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Abstract: One of the central reasons for the disintegration of royal authority (sometimes called ‘the Anarchy’) during the reign of King Stephen of England is generally thought to have been his troubled relationship with the English church. The king was summoned to appear before the legate in England, Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester (who was also Stephen''s brother), at a church council called for Winchester on 29 August 1139, in order to show cause for his conduct in arresting several prominent bishops and in confiscating their property. Several major chroniclers discuss the events leading up to and occurring at the council of Winchester, especially William of Malmesbury in his Historia novella and the anonymous Gesta Stephani. The versions of events contained in these sources are not entirely consistent. The present paper examines yet another recounting of the events of the council, seldom appreciated by historians of twelfth-century England, presented in the Vita of Christina of Markyate (c.1096/98–c.1155/66), composed by an anonymous monk of St Albans between 1140 and 1146. Christina was close to the abbot of St Albans, Geoffrey de Gorham, who was probably the patron of the Vita and who quite likely attended the Winchester council and apparently became involved in its aftermath. These events are recorded in some detail in the Vita, presenting us with a vivid recounting of the council and the immediate consequences thereof. The narrative of the Vita contains a somewhat different picture of the personalities and occurrences surrounding the Winchester council than we encounter in the chronicles. The current essay compares the Vita to the standard accounts. We argue that the Vita may be the earliest and possibly most reliable source for the events of the council. Moreover, if we privilege the report of the Vita, the council becomes an especially significant moment in the breakdown of relations between Stephen and the English church. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Assesses how King Stephen of England administered the royal forests during the anarchy. Scandalous events of Stephen's reign; Clarification of the circumstances in which Ickleton Priory was established and in suggesting that King Stephen may have been one of the prime movers behind the foundation.

The article examines the history of the Jews in England until and including Elizabethan times to add to the understanding of William Shakespeare's Shylock. It also compares Marlowe's Barabas with the Bard's description to manifest the dimensionality of the Elizabethan concept. During the reign of Stephen, 1135-1154, Jews were criticized by Jewish convert Theobald of Cambridge. It was mentioned that the plundering of communities reached its highest point in the Massacre of York.