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Background: Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is a critical replacement therapy for immunodeficiencies and immunomodulatory treatment for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Adequate supply of IVIg is a global issue, necessitating supply restrictions. In Australia, despite strict criteria for use, demand for IVIg has increased over time and exceeds domestic supply. Objective: Factors associated with the upward trend in overall IVIg use were examined, including in the number of unique patients, IVIg dosing and treatment frequency and variations by prescribing discipline and disease group. Methods: De‐identified data of IVIg dispensed in the largest Australian state (New South Wales) from 2007 to 2013 were provided by Australian Red Cross Lifeblood. Trends and projections were calculated using log‐linear regression of unique patients, treatment episodes and grams of IVIg for overall use and use stratified by discipline and disease group. Results: During the study period, 169 453 treatment episodes were recorded for 12 547 unique patients accounting for 5 827 787 g of IVIg use. Overall, IVIg use increased by 12.0% (11.5–12.6%) per year representing a 97.7% increase (91.6–104%) over the study period. The highest growth was among neurological conditions (16.0% (14.9–17.1%) per year). An increase in the number of unique patients was the primary driver of this growth, augmented by increases in the frequency and average dose per treatment. Conclusions: Clinically acceptable measures to improve management of IVIg supply are needed including optimising dose, frequency and duration of treatment. Formal evaluation of IVIg versus alternatives, including cost‐effectiveness and comparative efficacy, is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The end of World War II and the spread of national liberation movements fundamentally reshaped the international order, with a direct impact on humanitarianism, decolonisation, and the rise of Western development practice in the Global South. This article examines how the League of Red Cross Societies responded to these changes through the establishment of its Development Programme. Originally conceived in 1957 and commencing in 1963, the Programme included the formation of National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in newly independent countries in the Global South. Although it appeared to align with the values of self-determination for the League's newest members, by prioritising the implementation of Western development theories the Programme left little scope for the inclusion of the voices and perspective of the Global South. An analysis of the Development Programme's first foray into the Asian region, the 1964 South East Asian Forum, suggests that the League prioritised the appearance rather than the substance of its work. As a result, the article argues, the voices of the Global South – and especially Asia – were silenced in the Programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on twentieth-century voluntary organizations and their contribution to the reconstruction of states, communities and humanitarian assistance to civilian populations following conflicts, epidemics and disasters has tended to focus on non-Western European countries. Scholarly works from the history discipline over the past decades indicate that it is mostly in Africa, the Middle East, the West Indies, Eastern Europe and Asia where natural or man-made disasters have occurred, and it is these places that have been the focus of humanitarian assistance. Although the literature acknowledges that Western Europe was at times the beneficiary of such assistance, the broad history of humanitarian reconstruction and assistance generally considers Western Europe as a key provider rather than a recipient of humanitarian assistance. This two-part Special Issue proposes to do the opposite, to add complexity and nuance to the historiography of humanitarian aid and reconstruction assistance in Western Europe. It explores the ways in which voluntary organizations have contributed to the reconstruction and the care of populations in Western European countries including but not limited to Belgium, France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom after both the First and Second World War. It seeks to investigate how the Red Cross movement – individual National Societies, the International Committee of the Red Cross and the League of Red Cross Societies – alongside other voluntary organizations such as the Rockefeller Foundation and a range of other international and local non-government bodies, have contributed to reconstruction in Western Europe at both national and local levels following times of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the creation of the Shôken Fund and its impact on the evolution of the Red Cross movement globally, with a focus on the first quarter of the twentieth century and post-First World War European reconstruction. The Shôken Fund was an initiation of the Japanese Red Cross Society in 1912 to support Red Cross activities in peacetime, administered by the International Committee of the Red Cross. It came into effect in 1920 and the first grants were allocated to Red Cross Societies and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in 1921. The article contributes to the historiography of the Red Cross movement and twentieth century humanitarianism by arguing that the Japanese Red Cross Society, through its Shôken Fund, played an important but little known role in the transformation of the Red Cross within the first years of the post-First World War period, as it helped to facilitate a shift in focus for the ICRC from war only to one that included peacetime activities such as those advocated by the newly created League of Red Cross Societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to describe the prevalence and individual predictors of mental distress (anxiety, depression, and burnout) in a sample of volunteers engaged in emergency services. A total of 823 volunteers enrolled in the Red Cross auxiliary corps were surveyed between 28 June 2021 and 28 August 2021 (299 men and 524 women). After deployment in anti-COVID-19 operations, participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and Big Five Inventory through an online platform. A moderately severe risk of depression was found in 1.70% of the sample. A severe risk for anxiety disorders was found in 1.82%. A high risk for emotional exhaustion was found in 3.40%, depersonalization in 12.88%, and low personal accomplishment in 7.53%. Women showed a higher risk of both depression and anxiety in comparison to males. Personality factors were significant predictors for all dimensions. In contrast to the current literature, openness was found to be a predisposing personality factor in developing burnout dimensions. The relevance of the current findings for the development of effective screening tools before the deployment of reserve forces during medical crises is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Spirituality in the workplace is the individual's perception of their workplace enabling them to find their goal in life, and align their beliefs with the organization they work for. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the quality of work life (QWL) with organizational intelligence and workplace spirituality among employees of the Iranian Red Crescent Society mediated by job involvement. Methods: In this descriptive-correlational study, the statistical population comprises all employees of the Red Crescent Society of Yazd Province, Iran, in 2022. Using convenience sampling, 304 employees were selected to complete the questionnaires of the study. The research instruments included the QWL questionnaire, organizational intelligence questionnaire, measurement of job and work involvement, and workplace spirituality scale. The proposed model was analyzed using path analysis. Results: The results suggested a direct relationship between organizational intelligence and job involvement in employees of the Red Crescent Society (P<0.001). Moreover, there was a significant relationship between workplace spirituality and QWL (P<0.001), and between workplace spirituality and job involvement in employees of the Red Crescent Society (P=0.004). The relationship between job involvement and QWL was positive and significant (P<0.001). The relationship between indirect paths with the QWL was significant through job involvement (P<0.01). Conclusion: Job involvement and workplace spirituality were positively related to the QWL of employees. Based on this model, various programs can be developed and designed to prevent career burnout and improve the quality of their work life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social isolation and feelings of loneliness are main reasons that befriending services are approached by older adults. The promise of an individually matched volunteer, a befriender, paying them regular visits, offers hope of increased social interaction, meaningfulness, and connectedness in everyday life. The current consensus in qualitative research literature is that loneliness and isolation may be alleviated by such home visits. Still, the actual mechanisms of successful befriending have not been identified. In this small-scale qualitative study, we highlight older befriendees' notions of friendship in befriending. Drawing on in-depth interviews with seven Norwegian befriendees over the age of 80 years, we suggest that having a befriender visit regularly spurs a new bond and supports befriendees' notions of a relationship consistent with a traditional understanding of friendship. Our findings illustrate how the older befriendees identify and portray notions of friendship in terms of bonding, compatibility and meaningful activities, commitment, appreciation, and insecurities. Understanding how a formalized volunteer service is recognized and valued as a friendship may contribute to a better starting point for improving befriending services. Furthermore, it can improve our understanding of the significance of friendship in old age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Basic Emergency Care: Approach to the acutely ill and injured course was developed to train health care providers to recognize, stabilize, and treat critically ill patients in resource-limited settings. This study evaluates the Basic Emergency Care course as a tool for improving the emergency medicine knowledge and skills of medical students in a lower-middle income country. Methods: This prospective study was conducted with senior medical students at the University of Nairobi School of Medicine in October 2021. Participants' knowledge was assessed with multiple choice pre- and post-course examinations. Pre- and post-course surveys assessed participants' confidence in managing acutely ill and injured patients using a 4-point Likert scale. Results: A total of 30 students from the graduating medical school class participated in the study. Post-course examination scores (mean 94.5%, range 80–100%) showed a significant improvement (p < 0.05) compared to pre-course examination scores (mean 82%, range 64–96%). Participants' comfort and confidence in providing emergency care and performing critical emergency skills significantly increased (p < 0.05) between the pre- and post-course surveys. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the Basic Emergency Care course is effective in providing senior medical students with basic emergency medicine knowledge and increasing their confidence to identify and address life-threatening conditions prior to their intern year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interview is presented in which Ariane Bauer, Regional Director for Europe and Central Asia at the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), discusses the ICRC's role in responding to the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. The interview highlights the ICRC's federated humanitarian response model, coordination with volunteer-based Red Cross teams, and its efforts to ensure compliance with international humanitarian law.

Copyright of Historia y Politica: Ideas, Procesos y Movimientos Sociales is the property of Departamento De Historia del Pensamiento y de los Moviemientos Sociales y Politicos (Madrid) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Enfermería Cuidándote is the property of Colegio Oficial de Enfermeria de Malaga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Health & Nursing Management / Sağlık ve Hemşirelik Yönetimi Dergisi is the property of Logos Medical Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hurricane Camille, a devastating Category Five hurricane which hit the Gulf Coast of the U.S. in August, 1969, prompted a reassessment of U.S. disaster relief policy. The American National Red Cross, which had played the dominant role in disaster relief for individuals in the U.S. since the turn of the century, saw its role in disaster relief challenged on a number of fronts. Facing failures in its response to Camille, financial challenges in meeting every-more-costly disasters in the post-World War Two era, and rising expectations of both adequacy and equity on the part of disaster victims, the non-governmental agency ultimately found its role diminished by both the expansion of federal disaster relief programs and by the increasing prominence of disaster programs performed by other voluntary agencies such as the Salvation Army and the Mennonite Disaster Service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: At the intersection of the Sustainable Development Goals, humanitarian assistance and health, the umbrella term 'health in the last mile' has gained traction. In August 2019, the Norwegian Red Cross commissioned a global report to conceptualise and assess what 'health in the last mile' refers to, in terms of access, needs and structural and geographical barriers and vulnerabilities, and describe how these vulnerabilities overlap in different humanitarian settings and regions. Aims: The purpose of this commentary article is to highlight the report's most important findings for an academic audience, from the perspective of the Norwegian Red Cross. Discussion: The aim of the report was to propose a definition and create a methodology to help identify people and populations living in the last mile of healthcare; acknowledging that these go far beyond those affected by armed conflicts and sudden onset disasters. As the report reveals, last-mile populations are not adequately reached by current universal health coverage strategies. The report highlights the key role played by local humanitarian actors in reducing barriers to access to healthcare. Local stakeholders have first-hand knowledge of the needs of populations in the last mile and on how they navigate the barriers to healthcare access. The report also addresses questions such as: Who are the people with least access to healthcare? What are their health needs and what barriers do they face? Not least, when many live without access to healthcare services, how do we determine where the last mile begins? The report proposes a definition of 'the last mile' involving converging factors that exacerbate barriers to healthcare and identifies 18 groups that are considered potential last-mile populations. Global epidemics, such as the latest COVID-19, have shown that the concept of vulnerability is continually changing. These situations can bring new vulnerable populations to the edge of the last mile which were already vulnerable and ignored before the outset of the outbreak. Conclusions: Millions of people do not and will not benefit from the global progress in universal health coverage under current health systems. To reach the Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 16, we need solutions to overcome the barriers they face to access basic healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the prevalence, intensity, and bothersomeness of amputation-related pain and further to identify the potential risk factors in the victims with lower-limb amputation 10 years after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. In the cross-sectional study, 66 victims with lower-limb amputation were recruited. The Prostheses Evaluation Questionnaire was used to document the prevalence, intensity, and bothersomeness of amputation-related pain. The bivariate relationships between amputation-related pain and each of demographic characteristics were analyzed. Majority of the enrolled lower-limb amputees (90.9%) reported to have one or more types of amputation-related pain. The intensity and bothersomeness of amputation-related pain were considered as severe in nearly 40% of these post-earthquake victims. The potential demographic risk factors associated with the prevalence, intensity, and bothersomeness of amputation-related pain were identified, including the age, lower level of education, marital status, employment, and comorbidity. The pain coming from phantom limb, residual limb, non-amputated limb, and back was found persistent in the lower-limb amputees 10 years after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. The findings of this study could provide useful reference for optimization of post-disaster rehabilitation strategies to alleviate chronic pain in the victims following lower-limb amputation. The pain coming from phantom limb, residual limb, non-amputated limb, and back was found persistent in the victims with lower-limb amputation 10 years after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Continuous post-earthquake assessment and management of amputation-related pain should be taken into consideration for the victims with lower-limb amputation. The comorbidity should be effectively and efficiently controlled for the victims with lower-limb amputation due to its association with the intensity and bothersomeness of amputation-related pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that International Geneva Convention gave rise to the Red Cross as a neutral body for the assistance to Argentina and Mexico in Historical perspective. Topics include International Committee of the Red Cross brought together representatives to establish national relief societies as auxiliaries to the medical services of the armies; and military operational activities on the ground as well as in neutral intermediation between the belligerents linked to humanitarianism.

The article focuses on a letter written by Walther Peinsipp, the Austrian envoy in Hungary, to Leopold Figl, discussing various issues between Austria and Hungary. It mentions the accusations made by Hungary against Austria, including the alleged use of the Red Cross for smuggling weapons and the mistreatment of Austrian citizens in Hungary. It also touches on the topic of the technical barrier imposed by Hungary and the Hungarian allegations of Austria's misuse of the Red Cross.

Background: A substantial body of evidence has recently emphasized the risks associated with antibiotic resistance (ABR) in conflicts in the Middle East. War-related, and more specifically weapon-related wounds can be an important breeding ground for multidrug resistant (MDR) organisms. However, the majority of available evidence comes from the military literature focused on risks and patterns of ABR in infections from combat-related injuries among military personnel. The overall aim of this study is to contribute to the scarce existing evidence on the burden of ABR among patients, including civilians with war-related wounds in the Middle East, in order to help inform the revision of empirical antibiotic prophylaxis and treatment protocols adopted in these settings. The primary objectives of this study are to: 1) describe the microbiology and the corresponding resistance profiles of the clinically relevant bacteria most commonly isolated from skin, soft tissue and bone biopsies in patients admitted to the WTTC; and 2) describe the association of the identified bacteria and corresponding resistance profiles with sociodemographic and specimen characteristics.Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the antibiograms of all consecutive, non-duplicate isolates from samples taken from patients admitted to the ICRC WTTC between 2016 and 2019, limited to skin and soft tissue samples and bone biopsies. We collected data on socio-demographic characteristics from patient files and data on specimens from the WHONET database. We ran univariate and multivariable logistic regression models to test the association between bacterial and resistance profiles with sociodemographic and specimen characteristics.Results: Patients who were admitted with war-related trauma to the ICRC reconstructive surgical project in Tripoli, Lebanon, from 2016 to 2019, presented with high proportion of MDR in the samples taken from skin and soft tissues and bones, particularly Enterobacterales (44.6%), MRSA (44.6%) and P. aeruginosa (7.6%). The multivariable analysis shows that the odds of MDR isolates were higher in Iraqi patients (compared to Syrian patients) and in Enterobacterales isolates (compared to S. aureus isolates).Conclusions: Our findings stress the importance of regularly screening patients who present with complex war-related injuries for colonization with MDR bacteria, and of ensuring an antibiotic-sensitivity testing-guided antimicrobial therapeutic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Every year, volunteers of the Belgian Red Cross provide onsite medical care at more than 8000 mass gathering events and other manifestations. Today standardized planning tools for optimal preventive medical resource use during these events are lacking. This study aimed to develop and validate a prediction model of patient presentation rate (PPR) and transfer to hospital rate (TTHR) at mass gatherings in Belgium.Methods: More than 200,000 medical interventions from 2006 to 2018 were pooled in a database. We used a subset of 28 different mass gatherings (194 unique events) to develop a nonlinear prediction model. Using regression trees, we identified potential predictors for PPR and TTHR at these mass gatherings. The additional effect of ambient temperature was studied by linear regression analysis. Finally, we validated the prediction models using two other subsets of the database.Results: The regression tree for PPR consisted of 7 splits, with mass gathering category as the most important predictor variable. Other predictor variables were attendance, number of days, and age class. Ambient temperature was positively associated with PPR at outdoor events in summer. Calibration of the model revealed an R2 of 0.68 (95% confidence interval 0.60-0.75). For TTHR, the most determining predictor variables were mass gathering category and predicted PPR (R2 = 0.48). External validation indicated limited predictive value for other events (R2 = 0.02 for PPR; R2 = 0.03 for TTHR).Conclusions: Our nonlinear model performed well in predicting PPR at the events used to build the model on, but had poor predictive value for other mass gatherings. The mass gathering categories "outdoor music" and "sports event" warrant further splitting in subcategories, and variables such as attendance, temperature and resource deployment need to be better recorded in the future to optimize prediction of medical usage rates, and hence, of resources needed for onsite emergency medical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topic: In situations of remoteness to medical care, disaster or conflict, first aid provision is important but challenging. Education for learners in such contexts needs to be adapted according to resources available. This paper explores the educational approach and adaptations recommended by the 2020 IFRC First Aid, Resuscitation and Education Guidelines and provides a review of them. As a specialist in fragile and harsh contexts, the ICRC has contributed insight which enables the new guidelines to reflect challenges faced by those providing first aid education in peacetime and in war, and in other situations of adversity. Context: First Aid in armed conflicts, disasters and remote settings Adaptation: Educators need to adjust both the first aid skills and the way of teaching to the realities of those providing first aid. In some instances, safety and security of the first aider and the person requiring help should be prioritized over providing care. In remote settings or places where medical assistance is unlikely to be expedient, or in situations where effective first aid might not be possible, the psychological wellbeing of the first aid provider is also important and educators need to prepare their learners for such occurrences. Within the 2020 International First Aid Guidelines, authors tried to reflect the specific circumstances faced by first aiders in fragile settings, aiming to put the learner at the center and adapt the education to their needs and the realities of the resources available to them. Discussion: First aid educators around the world have to understand that guidelines are provided as an evidencebased guiding document which need to be adapted by the educator to the realities faced by the learner. It is their role to give learners the permission and confidence to act as best they can and provide options for delivering alternative care where resources or circumstances are limiting. Conclusions: The specific circumstances of armed conflict, disasters and remote settings will require the first aid educators and first aiders to adapt the scientific evidence of the first aid guidelines to their realities, and in some instances, place safety and security ahead of first aid provision. To increase the likelihood of successful implementation of evidence-based first aid techniques and practice, first aid education must consider aspects of context that promote and/or hinder implementation in these settings. Important, but not yet explicit enough in the new guidelines, is the permission needed to be given to first aid educators to create an authentic, intelligent and humanitarian approach to first aid learning. The goal is to encourage people to be creative and adapt to harsh realities using available resources without being distracted by theories which they cannot apply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part of effective Early Childhood Education and Care is to support children's awareness of hazards and management of possible injuries during risky play. This study evaluated the attitudes of Norwegian kindergarten teachers towards 'Henry first aid training' and its impact on 3-6-year olds' understanding of first aid. 588 kindergarten employees completed an online survey and 50 children (26 boys and 24 girls) participated in semi-structured interviews gauging their knowledge of first aid before and after using Henry. These children's knowledge of first aid was compared to 46 children who had used Henry over a longer period. Survey results indicated strong enthusiasm among kindergarten teachers for the use of Henry. Children's understanding of first aid increased from pre- to post- interviews, t (43) = 8.878, p <.001, Cohen's d = 1.32. Findings are discussed in relation to the international scalability of Henry and the need for training kindergarten teachers and children in first aid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We performed a radial, input-oriented variable returns-to-scale data envelopment analysis to benchmark 52 rescue departments of the Austrian Red Cross from a single province. Three inputs (working hours of employed personnel/non-employed personnel and number of vehicles) and two output variables (duration-weighted number of two service transportation categories) were selected. First, we assessed the service production process of the Red Cross to obtain an insight into the level of performance, and performance differences among the rescue departments. We found that the average technical efficiency of the rescue departments amounted to almost 88%. The theoretically derived potentials of input reductions for inefficient rescue departments were, among others, restricted by several settings, which were analysed in the second step. Here, several socio-economic, environmental and institutional factors were investigated using a second stage regression analysis based on fractional regression models to find out whether they impacted on the performance of the rescue departments. We found a negative relationship between wintry weather conditions, measured as the number of ice days, and performance, while we identified a positive impact of the number of people aged 64+ and the number of hospital beds in the catchment area on Red Cross performance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background. Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) functions as a selective pulmonary vasodilator. It is an expensive treatment that is often employed as rescue therapy for refractory hypoxaemia in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pulmonary hypertension (PHT) following cardiac surgery. Objectives. To describe the use of iNO and the cost of treatment in our paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods. A retrospective descriptive study of all patients treated with iNO in the PICU at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital (RCWMCH) from 2011-2015. Results. We treated 140 patients with iNO, 82 for PHT following cardiac surgery, 53 for ARDS and 5 for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). A response to treatment was observed in 64% of the cohort as a whole, 80% of those with PPHN, 67% of those with PHT post-cardiac surgery, and 64% of those with ARDS. A longer duration of PICU and hospital admission, and higher in-hospital mortality (53%), was seen in the group with ARDS, in particular those with adenoviral infection (63%), when compared with patients treated for PHT post-cardiac surgery (18%) and for PPHN (20%). The total cost of treatment with iNO was ZAR1 441 376 for the 5-year period studied. There are no protocols guiding the use of iNO in our unit, and it was found that response to treatment was not being objectively measured and documented, and that practice varied between clinicians. Conclusions. Considering the cost of treatment and lack of evidence showing improved outcomes with iNO therapy, its continued use in our resource-limited setting should be guided by protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent (IFRC) updated its guidelines in 2020. The result of this process is the International First Aid, Resuscitation, and Education Guidelines 2020 (IFRC, 2020) that are grounded in the Chain of Survival Behaviors to support Red Cross and Red Crescent National Societies in effective implementation of first aid education. This paper is written by first aid educators as they reflect on the evidence expressed in the 2020 Guidelines and their own experience to provide opinion and contextual application to the educational approach of peer learning. While peer learning is one tool in the toolbox that has an appropriate role for maximum effectiveness, it will not serve as a replacement for a facilitator. Peer learning can be very effective to ensure that the knowledge and skills explored in first aid education are adapted, contextualized, and locally implemented. In addition, humility is an important trait for the facilitator in that they must be comfortable in the unknown. By using peer learning, the facilitator is decentralizing the teaching, which can have both predictively positive and unintended or less desirable results. To mitigate the likelihood of unintended aspects, the authors suggest three stages to effectively implement peer learning approaches: the setup, ongoing support, and debriefing. In this review of the Guidelines to inform contextual application, the limited evidence base available in creating the Guidelines is acknowledged and built upon by exploring learner groups that provide alternative forms of peer learning to those described (children and school-aged learners). Finally, this paper examines how peer learning is reflected in the Principles of First Aid Education (IFRC, 2020), particularly the principles which link to learners and discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction : Syncope is loss of someone's consciousness that caused by decrease in bloodstream to the brain. Syncope cases are often experienced by students. The first aid of syncope is aimed to reduce injury. The importance of health education for youth red cross members is expected to increase their knowledge about the first aid of syncope and save someone's life. This research was aimed to determine the effect of health education toward youth red cross students' knowledge level in conducting the first aid of syncope cases in Senior High School. Method : The design of this research was pre-experimental research by using one group pretest- posttest design, where there is no comparison group (controls) who already performed the first observation (pre-test) which allows researchers to examine the changes that occurred after the experiment (treatment). Location of this research was conducted at SMKN 1 Bengkulu. The population was 40 the youth red cross members. The sampling technique in this research is total sampling method in which sampling is equal to the number of population. Results : The result of this research based on the Wilcoxon signed rank test obtained a significance p-value = 0.000< 0.05 where there were the differences in knowledge before and after health treatment of health education. Conclusion : There is an effect of health education toward youth red cross students' knowledge level in conducting the first aid of syncope cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Netley Hospital played a crucial role in caring for the wounded during the nineteenth century and twentieth century, becoming one of the busiest military hospitals of the time. Simultaneously, Florence Nightingale delved into the concept of health and developed the theoretical basis of nursing. This research aims to describe the experiences related to nursing and patient care described in The Netley British Red Cross Magazine during the First World War. The analysis displays different nurses' roles and the influence of environmental factors in the delivery of the soldiers' care. There are indications that Nightingale's ideas would have infiltrated the nursing practices and other aspects of the soldiers' recovery at Netley. The history of the Netley Red Cross Hospital shows the theoretical and practical advancement of nursing care towards a holistic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Supply chain includes all related parts that directly or indirectly meet the customers' demands. During disasters, the supply chain disrupts. It seems that paying attention to innovation and entrepreneurship can solve some of these disruptions. This study was conducted to extract the factors affecting the technology-oriented entrepreneurial rescue supply chain in the Red Crescent Society from experts and specialists in Iran. Materials and Methods: This qualitative content analysis was conducted in 2020. Using the content analysis method, the considered criteria were collected through open-ended questions and interviews. To determine the desired indicators, 30 people were interviewed in-depth in a purposeful manner using snowball sampling. The thematic analysis method was also used to analyze the interviews. Results: A total of 30 experts with a mean age of 46 years were interviewed, of whom 21 cases were male. Also, 16 cases had a PhD degree, and 14 had a Master's degree. After analyzing and extracting the criteria from the interviews, 123 codes were obtained. Finally, the codes were divided into two classes: supply chain management and technology indicators. The supply chain management class included subclasses of customer integration, supplier integration, internal integration, and innovative orientation. The technology indicators class included subclasses of individual characteristics, attitudinal factors, educational factors, technical factors, economic factors, environmental factors, and human and managerial factors. Conclusion: Supply chains are essential for entrepreneurship because of the involvement of different parts of the Red Crescent Organization of Iran in joint activities. Because of the expansion of entrepreneurship issues in the supply chain, presenting a technology-oriented comprehensive model of the entrepreneurial supply chain in the Red Crescent Organization is of great importance. In today's competitive environment, supply chain management is a strategic and robust basis for the Red Crescent Organization to achieve success and competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We examined factors associated with the development of spontaneous intertwin membrane separation in dichorionic twin pregnancy.Methods: Medical charts of 618 dichorionic twin pregnancies without the history of amniocentesis managed after 22 weeks' gestation at Japanese Red Cross Katsushika Maternity Hospital between 2002 and 2017 were reviewed.Results: Twenty-four cases (3.9%) were diagnosed with spontaneous intertwine membrane separation. The presence of different fetal sex and separated placentae were associated with the development of spontaneous intertwin membrane separation in dichorionic twin pregnancy (different fetal sex: crude odds ratio 2.44, 95% confidence interval, 1.1-5.5, p = .03; separated placentae: crude odds ratio 4.14, 95% confidence interval, 1.3-13, p = .01).Conclusion: The development of spontaneous intertwin membrane separation in dichorionic twin pregnancies seemed to be associated with dizygotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digitalization and the trend towards more short‐term and project‐oriented social engagement have had a direct impact on traditional crisis management. This societal change has supported the evolution of new types of volunteers who use low‐threshold potentials to organize and maintain support independently. Traditional institutions like the German Red Cross are challenged to deal with these rapid changes regarding their own organizational culture in relation to the new phenomenon of so‐called unaffiliated volunteers. This paper investigates how unaffiliated volunteers influence and change the organizational culture of German disaster management by analysing and reflecting organizational adaptation processes in the aftermath of the German floods in 2013, the storm events in the west of Germany in 2014 and the refugee relief mission in 2015–2016. Therefore, semi‐structured interviews with experts of the German Red Cross were held to analyse their reactions towards unaffiliated Volunteers during the Floods in 2013 and the refugee relief missions, and further focus group interviews were conducted to validate the extracted results. Findings suggest that among professionals and leading entities in the German Red Cross, a process of rethinking has emerged, recognizing the importance and necessity to open up organizational structures for the collaboration and coordination of unaffiliated volunteers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ataturk Yolu Journal / Atatürk Yolu Dergisi is the property of Ataturk Yolu Journal / Ataturk Yolu Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article contributes to our understanding of the 1918–19 influenza pandemic from a regional perspective. It covers the Gippsland region in the southeast of Australia, which traverses the area from Melbourne to the New South Wales border, with a focus on detailing pandemic history at a finely-grained community level. While the public memory of the influenza pandemic is patchy I explore local and family histories to show a vernacular memory of its impact. I also argue that the capacity for Gippsland to respond to the crisis was based on mobilisation and activity carried out during World War I. The role of women in the voluntary sector was crucial in responding to this crisis, especially the Red Cross. At the same time the crisis revealed sometimes-hidden divisions, and I also consider examples of disagreement on issues such as the location of temporary hospitals or the impacts on border areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The number of hospitalized young coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients has increased significantly. However, specific data about COVID-19 patients under 65 years old who are admitted to the hospital are scarce. Methods: The COVID-19 patients under 65 years old who were admitted to the hospital in Sichuan Province, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, and Wuhan Red Cross Hospital were included in this study. Demographic information, laboratory data and clinical treatment courses were extracted from electronic medical records. Risk factors associated with oxygen therapy were explored. Results: Eight hundred thirty-three COVID-19 patients under 65 years old were included. Of the included patients, 29.4% had one or more comorbidities. Oxygen therapy was required in 63.1% of these patients, and the mortality was 2.9% among the oxygen therapy patients. Fever (odds ratio [OR] 2.072, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.312–3.271, p = 0.002), dyspnea (OR 2.522, 95% CI 1.213–5.243, p = 0.013), chest distress (OR 2.278, 95% CI 1.160–4.473, p = 0.017), elevated respiratory rate (OR 1.114, 95% CI 1.010–1.228, p = 0.031), and decreased albumin (OR 0.932, 95% CI 0.880–0.987, p = 0.016) and globulin levels (OR 0.929, 95% 0.881–0.980, p = 0.007) were independent factors related to oxygen therapy. Conclusions: Oxygen therapy is highly required in COVID-19 patients under 65 years old who are admitted to the hospital, but the success rate is high. Respiratory failure-related symptoms, elevated respiratory rate, low albumin and globulin levels, and fever at admission are independent risk factors related to the requirement of oxygen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Paediatric poisoning is a common presentation to emergency departments worldwide. There is a paucity of data on the role of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), in the management of paediatric poisoning in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). In high-income countries, most studies are retrospective, and few include children.Objective: The study describes the prevalence of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry confirmed paediatric poisoning at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.Methods: Children admitted with suspected poisoning between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2017, were recruited. All patients had a urine and/or blood sample sent for LC-MS/MS toxicology. Data collected included demographic data, clinical features, investigations, management, outcome and social interventions.Results: One hundred fifty-two children, with median age of 39 (IQR 25-61) months were enrolled of which 128 (84%) were poisoning cases. Of the 128 poisoning cases, 88 (69%) presented with a history of ingesting a known substance, 16 (12%) an unknown substance and 24 (19%) were cases of occult poisoning. LC-MS/MS was able to identify a substance in 92% of the cases of occult poisoning. In those who had presented with a seemingly known substance, LC-MS/MS found a different substance in 15 cases. LC-MS/MS was also able to detect multiple drugs in 40 patients. Of the poisoning cases, six (5%) cases were attempted homicide cases and 5 (4%) cases were attempted suicide cases. No children died. Individualized social interventions were instituted in poisoning cases. Emergency placement safety reasons was required in 6 children.Conclusion: When the limitations are known, LC-MS/MS is useful in identifying cases of occult poisoning, identifying patients who have ingested multiple substances and/or an unknown substance and when targeted towards child protection. As LC-MS/MS is an expensive test, it should be used judiciously in LMICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) attempts constantly to motivate its audience through social media to adopt humanitarian attitudes and behaviors. Owing to its multicultural audience, the results of this communicative attempt varies from region to region. In this context, in order to optimize the humanitarian communication outcome, it is of high importance to investigate the mediating role of culture. Drawing on Hall's context theory, this comparative survey-based study tries to analyze the influence of personal context culture on humanitarian behavior intention in a low-context-culture country (Switzerland) and a high-context-culture country (Colombia). The results indicated that once exposed to implicit social media posts of the ICRC, the Colombian showed slightly higher behavior intention compared to the Swiss and participants' personal context-culture score fully accounted for this difference. This study is also an empirical examination of Hall's context theory in a humanitarian communication context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has become a major health threat. To overcome COVID‐19, appropriate diagnosis methods are urgently needed. The aim of this study was to clinically evaluate the colloidal gold immunochromatography assay for SARS‐Cov‐2 IgM/IgG antibody (Ab). Methods: Patients confirmed COVID‐19 (n = 51) were recruited prospectively from the Musashino Red Cross hospital and Tokyo Medical and Dental University Medical Hospital, between March and May 2020. And the analytical specificity was assessed with serum samples of patients without COVID‐19 (n = 100) collected between August to September 2019 before SARS‐CoV‐2 was first reported in China. Results: Among COVID‐19 patients, a total of 87 serum samples were tested for SARS‐Cov‐2 IgM/IgG Ab assay. IgM was detected 71.0 %, 86.9 %, and 83.3 % at day8‐14, 15‐28, >29 after symptom onset and IgG was detected in 81.6 %, 87.0 %, and 94.4 %, respectively. The sensitivity of IgM and IgG Ab after day8 assay was significantly higher than before day7, respectively (p=0.0016, 0.0003). There were no positive results in 100 serum samples from patients without COVID‐19. Conclusion: The SARS‐Cov‐2 IgM/IgG Ab assay had 79.7% / 86.1% sensitivity (the 8 days after from onset) and 100% specificity in this population. Highlights: The colloidal gold immunochromatography assay for SARS‐Cov‐2 IgM/IgG antibody was evaluated with Japanese cohort.The serum samples were collected from the patients confirmed COVID‐19 (n = 51) and patients without COVID‐19 (n=100) admitted before SARS‐CoV2 was first reported in China (from August to September in 2019).The SARS‐Cov‐2 IgM/IgG Ab assay had 79.7% / 86.1% sensitivity (the 8 days after from onset) and 100% specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Erciyes Communication / Erciyes İletişim Dergisi is the property of Erciyes University, Faculty of Communication / Erciyes Universitesi Iletism Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Risk communication and community engagement are critical elements of epidemic response. Despite progress made in this area, few examples of regional feedback mechanisms in Africa provide information on community concerns and perceptions in real time. To enable humanitarian responders to move beyond disseminating messages, work in partnership with communities, listen to their ideas, identify community-led solutions, and support implementation of solutions systems need to be in place for documenting, analyzing, and acting on community feedback. This article describes how the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and its national societies in sub-Saharan Africa have worked to establish and strengthen systems to ensure local intelligence and community insights inform operational decision making. As part of the COVID-19 response, a system was set up to collect, compile, and analyze unstructured community feedback from across the region. We describe how this system was set up based on a system piloted in the response to Ebola in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which tools were adapted and shared across the region, and how the information gathered was used to shape and adapt the response of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the broader humanitarian response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is rare worldwide. However, South East Asia, including Indonesia, is a "hotspot" for NPC. In the endemic area, the implication of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the pathogenesis of NPC is well-known; while the smoking habit is one of the confirmed risks of NPC worldwide. Elevated titer of immunoglobulin A to EBV (IgA-EBV) among healthy people is one of risks for NPC, and further proposed for screening of the cancer, while the association of the smoking habit and IgA-EBV among healthy people is still inconclusive. This study was aimed at assessing the association of smoking and IgA-EBV titer among healthy individuals in Yogyakarta. Methods: A cross-sectional study in 2013 recruited 241 and 38 healthy male and female donors, respectively, at a local Red Cross unit. Demographic and smoking intensity information were obtained through self-completion questionnaires. Parallel peripheral blood samples collected at the study entry were tested for IgA-[EBNA1+VCA-p18]-ELISA. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between smoking and IgA-EBV titer, and adjusted properly. Results: Forty-five of the 279 subjects (16.13%) had IgA-EBV titer above the cut-off value (0.41). Analysis on smoking habits was done in males, as none of females were smokers. Of male subjects with 115 smokers vs. 126 non-smokers, an association between the smoking habit and IgA-EBV positivity (OR = 2.350; 95%CI = 1.086-5.085). Further analysis did not find association between cumulative number of cigarettes consumed and IgA-EBV titer. Conclusion: This study showed that tobacco smoking is associated with IgA-EBV titer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure safe, sufficient supplies of human blood for European medical practice, national blood establishments reconcile the social image of blood donation with technical risk calculations/deferral policies. The sociotechnical controversy concerning the deferral of "men who have sex with men" (MSM) serves as a pre-eminent case of this challenge. Drawing on the framework of sociotechnical imaginaries, we developed an interpretive case study of negotiation on the deferral of MSM in policy discourse and the public debate between the implementation of the first EU Blood Directive (2003) and the relaxation of lifetime deferral to 12 months in Belgium (2017). We analyzed recurrent arguments made by stakeholders through the High Council for Health policy recommendations, public communications of Red Cross Flanders, and the public debate evidenced in Belgian newspapers. Instances in which MSM deferral is negotiated are part of the co-production of blood- and donor safety. This process allowed to adapt the dominant epidemiological imaginary shaping blood supply risk governance practices in four phases: classic epidemiological imaginary, challenging key elements, contentious debate, and re-adjustment. Deferral became recognized as preclusion from this institutional opportunity to demonstrate high moral virtues. This sociotechnical controversy will likely resurface, as sexually active gay men continue to be deferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Committee of the Red Cross traditionally seeks to protect and assist victims of armed conflict. Over the past 10 years, however, the International Committee of the Red Cross and several other major international humanitarian agencies have turned their attention to situations of urban violence that fall short of the international humanitarian law thresholds for armed conflict. This article examines the institutional consequences of expanding the International Committee of the Red Cross mandate to include urban violence, to make a three-fold argument. First, the incorporation of urban violence into its mandate has led to significant and surprising shifts in the organization's humanitarian boundaries: from eschewing any effort to prevent or reduce conflict and prioritising neutrality and dialogue with all parties to conflict, the International Committee of the Red Cross has begun engaging in violence-prevention and violence-reduction activities, compromising its neutrality and limiting dialogue with some armed groups. Second, because the International Committee of the Red Cross is such an important and influential actor in international humanitarianism, these shifts in its boundaries have the potential to transform definitions of humanitarianism. Third, these shifts may serve to undermine the moral authority of the International Committee of the Red Cross to persuade combatants in international humanitarian law contexts to comply with international humanitarian law, irrespective of the rightness or wrongness of their or their opponents' goals. Ultimately, then, they may erode the distinction between jus ad bellum and jus in bello in the laws of war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate on the development and deployment of lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) as an emerging technology is of increasing importance, with discussions stalling and technological development progressing. Monitoring the progress of increasingly autonomous weapons systems in civilian and military use [1] as well as regulating possible autonomous systems early on is demanded by civil society actors, like the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), while nation states follow a variety of interests and strategies, showing little room for consensus on central terms and questions [2], [3]. This article therefore sheds light on the work of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) of the UN Convention of Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW). The CCW, offering an arena for international cooperation, has dedicated itself to the purpose of finding common ground with respect to an understanding of LAWS, as well as to the necessary degree of human control. From an ethical perspective, the concept of Meaningful Human Control (MHC) supports a human-centric approach. Several IEEE projects, series and publications [4] are dedicated to this prioritization, especially regarding civilian use. As autonomous technology is increasingly at the center of contemporary military innovations, questions of (human) agency and responsibility in warfare have become even more pressing [5]. As stressed by the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), the concept of MHC may prove useful in the context of development and use of (semi-) autonomous weaponry [6]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Communities have a key role to play in global health security. The Red Cross/Red Crescent epidemic preparedness programme empowers volunteers and communities to: identify risks; recognise and notify epidemic alerts; take early action to control disease. The programme set out to establish community-based surveillance (CBS) as a preparedness model – yielding earlier detection and action to halt outbreaks at the outset. This paper reports on the mid-stage CBS implementation experience and results in Indonesia, Kenya, Sierra Leone and Uganda. Methods: Volunteers detect potential epidemic alerts and report immediately by mobile apps. The receiving supervisor cross-checks the alert and enters in a real-time database triggering response actions. Supervisors report to local authorities, integrating CBS alerts as notifications into national disease surveillance systems. Results: To develop health literacy and trust, volunteers achieved over 390,000 instances of contact with people; 70,000 house visits; 547 school health activities; and 17 radio shows. Volunteers are placed with wide geographic coverage and their weekly 'zero' reporting of 63%-83% indicates maintenance of the CBS system. The average accuracy of volunteers to identify alerts matching community case definitions is high in Sierra Leone 96%, Indonesia 90%, and Uganda 73%, however low in Kenya at 35%. Timeliness rates were high across all countries. Alerts were detected and notified to authorities within the targeted 24 hours at an average of 94%. Challenges and risks have related to: securing free SMS channels for alerts, time required for contextualised design, ensuring response action, and managing expectations of the scope of CBS. Conclusion: Early-stage results show positive impact and feasibility of preparedness CBS in high-risk zones to prevent large-scale outbreaks. Community engagement, stage-wise capacity building, monitoring and response actions, and collaborative relationships with stakeholders are important programme components for effectiveness. Communities themselves can be central change agents in global health security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]