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2. Cold adaptation does not handicap warm tolerance in the most abundant Arctic seabird

Author

Beaman, Julian, speaker, Grémillet, David, speaker, and Ratcliffe, Norman, moderator

Abstract

Arctic birds and mammals are physiologically adapted to survive in cold environments but live in the fastest warming region on the planet. They should therefore be most threatened by climate change. We fitted a phylogenetic model of upper critical temperature (TUC) in 255 bird species and determined that TUC for dovekies (Alle alle; 22.4°C)—the most abundant seabird in the Arctic—is 8.8°C lower than predicted for a bird of its body mass (150 g) and habitat latitude. We combined our comparative analysis with in situ physiological measurements on 36 dovekies from East Greenland and forward-projections of dovekie energy and water expenditure under different climate scenarios. Based on our analyses, we demonstrate that cold adaptation in this small Arctic seabird does not handicap acute tolerance to air temperatures up to at least 15°C above their current maximum. We predict that climate warming will reduce the energetic costs of thermoregulation for dovekies, but their capacity to cope with rising temperatures will be constrained by water intake and salt balance. Dovekies evolved 15 million years ago, and their thermoregulatory physiology might also reflect adaptation to a wide range of palaeoclimates, both substantially warmer and colder than the present day.

Published
2024
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5. Tracking of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems

Author

Hindell, Mark A, Reisinger, Ryan R, Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Hückstädt, Luis A, Trathan, Philip N, Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Chown, Steven L, Costa, Daniel P, Danis, Bruno, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G, Van de Putte, Anton P, Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N, Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Corney, Stuart, Crawford, Robert JM, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, de Bruyn, PJ Nico, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Michael E, Goetz, Kimberly T, Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D, Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T, Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R, Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L, Kovacs, Kit M, Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D, Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O’B, Makhado, Azwianewi B, Márquez, Maria EI, McDonald, Birgitte I, McMahon, Clive R, Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W, Nordøy, Erling S, Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A, Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G, Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C, Wotherspoon, Simon, Jonsen, Ian D, and Raymond, Ben

Subjects
Life Below Water, Climate Action, Animal Identification Systems, Animals, Antarctic Regions, Aquatic Organisms, Biodiversity, Birds, Climate Change, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecosystem, Fishes, Food Chain, Ice Cover, Mammals, Oceans and Seas, Population Dynamics, Predatory Behavior, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Southern Ocean ecosystems are under pressure from resource exploitation and climate change1,2. Mitigation requires the identification and protection of Areas of Ecological Significance (AESs), which have so far not been determined at the ocean-basin scale. Here, using assemblage-level tracking of marine predators, we identify AESs for this globally important region and assess current threats and protection levels. Integration of more than 4,000 tracks from 17 bird and mammal species reveals AESs around sub-Antarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and over the Antarctic continental shelf. Fishing pressure is disproportionately concentrated inside AESs, and climate change over the next century is predicted to impose pressure on these areas, particularly around the Antarctic continent. At present, 7.1% of the ocean south of 40°S is under formal protection, including 29% of the total AESs. The establishment and regular revision of networks of protection that encompass AESs are needed to provide long-term mitigation of growing pressures on Southern Ocean ecosystems.

Published
2020

6. The retrospective analysis of Antarctic tracking data project.

Author

Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Van de Putte, Anton P, Reisinger, Ryan R, Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Costa, Daniel P, Danis, Bruno, Hückstädt, Luis A, Jonsen, Ian D, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G, Trathan, Philip N, Wotherspoon, Simon, Ainley, David G, Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N, Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Crawford, Robert JM, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Nico de Bruyn, PJ, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Mike, Goetz, Kimberly T, Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D, Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T, Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R, Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L, Kovacs, Kit M, Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D, Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O'B, Makhado, Azwianewi B, Márquez, Maria EI, McDonald, Birgitte I, McMahon, Clive R, Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W, Nordøy, Erling S, Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A, Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G, Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C, Raymond, Ben, and Hindell, Mark A

Abstract

The Retrospective Analysis of Antarctic Tracking Data (RAATD) is a Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research project led jointly by the Expert Groups on Birds and Marine Mammals and Antarctic Biodiversity Informatics, and endorsed by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. RAATD consolidated tracking data for multiple species of Antarctic meso- and top-predators to identify Areas of Ecological Significance. These datasets and accompanying syntheses provide a greater understanding of fundamental ecosystem processes in the Southern Ocean, support modelling of predator distributions under future climate scenarios and create inputs that can be incorporated into decision making processes by management authorities. In this data paper, we present the compiled tracking data from research groups that have worked in the Antarctic since the 1990s. The data are publicly available through biodiversity.aq and the Ocean Biogeographic Information System. The archive includes tracking data from over 70 contributors across 12 national Antarctic programs, and includes data from 17 predator species, 4060 individual animals, and over 2.9 million observed locations.

Published
2020

7. Overlap between marine predators and proposed Marine Managed Areas on the Patagonian Shelf

Author

Baylis, Alastair M. M., de Lecea, Ander M., Tierney, Megan, Orben, Rachael A., Ratcliffe, Norman, Wakefield, Ewan, Catry, Paulo, Campioni, Letizia, Costa, Marina, Boersma, P. Dee, Galimberti, Filippo, Granadeiro, José P., Masello, Juan F., Pütz, KLEMENS, Quillfeldt, Petra, Rebstock, Ginger A., Sanvito, Simona, Staniland, Iain J., and Brickle, Paul

Published
2021

18. Canine Olfactory Differentiation of Cancer: A Review of the Literature

Author

Gould, Oliver, Smart, Amy, Ratcliffe, Norman, and Costello, Ben de Lacy

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Tissues and Organs
Abstract

Numerous studies have attempted to demonstrate the olfactory ability of canines to detect several common cancer types from human bodily fluids, breath and tissue. Canines have been reported to detect bladder cancer (sensitivity of 0.63-0.73 and specificity of 0.64-0.92) and prostate cancer (sensitivity of 0.91-0.99 and specificity of 0.91-0.97) from urine; breast cancer (sensitivity of 0.88 and specificity of 0.98) and lung cancer (sensitivity 0.56-0.99 and specificity of 8.30-0.99) on breath and colorectal cancer from stools (sensitivity of 0.91-0.97 and specificity of 0.97-0.99). The quoted figures of sensitivity and specificity across differing studies demonstrate that in many cases results are variable from study to study; this raises questions about the reproducibility of methodology and study design which we have identified herein. Furthermore in some studies the controls used have resulted in differentiation of samples which are of limited use for clinical diagnosis. These studies provide some evidence that cancer gives rise to different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) compared to healthy samples. Whilst canine detection may be unsuitable for clinical implementation they can, at least, provide inspiration for more traditional laboratory investigations., Comment: Total of 23 pages including citations, with 1 embedded table

Published
2015

21. Towards Freezing Global Warming

Author

Phillips, Neil, primary, Ayling, Sarah, additional, Ratcliffe, Norman M., additional, de Lacy Costello, Ben, additional, Foord, William, additional, Draper, Thomas C., additional, Plumridge, Anthony, additional, and Razzaque, Jona, additional

Published
2024
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27. The risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza in the Southern Ocean: a practical guide for operators and scientists interacting with wildlife

Author

Dewar, Meagan, primary, Wille, Michelle, additional, Gamble, Amandine, additional, Vanstreels, Ralph E.T., additional, Bouliner, Thierry, additional, Smith, Adrian, additional, Varsani, Arvind, additional, Ratcliffe, Norman, additional, Black, Jennifer, additional, Lynnes, Amanda, additional, Barbosa, Andrés, additional, and Hart, Tom, additional

Published
2023
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31. Lipoproteins from vertebrate host blood plasma are involved in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote agglutination and participate in interaction with the vector insect, Rhodnius prolixus

Author

Moreira, Carlos José De Carvalho, De Cicco, Nuccia Nicole Theodoro, Galdino, Tainah Silva, Feder, Denise, Gonzalez, Marcelo Salabert, Miguel, Renata Bortolasse, Coura, José Rodrigues, Castro, Helena Carla, Azambuja, Patricia, Atella, Georgia Corrêa, Ratcliffe, Norman Arthur, and Mello, Cicero Brasileiro

Published
2018
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32. An emperor penguin population estimate: the first global, synoptic survey of a species from space.

Author

Fretwell, Peter T, Larue, Michelle A, Morin, Paul, Kooyman, Gerald L, Wienecke, Barbara, Ratcliffe, Norman, Fox, Adrian J, Fleming, Andrew H, Porter, Claire, and Trathan, Phil N

Subjects
Animals, Spheniscidae, Breeding, Ecology, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Our aim was to estimate the population of emperor penguins (Aptenodytes fosteri) using a single synoptic survey. We examined the whole continental coastline of Antarctica using a combination of medium resolution and Very High Resolution (VHR) satellite imagery to identify emperor penguin colony locations. Where colonies were identified, VHR imagery was obtained in the 2009 breeding season. The remotely-sensed images were then analysed using a supervised classification method to separate penguins from snow, shadow and guano. Actual counts of penguins from eleven ground truthing sites were used to convert these classified areas into numbers of penguins using a robust regression algorithm.We found four new colonies and confirmed the location of three previously suspected sites giving a total number of emperor penguin breeding colonies of 46. We estimated the breeding population of emperor penguins at each colony during 2009 and provide a population estimate of ~238,000 breeding pairs (compared with the last previously published count of 135,000-175,000 pairs). Based on published values of the relationship between breeders and non-breeders, this translates to a total population of ~595,000 adult birds.There is a growing consensus in the literature that global and regional emperor penguin populations will be affected by changing climate, a driver thought to be critical to their future survival. However, a complete understanding is severely limited by the lack of detailed knowledge about much of their ecology, and importantly a poor understanding of their total breeding population. To address the second of these issues, our work now provides a comprehensive estimate of the total breeding population that can be used in future population models and will provide a baseline for long-term research.

Published
2012

41. Contributors

Author

Abegg, Sebastian, primary, Ahmed, Waqar, additional, Alkhalifah, Yaser, additional, Apolonski, Alexander, additional, Bean, Heather D., additional, Beauchamp, Jonathan D., additional, Beck, Olof, additional, Berna, Amalia Z., additional, Bikov, Andras, additional, Borras, Eva, additional, Brinkman, Paul, additional, Brodrick, Emma, additional, Corradi, Massimo, additional, Cristescu, Simona M., additional, Cumeras, Raquel, additional, Davis, Cristina E., additional, Davis, Michael D., additional, de Lacy Costello, Ben, additional, Di Natale, Corrado, additional, Dragonieri, Silvano, additional, Dweik, Raed, additional, Egeghy, Peter P., additional, Eiceman, Gary A., additional, Focant, Jean-François, additional, Fowler, Stephen, additional, Frank, Matthias, additional, Geer Wallace, M. Ariel, additional, Ghorbani, Ramin, additional, Gierschner, Peter, additional, Giese, Roger, additional, Gould, Oliver, additional, Güntner, Andreas T., additional, Hackner, Klaus, additional, Haick, Hossam, additional, Hamm, Peter, additional, Hanna, George B., additional, Herbig, Jens, additional, Hill, Jane E., additional, Högman, Marieann, additional, Hohlfeld, Jens M., additional, Holz, Olaf, additional, Jones, Alan W., additional, King, Julian, additional, Köhler, Heike U., additional, Küntzel, Anne, additional, Lan, Jiayi, additional, Lazar, Zsofia, additional, Lehtimäki, Lauri, additional, Madden, Michael C., additional, Malinovschi, Andrei, additional, Marco, Santiago, additional, Mayhew, Christopher A., additional, McCartney, Mitchell M., additional, McCord, James P., additional, Metsälä, Markus, additional, Michils, Alain, additional, Miekisch, Wolfram, additional, Miller, Justin J., additional, Mochalski, Paweł, additional, Modak, Anil S., additional, Nakhleh, Morad K., additional, Nylander-French, Leena A., additional, Odom John, Audrey R., additional, Parte, Francisco Blanco, additional, Pleil, Joachim D., additional, Ranzieri, Silvia, additional, Ratcliffe, Norman M., additional, Reinhold, Petra E., additional, Risby, Terence H., additional, Ruszkiewicz, Dorota, additional, Ruzsanyi, Veronika, additional, Ryter, Stefan W., additional, Salman, Dahlia, additional, Schivo, Michael, additional, Schmidt, Florian M., additional, Schubert, Jochen K., additional, Schwarz, Katharina, additional, Smith, David, additional, Smolinska, Agnieszka, additional, Sobus, Jon R., additional, Solga, Steven F., additional, Spacek, Lisa A., additional, Španěl, Patrik, additional, Stavropoulos, Georgios, additional, Stefanuto, Pierre-Hugues, additional, Stiegel, Matthew A., additional, Teschl, Gerald, additional, Teschl, Susanne, additional, Thomas, C. L. Paul, additional, Unterkofler, Karl, additional, van der Schee, Marc P., additional, van Schooten, Frederik-Jan, additional, Vidal-de-Miguel, Guillermo, additional, Vishinkin, Rotem, additional, Wiesenhofer, Helmut, additional, Williams, Antony J., additional, Yeates, Laura C., additional, Zanella, Delphine, additional, and Zenobi, Renato, additional

Published
2020
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49. The age-specific breeding performance of great skuas on Shetland

Author

Ratcliffe, Norman

Subjects
598.3
Abstract

The effect of age on the breeding performance of the great skua was examined between 1991 and 1993. There was a linear increase in clutch volume, aggression towards human intruders and fledging success with age while laying date became earlier with age. Clutch size and hatching success improved with age in a non-linear manner; increasing in younger birds before reaching a plateau in older birds. There was no effect of age on inter-nest distance nor on the condition of either the 'A' or 'B' chick. Female age was important in the advancement of laying date while male age was more important in increasing clutch volume. The latter result was possibly due to older males having a higher rate of courtship feeding. An improvement in food supply between 1989 and 1993 reduced the number of birds deferring breeding on territory, advanced laying date, increased clutch volume and greatly improved fledging success. The increase in clutch volume with improved food supply was statistically independent of laying date. Food supply had an additive effect on age specific laying dates but there was no significant interaction. There was a significant interaction of food supply and age on fledging success; in years of intermediate food supply fledging success improved with age, while in good years the fledging success of younger birds was elevated to a level similar to that found in older ones. This suggests that the fledging success of young birds was constrained by food supply to a greater extent than in older birds. Breeding experience had an effect on laying date, clutch size and clutch volume but did not affect hatching success. Age and experience were closely inter-related but separating the effects of these factors on breeding performance was not possible due to small samples of birds in which both age and experience were known. Despite this it seems that clutch size improved due to breeding experience rather than age. Improvements in laying date, clutch size and clutch volume were found in individual birds on successive breeding attempts following recruitment suggesting that individual birds improve breeding performance through a maturation process or a learning of skills beneficial to breeding. There was no evidence for an increase in reproductive effort with age, despite the fact that a decrease in survival was found with old age, which would provide a selective basis for such an increase in effort. There was also evidence to suggest that high fledgling production produced a cost of reproduction in terms of a decline in survival, this only being evident in old birds. Low clutch size and aggression was associated with increased mortality, this finding providing evidence that poor quality breeders have lower life expectation. The high mortality of poor quality birds which laid only one egg was especially evident in first time breeders. This effect could produce and increase in clutch size with age since birds laying a one egg clutch will die early while birds which lay 2 eggs will be represented in the population at older ages.

Published
1993

50. Important At-Sea Areas of Colonial Breeding Marine Predators on the Southern Patagonian Shelf

Author

Baylis, Alastair M. M., Tierney, Megan, Orben, Rachael A., Warwick-Evans, Victoria, Wakefield, Ewan, Grecian, W. James, Trathan, Phil, Reisinger, Ryan, Ratcliffe, Norman, Croxall, John, Campioni, Letizia, Catry, Paulo, Crofts, Sarah, Boersma, P. Dee, Galimberti, Filippo, Granadeiro, José P., Handley, Jonathan, Hayes, Sean, Hedd, April, Masello, Juan F., Montevecchi, William A., Pütz, Klemens, Quillfeldt, Petra, Rebstock, Ginger A., Sanvito, Simona, Staniland, Iain J., and Brickle, Paul

Published
2019
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