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Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Effective policies for adaptation to climate change require understanding how impacts are related to exposures and vulnerability, the dimensions of the climate system that will change most and where human impacts will be most draconian, and the institutions best suited to respond. Here, we propose a simple method for more credibly pairing empirical statistical damage estimates derived from recent weather and outcome observations with projected future climate changes and proposed responses. We first analyze agricultural production and loan repayment data from Brazil to understand vulnerability to historical variation in the more predictable components of temperature and rainfall (trend and seasonality) as well as to shocks (both local and over larger spatial scales). This decomposed weather variation over the past two decades explains over 50% of the yield variation in major Brazilian crops and, critically, can be constructed in the same way for future climate projections. Combining our estimates with bias-corrected downscaled climate simulations for Brazil, we find increased variation in yields and revenues (including more bad years and worse outcomes) and higher agricultural loan default at midcentury. Results in this context point to two particularly acute dimensions of vulnerability: Intensified seasonality and local idiosyncratic shocks both contribute to worsening outcomes, along with a reduced capacity for spatially correlated ("covariate") shocks to ameliorate these effects through prices. These findings suggest that resilience strategies should focus on institutions such as water storage, financial services, and reinsurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time series analysis plays a pivotal role in the strategic planning and risk management of reinsurance companies. It is an indispensable tool for gaining insights into the future utilization of reinsurance revenues. To effectively safeguard against substantial financial losses stemming from anticipated claims, reinsurance businesses must have a thorough understanding of the expected values of these claims. The ability to estimate the potential value of future claims is paramount, as it empowers reinsurance companies to proactively prepare and allocate resources, ensuring that they are well-equipped to cover likely future claims. Our research incorporates an innovative approach to estimate reinsurance revenues, leveraging the power of time series analysis. By applying the proposed paradigm to an original time series dataset, we aim to showcase its practical value and effectiveness in predicting future revenue trends. To assess the accuracy of these predictions, we employ the Box-Ljung statistical test, a statistical test commonly used in time series analysis. The corresponding p-value generated from this test provides a quantitative measure of the ability to analyze, capture and explain the underlying patterns in the data, thereby aiding reinsurance companies in providing an informed decisions and managing their financial risks effectively. In summary, the integration of time series analysis, single exponential smoothing (SEXS), and advanced forecasting techniques forms a critical foundation for enhancing the predictive capabilities of reinsurance businesses and ensuring their financial stability in the face of uncertain future claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural production is highly dependent on weather conditions such as temperature, light, water and heat. The huge loss caused by extreme disaster weather makes the global insurance and reinsurance market overwhelmed, and seriously affects the enthusiasm of agricultural investment and the development of agricultural economy. With unique topography and vast territory, China is vulnerable to complex and diverse climate disasters. In recent years, the annual average economic loss caused by extreme weather disasters has reached about 200-300 billion yuan, among which floods caused by extreme heavy rainfall are the main agricultural disasters in China. In order to enhance the "farmer - insurance company - government" interest association to resist the risk of flood disaster caused by extreme heavy rainfall, financial hedging derivatives of weather disaster risk have gradually become a new hedging tool besides traditional insurance and reinsurance. This paper takes Shenyang, the main grain producing area in northeast China, as the sample of the study area, and uses the SARIMA model to obtain the distribution characteristics of seasonal rainfall time series. Different seasonal rainfall index option products (call option and put option contracts) are designed respectively, and the final option pricing is obtained by Monte Carlo stochastic simulation. The seasonal rainfall call option and put option contracts have opened up a new hedging model of agricultural extreme weather catastrophe outside the insurance and reinsurance market, which has enriched the varieties of weather financial derivatives market in China, reduced the severe impact of extreme weather disasters on agriculture, and enhanced the ability of agricultural stakeholders to resist the risk of extreme weather disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Die Unternehmensbesteuerung (Ubg) is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of European Journal of Management & Business Economics is the property of Emerald Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

On the premise of considering the interests of insurance companies and reinsurance companies at the same time, this paper studies the investment and reinsurance game between them. Suppose that the compensation process faced by an insurance company is described by Brownian motion with drift. Insurance companies can purchase proportional reinsurance from reinsurance companies, and both companies can invest in a risk-free asset, a risky asset whose price process follows the constant elasticity of variance (CEV) model, and a defaultable bond. With the goal of maximizing the expected utility of weighted terminal wealth, the corresponding Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equations are established and solved by using the principle of dynamic programming, and the analytical expressions of the equilibrium investment-reinsurance strategies of insurers and reinsurers are derived respectively. Finally, the influence of each model parameter on the equilibrium strategy is analyzed by numerical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study an optimal management problem for a general insurance company which holds shares of an insurance company and a reinsurance company. The general company aims to derive the equilibrium reinsurance-investment strategy under the mean-variance criterion. The claim process described by a generalized compound dynamic contagion process introduced by [18] which allows for self-exciting and externally-exciting clustering effect for the claim arrivals and the processes of the risky assets are described by the jump-diffusion models. Based on practical considerations, we suppose that the externally-exciting clustering effect will simultaneously affect both the price of risky assets and the intensity of claims. To overcome the inconsistency issue caused by the mean-variance criterion, we formulate the optimization problem as an embedded game and solve it via a corresponding extended Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. The equilibrium reinsurance-investment strategy is obtained, which depends on a solution to an ordinary differential equation. In addition, we demonstrate the derived equilibrium strategy and the economic implications behind it through a large number of mathematical analysis and numerical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reinsurance is one of important aspect from insurance business. To ruin their business, insurnaces don’t only rely on their capacity, but to their back up capacity behind them. For arising financial strength and intercalation to Indonesia’s GDP, OJK as regulatory has obligatory for insurance to ceded their insurance cession to domestic Reinsurance. Insurance business would be always linked with reinsurace due to their requirements for spreading risk (by reduce the variability of the financial costs to insurance companies arising from the claims). The prior researches give indicator that financial strenght will affect how sevice company ruin their business and profitability making. This paper aim to empirically inquire intercouse between financial strength of the company with their running business. Financial strenght for reinsurance business is the most important component due to their business characteristic, business to business. RBC as one of the parameter will be the one which impose the insurance company to lay their business. So with RBC’s component we could inquire how reinsurance’s business and profitability. This study used quantitative research method. The analysis framework is based on relationship between risk based capital’ factor in reinsurance with their business and profitability effectivity. Data will be provided secunderly by companies annual report with total 5 local reinsurance in Indonesia. And will be examined by regression model. The finding will indicate how Risk Based Capital’s factor involve business and profitability both for reinsurance company. The findings may help industry to better understand how financial power’ factor work for profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insurance companies are exposed to a number of risks. They financially compensate the damages by indirectly protecting the insured from the realization of risks. The whole process is based on economic principles in accordance with which insurance premiums and fees must correspond to accepted risks, while maintaining compliance with regulatory requirements, maintaining the trust of policyholders and other stakeholders. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the most important economic principles that insurance and reinsurance companies must apply if they want to survive and develop, to maintain the trust of policyholders, the state, reinsurers and other stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we study the optimal investment and reinsurance problem involving a defaultable security for a group which holds shares of both an insurance company and a reinsurance company. Assuming that the claim process is described by a Brownian motion with drift, and the insurer can purchase proportional reinsurance and invest in a financial market consisting of a risk-free asset, a risky asset and a defaultable bond. Moreover, the reinsurer is allowed to invest in a risk-free asset and a stock. With both the insurer and the reinsurer taken into account, the group aims to maximize the expected exponential utility of the weighted sum of the insurer's and the reinsurer's terminal wealth. By using the dynamic programming approach, we study the pre-default case and post-default case, respectively. In both cases, the closed-form expressions for the optimal strategies and the corresponding value functions are derived. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the effects of model parameters on the optimal strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Accounting & Financial Studies Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Stop-loss reinsurance is a risk management tool that allows an insurance company to transfer part of their risk to a reinsurance company. Ruin probabilities allow us to measure the effect of stop-loss reinsurance on the solvency of the primary insurer. They further permit the calculation of the economic capital, or the required initial capital to hold, corresponding to the 99.5% value-at-risk of its surplus. Specifically, we show that under a stop-loss contract, the ruin probability for the primary insurer, for both a finite- and infinite-time horizon, can be obtained from the finite-time ruin probability when no reinsurance is bought. We develop a finite-difference method for solving the (partial integro-differential) equation satisfied by the finite-time ruin probability with no reinsurance, leading to numerical approximations of the ruin probabilities under a stop-loss reinsurance contract. Using the method developed here, we discuss the interplay between ruin probability, reinsurance retention level and initial capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider an optimal robust investment and reinsurance problem for a general insurance company which holds shares of an insurance company and a reinsurance company. It is assumed that the decision-maker is ambiguity-averse and does not have perfect information in drift terms of the investment and insurance risks. To capture the ambiguity aversion in the objective function, the criterion of this paper is to minimize a robust value involving the probability of drawdown and a penalization of model uncertainty. By using the technique of stochastic control theory and solving the corresponding boundary-value problems, the closed-form expressions of the optimal strategies are derived explicitly, and a new verification theorem is proved to show that a non-increasing solution to the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation is indeed our value function. Moreover, we examine theoretically how the level of ambiguity aversion affects the value function and optimal drift distortion. In the end, some numerical examples are exhibited to illustrate the influence of the different investment patterns on our optimal results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal scholars have long recognized the close-knit community as an alternative means of supporting trade when contract law and trusted courts cannot. But recent research suggests that another option may be available: heterogeneous business networks. What is interesting is that these networks lack features traditionally seen as essential to communitysupported trade. In particular, they lack preexisting social ties that allow reliable information to spread at low cost, make exiting the trade difficult, and enable the coordinated sanctioning of cheaters. As a result, some leading scholars have come to doubt that these networks are capable of sustaining cooperation. This Article offers compelling evidence that heterogenous business networks can indeed sustain high-stakes trade. Through an original case study of the reinsurance industry, it shows that when the gains from trade are sufficiently robust, parties can build mechanisms to spread the reliable information needed to support trade by starting with transactions that align incentives and require high transparency. Parties can then strengthen their commitments by both investing in the bilateral relationship and building a network that connects each party to the other's contacts. This strategy helpfully allows information about behavior in trading relationships to spread at low cost. Once constructed, the network enables reputation-based bonding of higher-risk transactions and a greater variety of transactional terms than can be supported by incentive alignment alone. In short, this study of the reinsurance trade suggests that cultivated, freestanding business networks can support extralegal private ordering under a broader set of circumstances than legal scholars currently appreciate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first legal regulation of the accounting of insurance companies began as early as 1978, the directives were changed due to alignment with the needs of presenting insurers' financial information. The latest Solvency II directive represents the legislative framework for the overall operation of insurance companies and reinsurance companies in the European Union. It entered into force at the beginning of 2016. Although it is not exclusively an accounting directive, it introduced a market-consistent valuation of assets and liabilities through the balance sheet, with the aim of adequate capitalization taking into account all the risks taken, which would result in the desired profitability. The first Regulation on the application of international accounting standards was adopted in 2002. Its goal was the adoption and use of international accounting standards in the community to harmonize financial data, and ensure a high level of transparency and comparability of financial statements, and thus the efficient functioning of the community's capital market and the internal market. International accounting standards were developed by the International Accounting Standards Committee, whose intention was to develop a single set of global accounting standards. As a member of the International Association of Accountants, Bosnia and Herzegovina is obliged to apply international accounting standards. In the paper, we will discuss the emergence of regulations governing the accounting and financial reporting of insurance companies, the position of Bosnia and Herzegovina in international accounting organizations, and its readiness to apply all EU accounting regulations for insurance companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we determine a robust reinsurance contract from joint interests of the insurer and reinsurer under the framework of Stackelberg differential game. More specifically, the reinsurer is the leader of the game and decides on an optimal reinsurance premium to charge, while the insurer is the follower of the game and chooses an optimal proportional reinsurance to purchase. In order to defend the large shocks of wealth process, a loss-dependent premium principle is applied to the insurer. Meanwhile, we incorporate model uncertainty into the reinsurer's controlled surplus due to the asymmetric information. Under the time-consistent mean-variance criterion, we derive the robust reinsurance contract explicitly by solving the coupled extended Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman systems. It is interesting to prove that the optimal premium control for the reinsurer is determined by a time-adjusted variance principle. In addition, we find that the reinsurer would like to raise the reinsurance price to guard against the model uncertainty, which consequently decreases the insurer's reinsurance demand. Finally, further analyses are provided to show the necessity of considering the model uncertainty; otherwise, the reinsurance company will suffer a great loss of utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aim of grounding the analysis of private transnational human rights governance, the article examines how a European reinsurance company links its human rights policy to its core business of underwriting risks in the case of Belo Monte, a large hydroelectric dam in the Brazilian Amazon. Based on the current international regulatory framework, the global political economy of reinsurance is becoming a constitutive element of human rights governance. Conceptualising underwriting as a social practice, we observe how human rights norms are translated into the corporate form of risks. This process goes beyond questions of norm compliance and involves practices of valuation and boundary-drawing based on the underwriter's competences and background knowledge about reinsurance markets, value chains and corporate hierarchies. We conclude with a critique of private governance as an institutional pillar of the human rights system that rests on business rationales rather than lending institutional power to rights-holders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Economic & Social Research is the property of Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Research in Finance & Accounting is the property of Journal of Research in Finance & Accounting and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The reinsurance and investment portfolio of insurance companies has always been a hot issue in insurance business. In insurance practice, it is inevitable for insurance companies to invest their own funds in order to expand their capital scale and enhance market competitiveness so as to obtain greater returns. At the same time, in order for insurance companies to disperse insurance risks and to avoid too concentrated claims or catastrophes caused by failure to perform compensation responsibilities, the purchase of reinsurance business has also become an important way. Stochastic control theory is widely used in reinsurance and investment issues. Based on the reinsurance system architecture, this paper establishes a reinsurance delay risk investment model, which reduces the amount of claims to be borne by buying proportional reinsurance to avoid bankruptcy caused by the excessive amount of claims. By using the delayed venture capital model to describe the earnings of insurance companies, the optimal investment and reinsurance strategy are solved under the optimization criterion of minimizing the probability of bankruptcy. By analyzing the model parameter data, the influence of each parameter on optimal investment strategy and optimal reinsurance strategy is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the feasibility of rainfall risk market in India. Perceptional studies on feasibility of creation of rainfall risk market are essential to understand the ecosystem of our capital markets to design, develop and trade rainfall-risk products like rainfall futures and options. The study is exploratory in nature because no research has been done on the feasibility of rainfall risk market based on stakeholders'/experts' perceptions. It is based on the primary data collected through a structured questionnaire and circulated among the selected sample of 208 respondents. The respondents are academicians, executives working in insurance/reinsurance companies, professionals working in commodity/stock exchange, stockbroking, and practicing CA/CMA/CS/CFA professionals. The findings indicate that there exists scope for creating rainfall risk markets in India. However, creating awareness amongst the stakeholders is a prerequisite for creation of such markets. The results of the study are likely to chart a road map that lays down a clear path for design and development of rainfall risk markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the optimal reinsurance problems in this paper, specifically, the stop-loss strategies that can bring mutual benefit to both the insurance company and the reinsurance company. The utility improvement constraints are adopted by both contracting parties to guarantee that a reinsurance contract will bring higher expected utilities of wealth to the two participants. We also introduce five risk criteria that reflect the interests of both parties. Under each optimality criterion, we obtain explicit expressions of optimal stop-loss retentions and the corresponding optimised value of objective functions. The upper and lower bounds of expected utility increments under the optimal stop-loss retentions are provided. In the numerical example, we analyse the expected utility improvements under the criterion of minimising total Value-at-Risk. Notable increases in the lower bound of total utility increments are observed after adopting the joint utility improvement constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]