange. The study also investigates whether there are significant relationships between companies’ acquisition activity, their solvency or liquidity ratios. Additionally, the observed firms are categorized into industries to enable examination of differences between industries. The thesis aims at expanding the knowledge of determinant factors in explaining M&A activity on the Swedish market. To adequately determine the influencing factors on activity, 27 years of data was collected on acquiring Swedish firms from the Eikon database. In addition, data for the calculations of solvency and liquidity ratios were gathered from the same database. Data for the monetary policy variables were gathered from the Swedish Central Bank. A deductive quantitative method was used to analyze the various relationships between the studied variables. The study concluded significant correlation between monetary policy and M&A activity, company solvency and M&A activity as well as corporate liquidity and M&A activity. The correlation was negative in all cases except for quantitative easing which opens up for an interesting discussion. Observed industries gave a mixed result in terms of significant relationships but the result also indicate that pro-cyclical industries tend to be more affected by monetary policy than non-cyclicals. All of the above-mentioned relationships are further discussed from the perspective of various theories that both agree and disagree with the findings of this study. The authors believe that these results will give stakeholders a more in-depth knowledge and understanding of M&A activity and M&As in general. This study contributes knowledge to enable more sustainable business administration and management of companies.

The reaction of asset prices to monetary policy is essential for investors andpolicymakers. However, previous research on the area in Sweden is limited, and there isno evidence of any impact on stock market prices from repo rate changes. This study estimates how stock market indices respond to repo rate changes, including different sector indices. The repo rate is the primary interest rate tool for the Swedish central bank. The utilised methodology is based on previous studies and follows a regression methodology. The paper's findings are that some sectoral stock market indices are affected by changes in repo rate. Bank and Financial sector indexes are positivelyaffected, while Health, Technology, Construction & Materials, Mid Cap, Small Cap,and Financial Services indices are negative. The result is estimated using two different variables for expectations of repo rate changes. The results are justified using a larger sample, including all monetary policy meetings. The results do only have a slight change in coefficients. This paper can be used to further investigate the impact of monetary policy on asset prices in Sweden.

This study investigates the effect of monetary policy, focusing on repo rate and the expansion of QE programs, on Mergers and Acquisitions activity in publicly listed companies on the Swedish Stock Exchange. The study also investigates whether there are significant relationships between companies’ acquisition activity, their solvency or liquidity ratios. Additionally, the observed firms are categorized into industries to enable examination of differences between industries. The thesis aims at expanding the knowledge of determinant factors in explaining M&A activity on the Swedish market. To adequately determine the influencing factors on activity, 27 years of data was collected on acquiring Swedish firms from the Eikon database. In addition, data for the calculations of solvency and liquidity ratios were gathered from the same database. Data for the monetary policy variables were gathered from the Swedish Central Bank. A deductive quantitative method was used to analyze the various relationships between the studied variables. The study concluded significant correlation between monetary policy and M&A activity, company solvency and M&A activity as well as corporate liquidity and M&A activity. The correlation was negative in all cases except for quantitative easing which opens up for an interesting discussion. Observed industries gave a mixed result in terms of significant relationships but the result also indicate that pro-cyclical industries tend to be more affected by monetary policy than non-cyclicals. All of the above-mentioned relationships are further discussed from the perspective of various theories that both agree and disagree with the findings of this study. The authors believe that these results will give stakeholders a more in-depth knowledge and understanding of M&A activity and M&As in general. This study contributes knowledge to enable more sustainable business administration and management of companies.

The repo rate, which is the key interest rate, set by the central banks has been declining for many years and hitting zero in Sweden in late 2014. We analyse the effectiveness on the economy from a change in the repo rate, comparing two time periods with high and low repo rate environments. We use quarterly data on GDP and its components, between 1994 and 2019. For analysing the effectiveness, we use multiple Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) modelling to compute a total of 12 models. In our findings, we saw that the effectiveness of a change in repo rate has been increased in the low repo rate environment, making it harder to increase the rate without harming the economy but also increasing the effect of a decrease in the repo rate. Also, we found that the investment component of GDP may exhibit extra high effectiveness in the low repo rate environment. This method of analysing the repo rates impact on the economy could be used for decision makers regarding monetary policies.

The aim of this thesis is to examine whether repo rates have any impact on private consumption in Sweden. After the financial crisis in 2008, the repo rates in some periods become negative. Whether negative repo rates have impact on private consumption is an additional analysis in the thesis. In the theoretical framework the IS-LM model and some explicit hypothesis are derived. In the empirical part, data for repo rate, income, inflation and saving in Sweden are collected from 1995 to 2019 with a time unit of quarterly data. With the collected data one multiple linear regression is estimated and one additional test where the same model is modified with a dummy variable that isolates the periods with negative repo rates. In line with the theoretical prediction, the first multiple linear regression result exhibits that the repo rate has statistically significant negative impact on private consumption. The second multiple linear regression with the dummy variable shows that the impact of negative repo rates is not different from positive repo rate. Limitations and shortcomings are discussed in the section limitations and weaknesses.

Between the years 2007 and 2019 Riksbanken, the Swedish central bank, have changed the repo rate 75 different times. This thesis will answer if these changes have an effect on the Swedish stock market for two specific sectors, the bank- and the real estate sector. With the use of the event study method to calculate the average abnormal return and cumulative average abnormal return. The objective of this paper is to find out whether a change has or has not had an effect on the Swedish stock market for the sectors. The results are significant for both sectors, when Riksbanken decides to decrease the repo rate, which says that there is an effect on our sectors’ stock prices. However, the results are only significant for the bank sector when it comes to increases in the repo rate.

The repo rate, which is the key interest rate, set by the central banks has been declining for many years and hitting zero in Sweden in late 2014. We analyse the effectiveness on the economy from a change in the repo rate, comparing two time periods with high and low repo rate environments. We use quarterly data on GDP and its components, between 1994 and 2019. For analysing the effectiveness, we use multiple Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) modelling to compute a total of 12 models. In our findings, we saw that the effectiveness of a change in repo rate has been increased in the low repo rate environment, making it harder to increase the rate without harming the economy but also increasing the effect of a decrease in the repo rate. Also, we found that the investment component of GDP may exhibit extra high effectiveness in the low repo rate environment. This method of analysing the repo rates impact on the economy could be used for decision makers regarding monetary policies.

The aim of this thesis is to examine whether repo rates have any impact on private consumption in Sweden. After the financial crisis in 2008, the repo rates in some periods become negative. Whether negative repo rates have impact on private consumption is an additional analysis in the thesis. In the theoretical framework the IS-LM model and some explicit hypothesis are derived. In the empirical part, data for repo rate, income, inflation and saving in Sweden are collected from 1995 to 2019 with a time unit of quarterly data. With the collected data one multiple linear regression is estimated and one additional test where the same model is modified with a dummy variable that isolates the periods with negative repo rates. In line with the theoretical prediction, the first multiple linear regression result exhibits that the repo rate has statistically significant negative impact on private consumption. The second multiple linear regression with the dummy variable shows that the impact of negative repo rates is not different from positive repo rate. Limitations and shortcomings are discussed in the section limitations and weaknesses.

Between the years 2007 and 2019 Riksbanken, the Swedish central bank, have changed the repo rate 75 different times. This thesis will answer if these changes have an effect on the Swedish stock market for two specific sectors, the bank- and the real estate sector. With the use of the event study method to calculate the average abnormal return and cumulative average abnormal return. The objective of this paper is to find out whether a change has or has not had an effect on the Swedish stock market for the sectors. The results are significant for both sectors, when Riksbanken decides to decrease the repo rate, which says that there is an effect on our sectors’ stock prices. However, the results are only significant for the bank sector when it comes to increases in the repo rate.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how changes in long and short interest rates as well as in the slope of the yield curve affect the stock returns of the four major Swedish banks; Svenska Handelsbanken, Nordea Bank, Swedbank, and Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken. Further, the aim of the research is to compare these findings to how the banks perceive that such changes affect their stock returns. The objective is thereof to detect differences and similarities between regressions and interviews, in order to contribute with insights to how the banks can handle their exposure to interest rate risk. Theoretical Framework: Previous research show that banks’ stock returns are affected by many factors, including cash flow news, interest rates, size of the business, and the macroeconomy as a whole. However, banks’ interest rate margins are set to market rates so these are more exposed to and affected by changes in interest rates, especially short ones, than are non-financial institutions. Furthermore, the low interest rate levels and forecasting errors that have been seen lately have contributed to greater uncertainty and higher risk exposures, making banks’ sensitivity increase. Methodology: A mixture of a qualitative and a quantitative methodology is used, where the former consists of interviewing the banks and the latter of regressions through secondary data from Thomson Reuters Eikon and the Riksbank. Conclusion: The major Swedish banks’ stock returns are generally affected by changes in short interest rates but not by changes in long interest rates, with the exception of Handelsbanken being impervious to all such changes. Swedbank’s stock returns are most sensitive than the other banks’ stock returns and it is the only bank affected by changes in the yield curve slope. However, the banks seem to perceive no crucial difference in how their stock returns are affected by changes in short interest rates and long interest rates, concluding that their perceptions o

Sweden’s central bank implemented a negative interest rate policy (NIRP) in 2015, one year after adopting a zero-interest rate policy. Due to the monetary policy’s untested framework,experts are divided on the effectiveness of such a policy as well as its fortitude when faced with an economic recession. The lack of research on how the interest rate affects various economic metrics has left ample room for analysis and discussion on the subject. The aim ofthis thesis is to analyze how Sweden’s monetary policy has affected the flow of foreign directinvestments (FDI). Specifically, the paper will be focused on discovering the effect of theRiksbank’s negative repo rate policy on net FDI inflows between 2006 and 2017. Our quantitative analysis found no significant relationship between Sweden’s repo rate and itsFDI inflows. However, significance was found in the variables exchange rate, research and development expenditures, corporate taxes, and wages.

This thesis analyses if households’ confidence could be a significant variable to predicthouseholds’ debt growth in Sweden. Households’ debts have an important role in thefinancial system where the vulnerability of households’ debts has increased over time.To test whether households’ confidence is a significant variable for the prediction ofhouseholds’ debt growth in Sweden, an econometric model with the households’ debtchange as the dependent variable and the changes in the repo rate, unemployment, grossdomestic product and consumer confidence index as independent variables was used.Consumer confidence index was used as a proxy variable for households’ confidence.It was lagged by one time period in order to quantify if consumer confidence indexcould, with previous value, predict the households’ debt growth. The result showed thatthe households’ confidence was not significant to predict the households’ debt growth., Denna uppsats har analyserat om hushållens förtroende är en signifikant variabel för attförutse hushållens skuldtillväxt i Sverige. De svenska hushållens skulder har ensignifikant betydelse för den svenska ekonomin. Men sårbarheten för dessa skulder harökat med tiden. För att testa om hushållens förtroende är en signifikant variabel för attförutse hushållens skuldtillväxt i Sverige har en ekonometrisk modell med förändringeni hushållens skulder som en beroende variabel och förändringen i reporäntan,arbetslöshet, bruttonationalprodukten och konsumentförtroendeindex som oberoendevariabler. Konsumentförtroendeindex användes som en ersättare för att mäta hushållensförtroende används. Den var fördröjd med en tidsperiod för att kunna testa omhushållens föregående uppfattningar påverkade framtida skuldtillväxt för hushållen.Resultaten från regressionsanalysen antyder på att hushållens förtroende inte är ensignifikant variabel för att kunna förutse hushållens skuldtillväxt.

Sweden’s central bank implemented a negative interest rate policy (NIRP) in 2015, one year after adopting a zero-interest rate policy. Due to the monetary policy’s untested framework,experts are divided on the effectiveness of such a policy as well as its fortitude when faced with an economic recession. The lack of research on how the interest rate affects various economic metrics has left ample room for analysis and discussion on the subject. The aim ofthis thesis is to analyze how Sweden’s monetary policy has affected the flow of foreign directinvestments (FDI). Specifically, the paper will be focused on discovering the effect of theRiksbank’s negative repo rate policy on net FDI inflows between 2006 and 2017. Our quantitative analysis found no significant relationship between Sweden’s repo rate and itsFDI inflows. However, significance was found in the variables exchange rate, research and development expenditures, corporate taxes, and wages.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how changes in long and short interest rates as well as in the slope of the yield curve affect the stock returns of the four major Swedish banks; Svenska Handelsbanken, Nordea Bank, Swedbank, and Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken. Further, the aim of the research is to compare these findings to how the banks perceive that such changes affect their stock returns. The objective is thereof to detect differences and similarities between regressions and interviews, in order to contribute with insights to how the banks can handle their exposure to interest rate risk. Theoretical Framework: Previous research show that banks’ stock returns are affected by many factors, including cash flow news, interest rates, size of the business, and the macroeconomy as a whole. However, banks’ interest rate margins are set to market rates so these are more exposed to and affected by changes in interest rates, especially short ones, than are non-financial institutions. Furthermore, the low interest rate levels and forecasting errors that have been seen lately have contributed to greater uncertainty and higher risk exposures, making banks’ sensitivity increase. Methodology: A mixture of a qualitative and a quantitative methodology is used, where the former consists of interviewing the banks and the latter of regressions through secondary data from Thomson Reuters Eikon and the Riksbank. Conclusion: The major Swedish banks’ stock returns are generally affected by changes in short interest rates but not by changes in long interest rates, with the exception of Handelsbanken being impervious to all such changes. Swedbank’s stock returns are most sensitive than the other banks’ stock returns and it is the only bank affected by changes in the yield curve slope. However, the banks seem to perceive no crucial difference in how their stock returns are affected by changes in short interest rates and long interest rates, concluding that their perceptions o

This thesis analyses if households’ confidence could be a significant variable to predicthouseholds’ debt growth in Sweden. Households’ debts have an important role in thefinancial system where the vulnerability of households’ debts has increased over time.To test whether households’ confidence is a significant variable for the prediction ofhouseholds’ debt growth in Sweden, an econometric model with the households’ debtchange as the dependent variable and the changes in the repo rate, unemployment, grossdomestic product and consumer confidence index as independent variables was used.Consumer confidence index was used as a proxy variable for households’ confidence.It was lagged by one time period in order to quantify if consumer confidence indexcould, with previous value, predict the households’ debt growth. The result showed thatthe households’ confidence was not significant to predict the households’ debt growth., Denna uppsats har analyserat om hushållens förtroende är en signifikant variabel för attförutse hushållens skuldtillväxt i Sverige. De svenska hushållens skulder har ensignifikant betydelse för den svenska ekonomin. Men sårbarheten för dessa skulder harökat med tiden. För att testa om hushållens förtroende är en signifikant variabel för attförutse hushållens skuldtillväxt i Sverige har en ekonometrisk modell med förändringeni hushållens skulder som en beroende variabel och förändringen i reporäntan,arbetslöshet, bruttonationalprodukten och konsumentförtroendeindex som oberoendevariabler. Konsumentförtroendeindex användes som en ersättare för att mäta hushållensförtroende används. Den var fördröjd med en tidsperiod för att kunna testa omhushållens föregående uppfattningar påverkade framtida skuldtillväxt för hushållen.Resultaten från regressionsanalysen antyder på att hushållens förtroende inte är ensignifikant variabel för att kunna förutse hushållens skuldtillväxt.

Title: Interest Rate Sensitivity of Real Estate Companies’ Income Statements - A Study on the Swedish Market in a Low Rate Environment Seminar date: 11th of January 2018 Course: FEKH89, Bachelor Degree Project in Financial Management, Undergraduate Level Authors: Karl Ågren, Samuel Hammarling and Sebastian Lindeborg Advisor: Anamaria Cociorva Key words: Real estate companies, repo rate, income statement sensitivity, pricing of debt, mixed methods research Purpose: The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the sensitivity of Swedish real estate companies’ income statements towards a 100 basis point increase in the Riksbank’s repo rate. Methodology: A mixed methods research approach is employed. Qualitative research and theory constitute the framework for this study, to later be validated against the findings from three multiple regressions. Theoretical perspectives: Robert C. Merton’s theory of pricing corporate debt is, together with the findings of this study’s qualitative research, used as framework for this study. Empirical foundation: The qualitative research of this study consists of semi-structured interviews with six market experts. The quantitative research is constituted by company data and macro data: The company data includes a sample of ten companies over a ten year period, amounting to 100 firm-years. The macro data constitutes 521 observations over a ten year period. Conclusions: The study can confirm the sensitivity of Swedish real estate companies’ income statement towards changes in the Riksbank’s repo rate. The findings imply that two items are affected, interest expenses and revaluation of properties. A hypothetical 100 basis point increase in repo rate implies, according to the results, a 212 basis point decrease in revaluation of properties and a 40 basis point increase in interest expenses. This study’s focus on income statements complements previous literature that largely focuses on real estate companies’ returns and probability