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The study examines the effect of sustainable economic growth on “FDI inflow” using comparative panel econometrics on two panels: “low-income” and “middle-income” economies between 1970 and 2021. For this, 18 “low-income” and 53 “middle-income” economies constitute the sample. The data were retrieved from the “world development indicator” website. Pre-diagnostic and post-diagnostic estimations were performed using static panel and dynamic panel approaches. Sustainable growth increases “FDI inflow” in “low-income” and “middle-income” economies during the study period, according to the findings. In addition, trade openness and the exchange rate have the potential to boost “FDI inflow” in “low-income” economies. Similarly, in “middle-income” economies, the real growth rate and exchange rate are significant boosts, however inflation significantly reduces the “FDI inflow”. The findings show that policymakers in “low-income” and “middle-income” economies should maintain long-term, sustainable economic growth in order to attract more “FDI inflow” in their respective economies. Compared to the current state of knowledge in the subject, the study’s findings provide evidence for “low-income” and “middle-income” nations that have been mainly overlooked in terms of sustainable growth for attracting FDI inflow. The study’s outcomes are applicable and generalizable only for “middle-income” and “low-income” economies. Future researchers may include additional control factors and expand the scope of the study to include “high-income” groups.

The objective of this study is to examine the impact of exchange rate on Nigeria’s trade balance. Time series data on trade balance, external reserves, exchange rate, money supply and real GDP were used in the analysis and the data were subjected to unit root tests to determine their time series characteristics. Modern econometric procedures were used to provide empirical evidence. The error correction model results show that money supply, effective exchange rate and real GDP are negatively related to trade balance. Also external reserves is positively related to trade balance. Exchange rate movements and money supply are major factors in the determination of trade balance in Nigeria. The model has a good fit and 93 per cent of the variation in the trade balance is explained by the independent variables. Policy makers should encourage production, trade and commercial activities that will lead to sustaining a stable effective exchange rate. - Lo scopo di questo studio è esaminare l’impatto dei tassi di cambio sulla bilancia commerciale della Nigeria. Sono stati usati nell’analisi dati time series sulla bilancia commerciale, le riserve esterne, i tassi di cambio, la liquidità e il PIL lordo e i dati sono stati sottoposti a test di radice unitaria per determinare le loro caratteristiche. Avanzate procedure econometriche sono state applicate per fornire evidenze empiriche. I risultati dei modelli di correzione dell’errore mostrano che la liquidità, il tasso di cambio effettivo e il PIL reale sono negativamente correlati al saldo della bilancia commerciale. Inoltre le riserve esterne sono positivamente correlate alla bilancia commerciale. Le variazioni dei tassi di cambio e la liquidità sono i fattori maggiormente determinanti nella bilancia commerciale nigeriana. Il modello è robusto e il 93 percento delle variazioni nella bilancia commerciale sono spiegate dalle variabili indipendenti. La politica economica dovrebbe incoraggiare la produzione, il commercio internazionale e le attività commerciali che portano a sostenere un tasso di cambio reale stabile.

Ethiopia’s remarkable socio-economic transformation over the last decade has been marked by: a reorientation of expenditure from recurrent to capital; a significant devolution of resources from Federal Government to Regions; and a clear prioritization of infrastructure spending, while protecting spending on education at four percent of GDP. The Government of Ethiopia has also leveraged external resources to boost spending in pro-poor sectors, particularly health and social protection. As a result, Ethiopia is home to the largest social safety net program in Africa, and has also achieved remarkable health outcomes using cost effective approaches. Recent investments have seen a significant build-up of capital stock, with capital spending at sector level pointing towards increased service capacity. The current public investment-led strategy requires to be complemented by increased budgetary provisions in operations and maintenance so that new investments translate into enhanced service coverage and delivery. As Ethiopia lays the foundation to become a middle income country, and the changing global environment implies declining external assistance, it is imperative that domestic taxation activity support this transition. The current tax-to-GDP ratio is low compared to peer countries, and the tax structure would benefit from increased contributions by direct tax sources. Therefore, there is an immediate need for advancing tax reforms and improve capacity and quality of tax administration. Broadening the tax bases, through review of exemptions, as well as review of tax rates might be venues to consider. Additional revenues will create the much-needed fiscal space to increase funding for operations and maintenance for service delivery, and support fiscal sustainability. As a follow-up to this Public Expenditure Review, the Government of Ethiopia has asked the World Bank to provide further analytical support, with a view to enhance domestic revenue mobilization through simpler and more efficient taxation, while retaining equity priorities in public finances.

This paper uses a set of national household surveys to study the regional Sub-Saharan Africa distribution of consumption expenditure among individuals during 1993 to 2008. The analysis puts the disparities in living standards that exist among persons in Africa into context with the disparities that exist within and between African countries. Regional interpersonal inequality has increased (from a Gini index of 52 percent in 1993 to 56 percent in 2008), driven by increasing disparities in living standards across countries, while there has been no systematic increase in within-country inequality. For the African distribution as a whole, growth of consumption expenditure (from household surveys) has been low (around 1 percent per year). This growth has been uneven and as a result the richest 5 percent of Africans received around 40 percent of the total gains, while the bottom third stagnated.

We study solvency of insurers in a comprehensive model where various economic factors affect the capital developments of the companies. The main interest is in the impact of real growth to ruin probabilities. The volume of the business is allowed to increase or decrease. In the latter case, the study is focused on run-off companies. Our main results give sharp asymptotic estimates for infinite time ruin probabilities., To appear in Advances in Applied Probability (September 2016)

The main feature of the development of agriculture in Kerala in the last five decades is the change in cropping pattern and shift in cultivation, that is, shift in the cultivated area under food grain crops to non-food grain crops and shift in the cultivated area under one non-food grain crop to another non-food grain crop. The growth of agricultural crop output and productivity has been affected by many factors. The sources of output growth like area effect, yield effect and cropping pattern effect have relevance in deciding the programmes of agricultural development and priorities of investment in it. The growth of agricultural output in the state like that of other parts of India is influenced by the gross cropped area, productivity and level of prices. The increase in the agricultural crop output is decomposed into real and monetary components. The real component includes area effect, yield effect, cropping pattern effect and interaction effect. The monetary elements consist of the pure price effect, price yield effect, price cropping pattern effect and total interaction effect. From the analysis of thedecomposition of output growth into real and monetary components of Kerala agriculture in the last five decades, the general conclusions arrived at are: price factor is the major element in determining the relative contribution of different elements to the growth of crop output and the overall growth in the Kerala agriculture is monetary growth in nature rather than real growth.

In this paper, it will be discussed about economic development of former Yugoslav countries before and after the war (1990-1995) in those countries. Before the war, Socialist Federal Republic Yugoslavia has performed well until death (1980) of Yugoslavian leader Tito. The peak of living standard in Yugoslavia in that time was in 1979, with Gross domestic product per capita converted in 2013 year value of money was 10,090$. Many citizens in SFRY remember that period as “old good days”, but there was significant disparity in GDP per capita between six republics. GDP per capita in economically strongest republic Slovenia was higher than GDP per capita in weakest country Bosnia and Herzegovina for 191.3%, After Tito’s death SFRY was performing constant negative growth. After the war, six republics left into transition process which has resulted with private owned economy with concept of liberalism. Nowadays, highest average GDP in those countries was in 2008, year before than world economic crisis came, with value of 11,064 converted $ and in 2013 it was 9,174 converted $. This work is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

By investigations of so-called ideal growth in conditions of Vojvodina hunting grounds, a large number of non-fertilized roe does was found. The average number of fetuses-embryos per doe was 0.65, while for pregnant females it was 1.48. The average value obtained by our investigations evidently significantly differs,comaperd to the other authors, so these investigations should be continued for several more years. The growth of population, real growth or prehunting growth should be determined every year, especially after spring counting, based on previous data on general catch in specific hunting grounds. The growth of local roe deer population may considerably vary from year to year. For instance, in Novi Bečej hunting grounds it ranged from 0.42 to 0.91, with average of 0.70 fawns per doe older than 2 years. In 2013, in this hunting grounds it was 0.49, and for all four hunting grounds where the trial was set the average was 0.48. If during a five or more years large differences in planned and achieved growth are repeated, then coefficients of planned growth must be changed during revision of hunting grounds base document.

The report contains eight chapters. Chapter one leads off with the main macroeconomic and fiscal determinants to understand the general health financing situation in DRC. Its sections one and two provide a brief overview of the country’s macroeconomic and fiscal environment. Section three sheds new light on decentralization, a core health issue, and focuses on the fiscal implications of decentralization. Section 4 offers a brief analysis of the management of public finance, a key element for the effectiveness and quality of expenditure, especially in health. Chapter two starts with a brief overview of the main objectives and analyzes its organization and governance, with a focus on health care delivery. Chapter three discusses the performance of the main health system’s outputs and outcomes. Section one analyzes major changes in health outcomes based on different household surveys. Section two addresses service coverage with a focus on mother and child services. Section three explores service quality issues. In a detailed analysis of health financing sources, Chapter four looks at changes in public, external, and private sources over 2008–2013 (section one). Section two analyzes the adequacy of government funding for health financing needs, and assesses the prospects for expanding fiscal space for health. Chapter five examines government funds mobilized for health, both allocated in the budget and executed (or actuals). Government resources for health are taken to mean all domestic financing sources allocated to the Ministry of Public Health and other health entities. Section one examines changes in the health budget envelope over 2007–2013, while section two focuses on actual spending. Section three analyzes government executed expenditure by nature and section four reviews trends and types of personnel expenditure, the largest share of government health expenditure. Chapter six focuses on health expenditure performance in the light of three main parameters: financial protection; equity; and efficiency. Section one analyzes financial protection using standard indicators (share of out-of-pocket payments, catastrophic expenditure, and impoverishing expenditure). Section two scrutinizes health outcomes and service use disparities and inequalities based on income, gender, and place of residence. The last section presents an overview of the efficiency of health expenditure in DRC, primarily in comparison to its peer countries. Chapter seven analyzes health financing from the point of view of the provinces, the new ‘entitled’ authorities for the health sector, drawing on a survey of financial and fiscal data from six provinces. Section one presents an overview of health financing flows after decentralization. Section two focuses on financing sources for the health sector at the provincial level, examining provincial government funds, external assistance, and central government transfers. The chapter ends with an analysis of the volume and type of decentralized government health expenditure. The report concludes in a brief chapter eight with a series of recommendations to improve short- and medium-term health sector financing and performance.

Even in the 21st century, agriculture is the major source of livelihood for majority of Indian population. But agricultural sector is under the big threat of economic reforms like liberalization and modernization of economy. The agrarian economy of Kerala could not exclude from the drastic hitting of the liberalization, privatization and globalization reforms; farmers of the state began to think that there is no other way to sustain their life. Cashewnut is one of the major cash crop became the victim of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG) reforms. The export of agricultural produce make it difficult to get a better price for cashewnut and so many diseases are also contributing in the crisis of this cultivation. The area under cashew cultivation has started coming down over the years and the decline in area and yield growth rate was responsible for the negative growth rate in production for cashewnut and the share of real components is negative for the overall growth of output of this crop compared to monetary components and unless there are concerted efforts by the government to create awareness among cashew growers on scientific cultivation methods, there will be a conversion of cashew plantations into rubber plantations.Keywords: Growth trend, Cashewnut, Crop output, Overall growth, Real growth, Monetary growth.

Southeast Sulawesi is one of Indonesia's developing provinces and over the past five years has achieved one of the country's highest growth rates. In 2010, Southeast Sulawesi's economy grew at 8.2percent the third fastest in Indonesia. The poverty rate has declined significantly in the past 10 years and the unemployment rate is one the lowest in Indonesia. Per capita expenditure in Southeast Sulawesi has increased nine-fold compared to pre decentralization rates Southeast Sulawesi's consolidated per capita expenditure now falls in the top 10 in Indonesia. However, Southeast Sulawesi is still facing a range of challenges. The Human Development Index (HDI) has continued to lag at 25th in Indonesia over the past five years. Although regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has grown rapidly, in real per capita terms it is still far below the national provincial average. Southeast Sulawesi' poverty rate also remains above the national average. It will be important for the high and growing rate of per capita expenditure to be matched with improvements in public financial management capacity within the local government. In the context of overcoming these challenges and capitalizing on expanding opportunities, the local governments in Southeast Sulawesi and in particular the provincial government need to work harder to make the most of its budgetary resources. The development agenda and programs must be sharpened and budget allocations must be optimized to achieve development targets, especially in the strategic sectors of education, health, infrastructure and agriculture. This report contains findings and recommendations intended to support sub national governments in Southeast Sulawesi province to enhance their public financial management performance; improve the quality of evidence based planning and budgeting; and accelerate the achievement of existing development targets.

El derrumbe financiero en el mercado hipotecario estadounidense, a fines del año 2008, fue la manifestación más visible de la crisis económica mundial que develó las deficiencias estructurales y perjudiciales de la actual configuración del capitalismo mundial. Haciendo un breve repaso de la crisis, encontramos que ésta tiene una característica particular respecto a otras que se han manifestado durante los últimos veinte años. Me refiero a la discrepancia entre el crecimiento “financiero” de la economía (por ejemplo el caso de los llamados “derivados financieros”) y el crecimiento “real” de los procesos productivos.

Papua has abundant natural and fiscal resources but also faces great development challenges. On the one hand, Papua currently has the largest per capita fiscal capacity after West Papua. Papua is rich in natural resources such as non-oil-and-gas minerals and forest products. On the other hand, development challenges in Papua are significant, including geography, terrain and demography. In general, Papua is still underdeveloped both socially and in economic terms compared to other regions in Indonesia. This underdevelopment is evident in most poverty, education, health, and infrastructure indicators. The economy and investment in Papua are dominated by the mining sector and, in a distant second place, the agricultural sector. Between 2004 and 2007, the mining sector accounted for more than 50 percent of the Papua's gross regional domestic product (GRDP). As a consequence, economic growth was determined by fluctuations in mineral commodity prices. The second largest sector is agriculture, which accounts for about 14-18 percent of GRDP. This sector absorbed the most workers in Papua province until 2008. Meanwhile, industry continues to lag and contributed less than 10 percent to GRDP. The PEA is a part of the PEACH (Public Expenditure Analysis and Capacity Harmonization) program. This program is an initiative of the Government of Papua to continuously improve its public financial management performance. Consequently, the analysis contained in this report addresses issues that are the region's main focus. Today, the Government of Papua is trying actively to achieve a 'New Papua' through implementing the following agenda: a) restructuring the local government; b) developing a prosperous Papua; c) developing a safe and peaceful Papua; and d) improving and accelerating the development of basic infrastructure and facilities.

Sustainable economic growth and strong institutions are interlinked, and the present report summarizes recent economic and fiscal developments in West Bank and Gaza (WB&G) as well as providing a broad overview of institutional accomplishments to date. The present report begins by discussing the apparent slowdown in economic growth in WB&G and the current fiscal crisis facing the Palestinian Authority (PA)-resulting partly from lower-than-expected external support this year. A further drop in donor funding would likely reduce growth, which would in turn further aggravate the fiscal situation in the coming year. A protracted fiscal crisis, in turn, risks jeopardizing the gains made in institution-building and thereby losing what has been painstakingly achieved over the past years. In addition, the report highlights that in order for the PA to sustain the reform momentum and its achievements in institution-building, remaining Israeli restrictions must be lifted and any reductions in international aid flows must be carefully calibrated and managed. Economic growth in WB&G has slowed down in 2011, and together with the shortfall in external financing, this has led to a fiscal crisis for the PA. Economic growth in WB&G remains robust but appears to be slowing due to economic and political uncertainty, so that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has revised the projected real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate for 2011 from 9 down to 7 percent. Despite some improvement, unemployment remains stubbornly high and labor force participation low in WB&G.

The geodemographic evolution of the spanish population. real and natural growth (1991-2005). The geodemographic academic literature enables to interpret the real and natural dynamic behavior of the population. This article, after studying the dimensions and characteristics of these dynamics and their evolution in the period in question, observes the territorial differences of the considered variables. The analysis of the statistical data, which come from official census and registers, shows that Spain is in the final phase of the demographic transition. The low fertility levels verge on the negative natural growth, despite an evident opposition between regions with positive and negative natural dynamics. The spectacular real population growth in the beginning of the XXIst century is mainly due to the foreign immigrants, who are clearly present in most of the territory., La littérature académique géodémographique permet d’interpréter le comportement de la dynamique naturelle et réelle de la population. Cet article étudie les dimensions et les caractéristiques de ces dynamiques et leur évolution sur la période envisagée, puis s’intéresse aux différences territoriales que présentent les variables en question. L’analyse des données statistiques, qui proviennent de recensements et registres officiels, indique que l’Espagne se trouve dans la phase finale de la transition démographique. Les faibles niveaux de fécondité frôlent la croissance naturelle négative, même si une opposition nette se dégage entre les régions aux dynamiques naturelles positives et négatives. La croissance réelle spectaculaire qu’a connue la population au début du XXIe siècle est essentiellement due aux immigrants étrangers, dont la présence est manifeste sur la majorité du territoire., la evolución geodemográfica de la población española. crecimiento real y natural (1991-2005). Con la literatura académica geodemográfica se interpreta el comportamiento de la dinámica natural y real de la población. En este artículo se estudian las dimensiones y características de estas dinámicas y su evolución en el periodo considerado, para luego observar las diferencias territoriales de las variables en cuestión. El análisis de los datos estadísticos, provenientes de censos y padrones oficiales, indica que España está en la fase final de la transición demográfica. Los bajos niveles de fecundidad rozan el crecimiento vegetativo negativo, aunque es visible la oposición entre regiones con dinámicas naturales positivas y negativas. El espectacular crecimiento real de la población a principios del siglo XXI se debe en particular a los inmigrantes extranjeros, cuya presencia es visible en buena parte del territorio., Ferras Sexto Carlos,Calvo Miranda Juan José,Feria Toribio José MariaFerras Sexto Carlos, Calvo Miranda Juan José, Feria Toribio José Maria. L’évolution géodémographique de la population espagnole. Croissance réelle et naturelle (1991-2005). In: Sud-Ouest européen, tome 26, 2008. La population espagnole en ce début de XXIe siècle. pp. 43-56.

Este artículo presenta los cambios que han tenido lugar entre 1991 y 2005 en la población navarra, tanto en el nivel regional, como en el municipal. En este lapso de tiempo se ha pasado del estancamiento al crecimiento demográfico conocido más elevado de la historia regional, al igual que sucede en el conjunto de España. El agente principal de este proceso ha sido la inmigración de extranjeros, responsable del 90 % del crecimiento real regional al final del período antes mencionado. Así, los nuevos habitantes han provocado una reactivación de la natalidad– poniendo fin al declive constante iniciado a fines de los años 1970– y el consecuente aumento del crecimiento natural. En este tiempo, a caballo entre el siglo XX y el XXI, se pasa de una movilidad muy reducida de la población a una aceleración de la misma con elevadas tasas migratorias, fruto– sobre todo– de la llegada de extranjeros. La procedencia de éstos es cada vez más variada, si bien hay un predominio de los originarios de Iberoamérica. La llegada de estas personas ha ocasionado el retroceso del envejecimiento foral. Todas las transformaciones mencionadas se plasman en los distintos espacios de una manera diferente, relacionada con la diversidad de la Comunidad y con otros factores –entre los que destacan– los avances que se van produciendo en las infraestructuras viarias, facilitando la aceleración del proceso suburbanizador en los espacios urbanos más dinámicos e importantes, especialmente del Área Metropolitana de Pamplona. This article presents the changes that have taken place in the population of Navarre between 1991 and 2005, both at the regional and municipal levels. This period has seen a change from the stagnation of the population to the fastest-known demographic increase in the region’s history, as has happened throughout Spain. The main driver in this process has been immigration by people from other countries, which accounts for 90% of real regional growth at the end of the period in question. New inhabitants have reactivated the birth rate – putting an end to the constant decline that began at the end of the 1970s – and, consequently, increased natural population growth. Over the period, on the borderline between the 20th and 21st centuries, very low population mobility has given way to a higher rate, with a high level of immigration. This is the result, above, all, of the arrival of foreigners. Their origin is increasingly varied, although the majority come from Latin America. Furthermore, their arrival has slowed down the rate of ageing of the population of the region. All these transformations are reflected differently in different places, and this has to do with the diverse nature of Navarre and other factors, among which the following stand outs: better road communications, which accelerates the suburbanisation of the larger and more dynamic population centres, particularly the Metropolitan Area of the city of Pamplona.

This article presents data on the evolution of top incomes and wages for 1922-2000 in India using individual tax return data. The data show that the shares of the top 0.01 percent, 0.1 percent, and 1 percent in total income shrank substantially from the 1950s to the early to mid-1980s but then rose again, so that today these shares are only slightly below what they were in the 1920s and 1930s. This U-shaped pattern is broadly consistent with the evolution of economic policy in India: from the 1950s to the early to mid-1980s was a period of ''socialist'' policies in India, whereas the subsequent period, starting with the rise of Rajiv Gandhi, saw a gradual shift toward more pro-business policies. Although the initial share of the top income group was small, the fact that the rich were getting richer had a nontrivial impact on the overall income distribution. Although the impact is not large enough to fully explain the gap observed during the 1990s between average consumption growths shown in National Sample Survey based data and the national accounts based data, it is sufficiently large to explain a non-negligible part of it.