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Due to the large number of transmission towers being built, the dense distribution of transmission towers is inevitable in some areas. Densely distributed transmission towers will generate severe electromagnetic coupling, which will affect the setting of the passive interference protection distance between transmission towers and adjacent radio stations. Therefore, based on the traditional algorithm for solving the electromagnetic scattering field of a single electrically large target in wide area space, the electromagnetic coupling effect between multiple adjacent transmission towers within a range of 10 times the signal wavelength was considered. Based on the reciprocity relationship between the scattering electric field and the source and the introduced auxiliary field source as the intermediate variable, the electric field integral equation of the secondary scattering field generated by the electromagnetic coupling effect of adjacent transmission towers was derived, and the secondary scattering field is superimposed with the primary scattering field of the transmission generated by the electromagnetic wave excitation of the radio station, obtaining the electromagnetic scattering field at any point. In order to verify the accuracy of the algorithm proposed in this article, the scaled model experiments for the electromagnetic coupling effect between two transmission towers in an anechoic chamber were conducted. The average error of the algorithm proposed in this article is 6.73%, while the error of traditional algorithms is 20.18%. Compared with the traditional algorithm, the accuracy of the proposed algorithm is improved by 13.45%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By now, it is well known that chiral molecules can affect the spin of electrons passing through. In addition, the magnetization of, e.g., nanomagnets covered by chiral molecules can be affected by the presence of molecules. We are studying the mechanisms that explain various observations involving combinations of magnets and chiral molecules. We find that there exists a molecule induced contribution to the magnetic anisotropy of the magnets. Out of equilibrium, when electrons are actually being transported through a nano-magnet covered with chiral molecules, a molecule induced torque acting on the magnetization is emerging. It is of the spin-transfer-torque kind, already discussed in other parts of spintronics. This current induced torque can help explain the observed breaking of the Onsager reciprocity principle in experiments involving magnets and chiral molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The present work proposes a new version of the Green‐FOSM (first‐order second moment) method, which eliminates the iterative calculation process of the original version and, simultaneously, solves the convergence problems related to the mechanical properties of rocks that form the geological formation. In this calculation scheme, the iterative process is eliminated by using a matrix that correlates the nodal displacement vector with the strain vector. Considering the same computational resources, this non‐iterative version of the Green‐FOSM method is up to 200 times faster than the original iterative process. In addition, it allows analyzing problems with more than 10,000 random variables, value that in the original method is less than 3000. To demonstrate its validity, the proposed method is applied to two hypothetical models subjected to different fluid extraction processes. For all the different levels of correlation and spatial variability, the statistical results obtained by the proposed method agree well with the results obtained via Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). The relationship between CPU times demonstrates that the proposed method is at least 50 times faster than MCS. In the end, the non‐iterative Green‐FOSM method is used to obtain the displacement, strain, and stress fields of a geological section constructed from a seismic image of Brazilian pre‐salt oil region. The results found show that, depending on the levels of spatial variability, the analyzed fields can assume values up to 30.6% higher or lower than the values obtained deterministically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to establish the convolutional-type variational and reciprocity theorems within the framework of the hyperbolic two-temperature generalized thermoelasticity theory for an isotropic thermoelastic material, with the help of alternate formulation of the mixed boundary initial value problem, in which initial conditions are combined with field equations (using the Laplace transform). The convolutional-type variational principle adapts readily to numerical solutions based on the Ritz method and is useful in the finite element method. The reciprocity theorem is helpful in the theoretical development of boundary and finite element methods. The current effort can be valuable for the problem of coupling effects of thermal and mechanical fields, especially in geophysics and mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is the main reason to use ultrahigh field MRI. Here, we investigate the dependence of the SNR on the magnetic field strength, especially for small animal applications, where small surface coils are used and coil noise cannot be ignored. Measurements were performed at five field strengths from 3 to 14.1 T, using 2.2‐cm surface coils with an identical coil design for transmit and receive on two water samples with and without salt. SNR was measured in a series of spoiled gradient echo images with varying flip angle and corrected for saturation based on a series of flip angle and T1 measurements. Furthermore, the noise figure of the receive chain was determined and eliminated to remove instrument dependence. Finally, the coil sensitivity was determined based on the principle of reciprocity to obtain a measure for ultimate SNR. Before coil sensitivity correction, the SNR increase in nonconductive samples is highly supralinear with B01.6–2.7, depending on distance to the coil, while in the conductive sample, the growth is smaller, being around linear close to the surface coil and increasing up to a B02.0 dependence when moving away from the coil. After sensitivity correction, the SNR increase is independent of loading with B02.1. This study confirms the supralinear increase of SNR with increasing field strengths. Compared with most human measurements with larger coil sizes, smaller surface coils, as mainly used in animal studies, have a higher contribution of coil noise and thus a different behavior of SNR at high fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the RAAP ruling in 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) delivered a judgment with a far-reaching impact, both on the autonomy of Member States within the making of reservations under international treaties, and on revenues for collecting societies and neighbouring rightsholders in the EU. The controversial part of the judgment states that entering reservations on the granting of equitable remuneration for neighbouring rights on the basis of international treaties should only take place at EU level. This effectively leaves no autonomy to Member States within the principle of reciprocity, contrary to former popular belief by many Member States and scholars. The US has entered reservations with regard to EU countries under Art. 15(3) WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), thus no remuneration is disbursed for performances by EU artists in the US. Due to the US repertoire's large presence in the EU, the latter's performers will be left with a considerably smaller share of the revenues to be distributed by EU collecting societies. The European Commission must urgently finish the ongoing research and consultation on RAAP. Right now, too many requests by interest groups remain unanswered. The recommended (and hoped for) route is for the EU to invoke the principle of reciprocity and enter reservations for other WPPT parties that have entered such reservations with regard to EU countries. An extensive arrangement regarding reservations is necessary, also regarding situations where the relationship between fundamental rights and reciprocity provisions is currently unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the properties of Rayleigh wave fields scattered at a surface from open vertical cracks with different shapes are investigated. The scattered Rayleigh wave is determined by both the incident Rayleigh wave and its interaction with the crack, and the wave fields are modeled using the Green's function method based on the reciprocity theorem. The reflection coefficient of the Rayleigh wave in two-dimensional coordinates is employed to simplify the area integration over the crack surface for the scattered Rayleigh wave to a line integration over the length of the crack. Numerical simulations are carried out, and the effects of the crack length and depth on the scattered Rayleigh wave fields are discussed. The results indicate that the distribution of a scattered Rayleigh wave field is mainly determined by the crack length, while the amplitude is closely related to the crack depth. Since the reflection coefficient becomes almost stable when the ratio of the crack depth to the Rayleigh wavelength is larger than 1, the variation in the scattered Rayleigh wave field is insignificant for cracks with the same length but varying depths. This work will be helpful for solving the inverse problem of evaluating crack geometry using ultrasonic Rayleigh waves and for further work on Rayleigh waves scattered by cracks with different directions of extension and angles with the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of wireless communication introduces security vulnerabilities, emphasizing the essential need for secure systems that prioritize confidentiality, integrity, and other key aspects of data protection. Since computational security acknowledges the possibility of breaches when adequate computational resources are available, that is why information-theoretic security is being explored, which suggests the existence of unbreakable cryptographic systems even in the presence of limitless processing power. Secret key exchange has traditionally relied on RSA or DH protocols, but researchers are now exploring innovative approaches for sharing secret keys among wireless network devices, leveraging physical or link layer characteristics. This research seeks to revolutionize secure multi-party key acquisition in wireless networks, capitalizing on information-theoretic security and collaborative data extraction. The proposed secret key generation framework comprehensively organizes and explains the information-theoretic aspects of secret key generation within the lower layers of wireless networks, especially the link layer, proposes a novel information-theoretic SKG framework for the dynamic acquisition of symmetric secret keys, and responds to contemporary information security challenges by relying on information-theory principles rather than vulnerable mathematical relationships in the post-quantum period. A new cryptographic key can be generated using a straightforward method, and when it is combined (XORed) with the previous key, it creates a continuously changing secret for encryption and decryption. This approach enhances security because, as attackers attempt to break the encryption, the system generates fresh, dynamic keys, making it progressively more challenging for them to succeed. The research work in question integrates key renewal, or how often keys are updated (dynamic keys), with a security off-period. It introduces a framework for determining the best key refresh rate based on the anticipated rate at which keys might be compromised. Furthermore, the proposed framework is scalable, allowing new nodes to quickly join the existing network. The system was tested with multiple nodes equipped with IEEE 802.11 interfaces, which were set in monitor mode to capture frames at the link layer. Nodes map their on-time frames onto their Bloom filters. Nodes exchange these Bloom filters in a feedback mechanism. Nodes extract those frames from their.pcap files, which are present in all Bloom filters; these are common frames among all nodes. These frames are used to form a shared secret that is passed to HMAC Key Derivation Function by each node to acquire the final encryption key of the required length. The validation of this encryption key is performed using a simple challenge-response protocol; upon successful validation, encrypted communication begins. Otherwise, the key generation process is restarted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a perturbative method to compute electromagnetic scattering from slightly rough dielectric surfaces, which leads to the same result as the usual Small Perturbation Method (SPM) in a surprisingly simple way. The proposed method is based on three pillars: the volumetric perturbative approach, the reciprocity theorem, and a proper approximation of the electric field within the perturbation volume, that we name Internal Field Approximation (IFA). The proposed new mathematical derivation of the SPM turns out to be much simpler and more concise than the classical one. In addition, being based on a volumetric perturbation approach, it has the potential of dealing in future with surface and volume scattering within a unitary framework, which is useful in modelling scattering from, e.g., vegetated soil, snow-covered terrain, and inhomogeneous soils. Therefore, although the presented result is mainly theoretical, it can have important applications in remote sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several methods are used to evaluate finite trigonometric sums. In most cases, either the sum had not previously been evaluated, or it had been evaluated, but only by analytic means, e.g., by complex analysis or modular transformation formulas. We establish both reciprocity and three sum relations for trigonometric sums. Motivated by certain sums that we have evaluated, we add coprime conditions to the summands and thereby define analogues of Ramanujan sums, which we in turn evaluate. One of these analogues leads to a criterion for the Riemann Hypothesis, analogous to the Franel–Landau criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calculating the hydro-mechanical coupling stress-intensity factor (SIF) is an important basis for conducting safety evaluations in geotechnical engineering. The current methods used to calculate hydro-mechanical coupling multi-crack SIFs have difficulties concerning their complicated solution processes and unsuitable stress field expressions. In this paper, a new semi-analytical method is proposed based on a new hydro-mechanical coupling stress function and the extended reciprocal theorem of the work integral formula to calculate hydro-mechanical coupling multi-crack SIFs, which can be verified by comparison with the results available in the literature. The new semi-analytical method is applicable to an arbitrary number of cracks under arbitrary hydro-mechanical coupling loading and facilitates a more effective representation of the water pressure effect on the stress field. Moreover, the influence of the integral path and loading conditions is also discussed, and the results revealed an integral path radius of r2 < 0.75 mm when the crack spacing b is 1.5 mm. When σy and Ph are constant at 15 MPa, the SIFs are almost the same for different σy/Ph, while the maximum circumferential stresses at r = 0.25 mm are 15.79 MPa, 20.83 MPa, and 25.78 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical model for time-nonlocal six-phase-lag generalized thermoelastic diffusion with two-temperature is proposed for a linear, isotropic and homogeneous thermoelastic diffusive continuum by considering modified Fourier's law of heat conduction together with modified Fick's law of mass diffusion. The modified Fourier's law includes temperature gradient and thermal displacement gradient among the constitutive variables whereas the modified Fick's law includes chemical potential gradient and the chemical potential displacement gradient among the constitutive variables. The Fourier's law of heat conduction is replaced by a fractional-order approximation to a modification of the Fourier's law with three different phase lags for the heat flux vector, the temperature gradient and the thermal displacement gradient whereas the Fick's law of mass diffusion is replaced by a fractional-order approximation to a modification of the Fick's law with three different phase lags for the mass flux vector, the chemical potential gradient and the chemical potential displacement gradient. The proposed model includes some of the existing thermoelastic diffusion models as special cases. A variational principle is derived and a uniqueness theorem is proved. Finally, a dynamic reciprocity theorem is established for the proposed generalized thermoelastic diffusion model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pipeline guided wave inspection is an efficient tool for determining the defect location. However, quantifying the defect size remains a challenging task. This paper proposes a quantification method for corrosion-like defects in pipelines based on the multifrequency identification of nondispersive torsional guided waves. First, a theoretical scattering model describing the T(0,1) wave's interaction with a simplified corrosion-like defect is introduced. Subsequently, a multifrequency identification method is proposed, enabling the inverse quantification of defect parameters by a defined spectral defect index (SDI). To implement this approach, a pseudo pulse-echo configuration is devised, which contains two rings of piezoelectric transducers attached on the pipeline's outer surface. Finite-element (FE) models are employed to test the performance of the proposed method for both axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric defects, and an analysis of the robustness of the method is also conducted. The results show that this method has good accuracy even for signals with a very low signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. Furthermore, an FE model is developed to validate the feasibility of this method for long-distance detection considering attenuation effect. Finally, experimental validation of the proposed method demonstrates close agreement between predicted and actual defect sizes, showing its potential for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main concern of the present article is based on unified generalized thermoelasticity in an isotropic and homogeneous medium. The uniqueness theorem and Betti type reciprocal principle are derived. Based on the reciprocal theorem, the generalization of the Somigliana and Green theorem is also established in the present context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the development of Brans–Dicke gravity, it has become well-known that a conformal transformation of the metric can reformulate this theory, transferring the coupling of the scalar field from the Ricci scalar to the matter sector. Specifically, in this new frame, known as the Einstein frame, Brans–Dicke gravity is reformulated as General Relativity supplemented by an additional scalar field. In 1959, Hans Adolf Buchdahl utilized an elegant technique to derive a set of solutions for the vacuum field equations within this gravitational framework. In this paper, we extend Buchdahl's method to incorporate the cosmological constant and to the scalar-tensor cases beyond the Brans–Dicke archetypal theory, thereby, with a conformal transformation of the metric, obtaining solutions for a version of Brans–Dicke theory that includes a quadratic potential. More specifically, we obtain synchronous solutions in the following contexts: in scalar-tensor gravity with massless scalar fields, Brans–Dicke theory with a quadratic potential, where we obtain specific synchronous metrics to the Schwarzschild–de Sitter metric, the Nariai solution, and a hyperbolically foliated solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology / Shehui is the property of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi is the property of Tarih Incelemeleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the context of Digital Construction (DC), collaborative innovation in the construction supply chain (CSC) is crucial for long-term competitiveness. However, transparent information flows and fickle market circumstances hinder enterprises from actively participating in collaborative innovation, making it challenging to establish effective incentive mechanisms. To achieve sustained and stable collaborative innovation, an evolutionary game model of collaborative innovation between core enterprises and member enterprises in the CSC under DC based on Prospect Theory is constructed. Five equilibrium scenarios and evolutionary stability strategies are analyzed, and the corresponding stability conditions are obtained. Finally, the impact of different parameters on strategy selection are analyzed by numerical simulation. The results indicate that the balance between knowledge sharing and knowledge leakage is the premise of the positive impact of DC technology on collaborative innovation. Moreover, the adjustment of gain sensitivity and loss sensitivity is the key to enhancing managerial enthusiasm for collaborative innovation. Furthermore, the design of income distribution and innovation incentives must adhere to the reciprocity principle, while subsidies from owners demonstrate a prominent positive impact on collaborative innovation. This paper systematically expounds the dynamic influence of DC technology application, knowledge spillover effects, and managerial cognitive structures while confirming the intrinsic effect of innovation incentive mechanisms. It provides substantial theoretical reference and management enlightenment for promoting the development of collaborative innovation in the CSC under DC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sakarya University Journal of Law Faculty (SHD) is the property of Sakarya University Journal of Law Faculty (SHD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AbstractThis study employs a novel mathematical formulation of temperature-dependent thermoelastic diffusion with multi-phase delays (TDMT). The TDMT model, which is assumed, is obtained by converting the fundamental rules of Fourier’s and Fick’s laws into higher order time derivatives of the heat flow vector, the temperature gradient, diffusing mass flux, and the chemical potential gradient. Fundamental theorems such as energy, uniqueness, reciprocity theorems, and variational criterion are established using the fundamental equations for the assumed model TDMT. The reciprocity theorem is applied to a particular scenario by using instantaneous concentrated body forces, heat sources, chemical potential sources, and moving heat sources as examples. It is noted that both the variational criterion and these theorems depend on the field variables’ susceptibility as well as the fluctuations in the higher order temporal derivatives’ parameters. Additionally, the assumed model’s two-dimensional (2D) plane wave propagation is described. Three longitudinal waves are identified: the longitudinal (P) wave, the thermal (T) wave, the chemical potential (CP) wave, and the linked transverse (SV) wave. Wave properties (phase velocity and attenuation coefficient) are calculated numerically and shown visually. A few special examples are also investigated and compared with the established findings. The framework for additional research into basic issues in thermoelastic continua under various physical field variables is provided by this work. Numerous applications in material science, geomechanics, soil dynamics, and the electronic sector can be made of the current findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical nonreciprocity, stemming from the deviation of the Lorentz reciprocity theorem, holds significant interest in the realm of optics and electromagnetics. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate broadband nonreciprocal transmission via a low-biased magnetic Kerker-type dimer metasurface. The designed magneto-optical metasurface comprises three layers of metal sandwiched between two gyromagnetic near-zero thickness slabs. The Kerker-type dimers broaden the isolation bandwidth utilizing multiple resonances where the double-stacked metallic disks act as Kerker-type dipoles, enhancing the transmissibility of the metasurface. The multipole decomposition reveals that the magnetic dipole contribution arising from magnetization is the primary cause of the metasurface's nonreciprocal response. Microwave measurement demonstrates that the bandwidth for an isolation ratio exceeding 10 dB is over 3 GHz. The broadband nonreciprocal performance remains relatively stable, exhibiting strong robustness against the bias disturbance. Our findings provide an alternative avenue for enhancing broadband nonreciprocity transmission under a low-biased magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the collection of information (intelligence) show the effectiveness of the Scharff technique and the principle of reciprocity. These two aspects have never been considered at the same time. In the present experiment, we compared the effect of two different forms of reciprocity (intrinsic vs. instrumental) and their combination on the elicitation of information in Scharff interviews. Participants were asked to imagine that an interview took place and were exposed to four reciprocity conditions (no reciprocity, intrinsic reciprocity, instrumental reciprocity, intrinsic and instrumental reciprocity). The results showed that instrumental reciprocity resulted in more information than intrinsic reciprocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional tomographic forward modeling based on first arrivals requires the calculation of the minimum travel times of multiple emission points in a single iteration. The conventional method, which calculates each emission point one by one, produces many unuseful calculations and has low computational efficiency. To solve this problem, given the characteristic that the velocity distribution of a model does not change during a single iteration of forward modeling, an improved algorithm was proposed based on the reciprocity principle and Fermat's principle. The ray tracing results of a small number of emission points were used to constrain the calculation area of other emission points, which reduced the number of unuseful calculations and improved the calculation efficiency of a single-iteration tomographic forward modeling simulation. Theoretical analysis and numerical examples showed that for a homogeneous model, when the transmitting and receiving points were located on two long sides, three adjacent sides (i.e., two long sides and one short side), and four sides, the computational efficiency of the improved algorithm was about 2 times, 2 times, and 1.5 times, respectively, that of the conventional method. For heterogeneous models, the computational efficiency of the improved algorithm was usually more significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the scientific literature on trust and the experiences of distinguished interviewers, two primary trust-building tactics with potential application in investigative and intelligence interviewing were identified and assessed for their efficacy in this context. Trust-building tactics that demonstrate trustworthiness and demonstrate a willingness to trust portray the interviewer as reliable and dependable (i.e., perceptions of cognitive trust) as well as convey goodwill and warmth (i.e., perceptions of affective trust) were viewed as likely to increase a source's willingness to disclose critical information. Across three experiments, both tactics were found to be influential in engaging the reciprocity principle in a manner that elicited the sources' cooperation and enhanced information yield. However, perceptions of cognitive trust were found to function as a direct encouragement to reveal information. In contrast, perceptions of affective trust first facilitated a willingness to cooperate that had the potential for subsequently manifesting as an instrumental form of cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a programmable flip-metasurface that can dynamically control the reflection while leaving the transmitted wavefront undistorted in an ultra-broad spectrum, i.e., the same as that of the incidence. This metasurface is constructed by unique meta-atoms that can be dynamically switched between two flip states, which correspond to the spatial inversion of each other. Due to the reciprocity principle and spatial inversion symmetry, the transmission is independent of the flip states, regardless of the frequency. While the reflection can be conveniently controlled by tuning the flip states. Dynamical steering of the reflected waves, such as diffuse reflection, focusing, and beam-splitting, is numerically and experimentally validated along with unaffected transmission. Our finding opens an approach to dynamically modulate reflections without affecting transmission, which could have broad potential applications ranging from wireless communications to stealth technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In late March 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Australia introduced mandatory 14-day supervised quarantine at hotels and other designated facilities for all international arrivals. From July 2020, most states and territories introduced a fixed charge for quarantine of up to $3220 per adult. The introduction of the fee was rationalised on the basis that Australians had been allowed sufficient time to return and there was a need to recover some of the cost associated with administering the program. Drawing on an empirical study of 58 returned Australian citizens and residents quarantined between March 2020 and January 2021, this paper aims to explore how people experienced paying for hotel quarantine, particularly with respect to fairness and relatedly, the principle of reciprocity. Reciprocity requires that the state has an obligation to assist individuals in discharging their duty to comply with public health measures and avoid disproportionate burdens accruing to populations or individuals. Though participants had varying opinions on whether they thought it fair to be charged for their quarantine, for many, the fee constituted a significant burden and source of stress. Given the undertaking of quarantine is primarily for the benefit of the public good, we argue the financial cost imposed on individuals does not meet the demands of reciprocity. It is imperative that future quarantine and isolation arrangements consider seriously the need to minimise burdens of individuals subject to such measures, and that fees do not become a new norm in public health and infectious disease control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of the reciprocity principle to evaluate the acoustic radiation from arbitrary multilayered fluid and solid materials is described. To include the effect of shear motion in surrounding media, including viscosity in a fluid, equations for the acoustic radiation from such materials under point force excitation are developed in terms of reflection and transmission coefficients for longitudinal and shear waves. Calculations for forcing on either side of the layered material and in arbitrary directions, and for any asymmetric layer arrangements, are conducted. The frequency range of the calculations is not restricted by thin-plate or thick-plate theory. The test case for the radiation from plates embedded in a viscous and attenuating fluid has been investigated in detail. The effect of viscosity and attenuation has been quantified and shown to be significant at high frequencies. Application to the problem of flow noise is also briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In social interactions, the reciprocity norm implies to adjust one's behavior to that of the other agents. Conversely, behaving according to self-interest involves taking into account the reciprocity principle only if it does not hinder the achievement of one's goals. However, reciprocity and self-interest may conflict with each other, as when returning a kind action involves sacrificing the possibility to achieve a personal objective. The conflict could be exacerbated by some contextual factors, such as competitive pressures. This study investigated, in a competitive interaction context, which principle prevails when the two conflict. To this end, 276 unpaid participants (M = 138) took part in a two-stage experiment entailing a simulated interaction with a fictitious opponent, which behaved selfishly, fairly or altruistically toward them during the first stage. Participants had to decide whether or not to reciprocate the opponent's previous behavior, which in the critical experimental conditions conflicted with the goal to successfully complete the experiment. So, they were faced with a moral dilemma. Competition degree was manipulated to make the conflict between reciprocity and self-interest more or less harsh. Moreover, we tested whether the putative effect of experimental manipulation was mediated by changes in context-related affective states and personal beliefs about morality. Results showed that decision-making was principally influenced by reciprocity. Regardless of the competition degree, participants preferred to engage in reciprocal behavior even when this compromised their personal interest. Affective states and beliefs changed in response to the experimental manipulation, but they did not mediate the effect of the independent variable on decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an efficient numerical scheme and corresponding fast solver are proposed and implemented for rapid and high-accuracy numerical calculation of the motion-induced eddy current testing (MIECT) forward problems. First, inspired by the time-domain numerical formulation of the MIECT problem, a DFT-based numerical scheme in the frequency-domain was proposed through DFT of the transient excitation magnetic field signals at conductor surface caused by the moving permanent magnet of the MIECT probe. Second, a fast-forward simulator was implemented by further improving the existing Ar code for single-frequency ECT problem and adopting databases approach using the unflawed field information solved and stored a priori. As the key of the fast simulation of the MIECT signal perturbed by defects, a scheme to calculate the pickup signal perturbations was proposed and validated based on the reciprocity theorem. Finally, the validity of the numerical schemes and corresponding fast-forward solver was verified through comparing simulation results with experimental signal. Compared with the full analysis domain methods, the fast simulator can save computational burden up to 1000 times on the premise of not affecting the numerical precision, which enables its being adopted in the inverse analysis of MIECT signals for defect sizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the role of the third-country regime and equivalence from the Swiss perspective. It provides an analysis of the evolution of the Swiss approach. The various reactions to EU developments have ranged from the attempt to implement a reciprocity principle, to the resort to unilateral recognition. An overarching purpose of the Swiss equivalence framework has consisted of the relentless pursuit of a competitiveness objective. Yet the decline of equivalence as a market access mechanism has led to favouring other market access routes. This paper concludes that the recent reforms have initiated a roadmap towards an increasing autonomy of Swiss financial market law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A Faraday cup (FC) facilitates a quite clean measurement of the proton fluence emerging from clinical spot‐scanning nozzles with narrow pencil‐beams. The utilization of FCs appears to be an attractive option for high dose rate delivery modes and the source models of Monte‐Carlo (MC) dose engines. However, previous studies revealed discrepancies of 3%–6% between reference dosimetry with ionization chambers (ICs) and FC‐based dosimetry. This has prevented the widespread use of FCs for dosimetry in proton therapy. Purpose: The current study aims at bridging the gap between FC dosimetry and IC dosimetry of proton fields delivered with spot‐scanning treatment heads. Particularly, a novel method to evaluate FC measurements is introduced. Methods: A consistency check is formulated, which makes use of the energy balance and the reciprocity theorem. The measurement data comprise central‐axis depth distributions of the absorbed dose of quasi‐monochromatic fields with a width of about 28.5 cm and FC measurements of the reciprocal fields with a single spot. These data are complemented by a look‐up of energy‐range tables, the average Q‐value of transmutations, and the escape energy carried away by neutrons and photons. The latter data are computed by MC simulations, which in turn are validated with measurements of the distal dose tail and neutron out‐of‐field doses. For comparison, the conventional approach of FC evaluation is performed, which computes absorbed dose from the product of fluence and stopping power. The results from the FC measurements are compared with the standard dosimetry protocols and improved reference dosimetry methods. Results: The deviation between the conventional FC‐based dosimetry and the IC‐based one according to standard dosimetry protocols was −4.7 (±$\pm$ 3.3)% for a 100 MeV field and −3.6 (±$\pm$3.5)% for 200 MeV, thereby agreeing within the reported uncertainties. The deviations could be reduced to −4.0 (±$\pm$ 2.9)% and −3.0 (±$\pm$ 3.1)% by adopting state‐of‐the‐art reference dosimetry methods. The alternative approach using the energy balance gave deviations of only −1.9% (100 MeV) and −2.6% (200 MeV) using state‐of‐the‐art dosimetry. The standard uncertainty of this novel approach was estimated to be about 2%. Conclusions: An alternative concept has been established to determine the absorbed dose of monoenergetic proton fields with an FC. It eliminates the strong dependence of the conventional FC‐based approach on the MC simulation of the stopping‐power and of the secondary ions, which according to the study at hand is the major contributor to the underestimation of the absorbed dose. Some contributions to the uncertainty of the novel approach could potentially be reduced in future studies. This would allow for accurate consistency tests of conventional dosimetry procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polynomial f (x) is referred to as reciprocal if it satisfies f (x) = ± x deg ⁡ f f (1 / x). It is established that if f (x) ∈ Q [ x ] is reciprocal and irreducible over Q , and r > 0 is an odd integer, then f (x r) has an irreducible reciprocal factor over Q. Furthermore, if f (x) has a root on the unit circle, and r > 0 is an arbitrary integer, then every irreducible factor of f (x r) is reciprocal. This generalizes a related result of Filaseta and Meade for reciprocal 0 , 1 -polynomials. As an outcome of our methods, we obtain some information on the irreducible factors over Q of f (x r) for an arbitrary f (x) ∈ Q [ x ]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most planar absorbers are designed under normal incidence, leading to a sharp decline in absorber performance under oblique incidence, especially when the incidence angle exceeds 30°. Three‐dimensional structured absorbers ensure the performance of the absorber under oblique incidence, but they lack practicality due to their complex processing and assembly. In this letter, a tightly‐coupled planar absorber (TCPA) is proposed. Its design method combines the reciprocity principle and tightly‐coupled structure, incorporating a wide‐angle matching layer and interdigitated structures to improve planar absorber's performance under oblique incidence. A sample is fabricated and measured for verification. The measurement results show that the absorber has a fractional bandwidth of 102.0% with an absorption rate of at least 90% under normal incidence. When the incident angle reaches 50°, the absorber maintains good performance under both transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical rectification (OR) at the nanoscale has attracted an increasing interest in the prospect of providing efficient ultracompact terahertz (THz) sources. Here, a universal modeling approach capable of addressing both isotropic and anisotropic all‐dielectric nonlinear nanomaterials on an ultra‐broad spectral range, covering the highly dispersive phonon‐polariton window, and different orientations of the crystallographic axes with respect to the geometry of the structure is reported. This analysis is exemplified by considering two study cases, that is, nanopillars of AlGaAs and of LiNbO3. A close comparison between the two cases is established in terms of THz generation efficiency from 4 to 14 THz. Phonon‐polariton contributions to the OR process are disentangled from the electronic one, and a model order reduction based on the reciprocity theorem is applied and validated on both the considered configurations. These results, combined with the inspection of the THz near‐field features, pave the way to the design and optimization of nonlinear metasurfaces for THz generation and detection at the nanoscale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the precise measurement of electric fields in nanostructures, and high-contrast imaging of soft matter at ultralow electron doses by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In particular, a versatile method based on the theorem of reciprocity is introduced to enable differential phase contrast imaging and ptychography in conventional, plane-wave illumination TEM. This is realised by a series of TEM images acquired under different tilts, thereby introducing the sampling rate in reciprocal space as a tuneable parameter, in contrast to momentum-resolved scanning techniques. First, the electric field of a p–n junction in GaAs is imaged. Second, low-dose, in-focus ptychographic and DPC characterisation of Kagome pores in weakly scattering covalent organic frameworks is demonstrated by using a precessing electron beam in combination with a direct electron detector. The approach offers utmost flexibility to record relevant spatial frequencies selectively, while acquisition times and dose requirements are significantly reduced compared to the 4D-STEM counterpart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends previous work on electromagnetic (EM) reciprocity theorem analysis from the single‐conductor to the more general multiconductor transmission line (MTL) case. The focus is on the EM coupling problem of an ideal MTL above a perfectly electrically conducting ground when excited by a plane wave. The proposed methodology addresses mutual coupling effects and mismatched loads in the MTL. The expression for the current along the MTL in the test (radiation) state is derived, considering these factors. A novel calculation method for the induced voltage at the load is then introduced, assuming consistent coupling between different lines in both test and receiving states. Numerical examples validate the proposed EM‐reciprocity method, offering an alternative approach for analyzing the field‐to‐line coupling problem in MTL model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reciprocity theorems are established for the elastic sea level fingerprint problem including rotational feedbacks. In their simplest form, these results show that the sea level change at a location x due to melting a unit point mass of ice at x ′ is equal to the sea level change at x ′ due to melting a unit point mass of ice at x. This identity holds irrespective of the shoreline geometry or of lateral variations in elastic Earth structure. Using the reciprocity theorems, sensitivity kernels for sea level and related observables with respect to the ice load can be readily derived. It is notable that calculation of the sensitivity kernels is possible using standard fingerprint codes, though for some types of observable a slight generalization to the fingerprint problem must be considered. These results are of use within coastal hazard assessment and have a range of applications within studies of modern-day sea level change. To illustrate the latter point, we use sensitivity kernels to investigate two widely used methods for estimating, respectively, ice sheet mass loss from satellite gravity, and rates of global mean sea level rise from satellite altimetry. Though our analysis is idealized in some respects, we identify systematic errors of order 5 per cent due to the use of simplified sea level physics. Crucially, calculation of the relevant sensitivity kernels provides not only a means for understanding sources of bias in existing methods, but will aid in the design of new and improved data-assimilation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Host behavior and parasite infection reciprocally interact, but this dynamic is rarely studied experimentally in the field with multiple behaviors. We investigated the interplay between parasitism and host behavior via an in situ experimental tick infestation of a wild population of sleepy lizards, Tiliqua rugosa. Using Bayesian models, we assessed the relationship between experimental infestation and lizard aggression and boldness before and after infestation. First, we tested whether lizard aggression and boldness prior to infestation predicted the probability of tick attachment in the infestation experiment. Second, we evaluated whether experimental infestation affected subsequent lizard aggression and boldness. We found that aggression and boldness related interactively with infestation: for unaggressive lizards, higher boldness was associated with reduced experimental infestation success, but the opposite occurred for aggressive individuals. Second, increased tick infestation did not affect post-infestation aggression, but tended to increase boldness. Taken together, these results highlight the potential for feedbacks between parasites and multi-dimensional host behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Philosophical reflection on justice for animals finds expression in a multiplicity of theories. In this context are fundamental the theories focused on suffering and compassion (developed among others by Peter Singer and Carol Adams), Tom Regan's theory of animal rights, Will Kymlicka's political theory of animal rights. This paper identifies three open questions, transversal to the different positions that make up this rich and important debate. It deals with the notion of person, the theme of gratuitous moral evil, the presumed principle of reciprocity between rights and duties. The belief underlying the article is that an in-depth study of these theoretical issues could be fruitful in consolidating the idea that justice for animals is an unavoidable goal for every democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning is the property of Society for Teaching & Learning in Higher Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A numerical optimization technique of a three-dimensional (3D) SERS substrate with finite element analysis is proposed. Using the optical reciprocity theorem, we have shown that instead of the well-known local field enhancement criterion, it is more correct to use the Purcell factor as an objective function that determines the quality of the SERS substrate. This allows us to take into account the detail inhomogeneity of local fields in an arbitrary three-dimensional structure containing multiple emitters. We have theoretically shown that employment of a 3D CNT structure as a nanoparticle substrate instead of a nanoparticle monolayer allows one to achieve the enhancement of the SERS signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deflection measurements are usually used as a key index in civil engineering for performing structural assessments of bridge safety. However, owing to technical or cost issues, it may be difficult to implement long-term monitoring of bridge deflection, especially for short- or medium-span bridges. Therefore, this study presents a novel method for measuring the deflection of simply supported girder bridges. In the proposed method, the strain measurement was implemented under traffic loading at only one position, such as middle span, and then the strain distribution along the girder was reconstructed to calculate the girder deflection with basic structural mechanical theory. To implement the method, the theory was constructed based on the displacement reciprocal theorem at first to assess the strain distribution along the girder from the strain measurement at some position during traffic loads passing across the bridge. Second, a strain measurement method, namely long-gauge fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology, was introduced to take strain measurements for a concrete bridge. Third, various finite element (FE) bridge models were developed to validate the proposed method's accuracy, the results from which indicated that the method accurately implemented deflection measurement with an approximately 5% calculation error. In addition, the influence of some key parameters, such as vehicle type, vehicle speed, and structural damage, was investigated. The simulation results revealed that damage to the hinge joint in the middle location could significantly influence the proposed method's accuracy such that the error may exceed 10%. Finally, on-site experiments were conducted on a simply supported girder bridge to further validate the proposed method's accuracy, and an approximately 8% deflection assessment error was found. Considering the additional advantages of FBG sensing technology, the proposed method can also be effective for long-term deflection measurements of short- or medium-span bridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the fact that climate change is a global phenomenon. Based on the latest IPCC Assessment Report and the climate policies of the major emitters, the earth's temperature is expected to rise by 2.5 to 3°C by 2100. As a scenario analysis commissioned by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action shows, this will cause considerable damage, although it can be significantly reduced through increased adaptation measures. The article concludes that Germany (and the EU) should refrain from playing a pioneering role and work more towards further developing the Paris Agreement in accordance with the principle of reciprocity. Additionally, Germany should significantly strengthen its adaptation measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in the international environment and the situation on the Korean Peninsula require a new approach to inter-Korean exchange and cooperation. Following the collapse of the Hanoi summit between the United States and North Korea in 2019, North Korea's return to hard-line foreign policy, and the stalemate in North Korea's denuclearization negotiations due to North Korea's development of nuclear and strategic weapons there has been a continued stalemate in inter-Korean relations. Meanwhile, public interest in the unification of the Korean Peninsula is also waning. In this situation, the goal of the Yoon Seok-yeol government's North Korea policy is to realize sustainable peace on the Korean Peninsula through the denuclearization of North Korea, restore and strengthen the ROK-US alliance centered on democratic values, and pursue a confident North Korea policy based on the principle of reciprocity. In order to prepare for the unification of the Korean Peninsula, improving inter-Korean relations is very important, and ways to promote sustainable North Korea policies must be considered from various perspectives. Therefore, despite the recent uncertainty of the situation on the Korean Peninsula, it is premised on the recognition that it is important to resolve the North Korean nuclear issue and establish peace on the Korean Peninsula by improving inter-Korean relations. In particular, this study aims to critically examine North Korea's denuclearization negotiations using game theory (Nash equilibrium) by analyzing the bilateral negotiation process between the United States and North Korea and the changes in the trilateral negotiation dynamics involving South Korea, North Korea, and the United States. Analyzing the outcomes of North Korea's denuclearization negotiations from a game theory perspective will provide valuable lessons for managing sanctions against North Korea and advancing South Korea's future unification policies. This paper summarizes the North Korea policies of past South Korean governments and analyzes changes in North Korea's foreign settlement to analyze sustainable North Korea policy measures. In addition, the purpose of this study is to use as a basis for establishing a policy toward North Korea that can prepare for peace and unification of the Korean Peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motion of a disk in a Langmuir film bounding a liquid substrate is a classical hydrodynamic problem, dating back to Saffman (J. FluidMech., vol. 73, 1976, p. 593) who focused upon the singular problem of translation at large Boussinesq number, Bq » 1. A semianalytic solution of the dual integral equations governing the flow at arbitrary Bq was devised by Hughes et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 110, 1981, p. 349).When degenerated to the inviscid-film limit Bq → 0, it produces the value 8 for the dimensionless translational drag, which is 50% larger than the classical 16/3-value corresponding to a free surface. While that enhancement has been attributed to surface incompressibility, the mathematical reasoning underlying the anomaly has never been fully elucidated. Here we address the inviscid limit Bq → 0 from the outset, revealing a singular mechanism where half of the drag is contributed by the surface pressure. We proceed beyond that limit, considering a nearly inviscid film. A naïve attempt to calculate the drag correction using the reciprocal theorem fails due to an edge singularity of the leading-order flow. We identify the formation of a boundary layer about the edge of the disk, where the flow is primarily in the azimuthal direction with surface and substrate stresses being asymptotically comparable. Utilising the reciprocal theorem in a fluid domain tailored to the asymptotic topology of the problem produces the drag correction (8 Bq/π)[ln(2/Bq) + γE + 1], γE being the Euler--Mascheroni constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The market presupposes an intelligible whole, a system or a network of sales-purchase links between various economic agents that are united by interdependent relationships on the one hand and in antagonistic relationships on the other, each economic entity has its own interest in mind that wants to apply it. The market involves a confrontation between the bearers of demand and supply, through which the price of the economic commodity that is the object of exchange is deduced. Because through insurance, a professional commercial company assumes the task of taking over the event produced, instead of the premiums charged to natural and legal persons who are insured. Insurance acts as an insured against the negative consequences of the occurrence of a certain incident or complex event, thus insurance appears as a means of protecting yourself from threats. Insurance business is conducted in a framework called the insurance market. In this article we have highlighted the evolution of the national insurance market over a period of five years to highlight their growth trend. Initially, I briefly reproduced some definitions and specific features of the insurance market, later I defined the concept of insurance and its specific features with an emphasis on the principle of reciprocity and the basic division of insurance according to the information taken from the specialized literature. Later, I made a brief presentation of the evolution of the insurance market in Romania based on the information extracted from the asfromania website, in the analysis I inserted the evolution of the gross premiums underwritten, the specific market share of insurance companies, the structure by insurance classes and highlighted the top 5 insurance companies according to gross premiums written. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Policy & Internet is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)