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The pandemic and its consequences have affected the lives of people all over the world. But migrants were much more affected than any other population groups. The pandemic has, in the first phase, drastically reduced migration in all OECD countries, a phenomenon noted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, although migrants would have managed to ensure the functioning of some sectors strongly affected by the pandemic, such as the health, commercial and logistic, even during the restrictions period. In the midst of the pandemic, governments took exceptional measures, which limited the mobility of people and in this case, the mobility of migrants. The OECD believes that migrants have been particularly affected by the coronavirus pandemic, and as far as migration is concerned, it has been considerably reduced, an unfavorable phenomenon for both parties: both for the countries providing migration and for those receiving migration. Many of the migrants work in gastronomy, in hotels, in tourism - so exactly in the industries that were most affected by the pandemic. In the so-called HORECA sector in the EU, about a quarter of the employees come from third countries, twice more than in the rest of the economic sectors. The work contracts in the field are often very short-term. As such, the migrants were the first to be sent into unemployment. The paper aims to present an analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international migration from Romania starting from the analysis of the phenomenon from the pre-pandemic period, then extending the analysis of this phenomenon for the period 2020-2021.

International migration is an integral part of the global economy. Growing disparities in development, the global jobs crisis, the segmentation of labor markets, revolutions in transport and communications and a burgeoning migration industry combine to explain why there are unprecedented numbers of migrants worldwide today. International migration is a widespread phenomenon in the European Union, characterized not only by large immigration flows from outside its borders, but also by migration from one member state to another. During economic recessions generated by either the 2008-2009 economic-financial crisis or the Covid-19 pandemic, immigrants are often the most vulnerable category of people, which can lead to changes in the volume, structure and direction of international migration flows. The last two major crises at the beginning of the 21st century have had significant implications for migrants, migration and migration policies. At the same time, the very different global/European context and circumstances of the financial crisis and the health crisis determine different consequences for migrants, differentiated changes in the structure and dimensions of migratory flows, but also different compartments of migrants. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the economic and social impact of the 2008-2009 recession and the health crisis on the size, structure of migratory flows and the behavior of migrants in the European Union.

The issue of employment among young people, in general, and especially in rural areas, has become increasingly active at the beginning of the 21st century on national and regional development agendas. The challenge of employment among young people in rural areas has its own dimensions and is present in all rural areas, regardless of their stage of socio-economic development. The level of economic development in rural areas, lack of employment opportunities, low level of education and training, declining interest and motivation of young people to engage in agricultural activities, are just some of the factors that generate pressure on the labor market for young people in rural areas. In addition, they must enter a volatile labor market, in the process of structural change under the impact of changes caused by digitalization and intensive automation of all sectors of activity. The paper presents a synthesis of the particularities of the labor market of young people in rural Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the profound social and demographic challenges of contemporary society is the demographic aging of the population - an objective process resulting from the increase in life expectancy at birth and the reduction of fertility rates. This phenomenon covered most countries, especially the economically developed ones, having multiple implications on the economic, social, political, and cultural levels. Europe has the highest rate of demographic aging compared to other continents, and is considered to have already reached a critical stage. In the European documents, measures are provided to increase the legal and de facto retirement age and to increase the employment rate of the older adult population (50-65 years). Currently, at the level of the European Union, the median age is 43.1 years, but according to the latest estimates made by Eurostat, in 2050 the average age of Union citizens will be 49 years. This work wants to surprise what will be the implications of the demographic aging phenomenon on the labor market in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic and its consequences have affected the lives of people all over the world. But migrants were much more affected than any other population groups. The pandemic has, in the first phase, drastically reduced migration in all OECD countries, a phenomenon noted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, although migrants would have managed to ensure the functioning of some sectors strongly affected by the pandemic, such as the health, commercial and logistic, even during the restrictions period. In the midst of the pandemic, governments took exceptional measures, which limited the mobility of people and in this case, the mobility of migrants. The OECD believes that migrants have been particularly affected by the coronavirus pandemic, and as far as migration is concerned, it has been considerably reduced, an unfavorable phenomenon for both parties: both for the countries providing migration and for those receiving migration. Many of the migrants work in gastronomy, in hotels, in tourism - so exactly in the industries that were most affected by the pandemic. In the so-called HORECA sector in the EU, about a quarter of the employees come from third countries, twice more than in the rest of the economic sectors. The work contracts in the field are often very short-term. As such, the migrants were the first to be sent into unemployment. This paper aims to present an analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international migration from Romania starting from the analysis of the phenomenon from the pre-pandemic period, then extending the analysis of this phenomenon for the period 2020-2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of COVID-19 and the drastic blockages that followed led to the emergence of economies and labor markets around the world in a state of emergency. Governments have had to take a whole series of measures to protect jobs and businesses. In the short term, this means an extreme disruption of citizens and labor markets, as countries impose travel restrictions and blockages nationwide to slow the spread of the virus and prevent overwhelming health services. The coronavirus pandemic has raised the unemployment rate in all European Union countries to alarming levels, with Spain being one of the countries with the highest number of unemployed registered in the last year, according to the latest Eurostat statistics. On the other hand, people in two parts of the Czech Republic are among the lucky ones who have managed to keep their jobs. Labor market volatility is also very noticeable in Romania, where many small and medium-sized businesses have found themselves in a position to lay off staff or to adapt to new trends, by changing the object of activity by 360%. But the full effects of the crisis are still unknown and could last for many years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of infections with the new coronavirus COVID-19 at such an alert rate that left its mark on all of humanity in the first part of 2020 has practically placed the economies and labor markets around the world in a state of expedite. The interruption of global supply chains, the dramatic decrease in commercial activities, the discouragement of demand, the reduction of working time, the blocking of some sectors of activity in the economy of each country led to the establishment of a strong recession. Starting from the effects of the measures to limit and prevent the spread of COVID-19 on the labor market - of the nature of the work organization system at the micro level, the measures to adjust the policies subordinated to the management of the workforce, etc. - the short-term effects were identified and estimated, medium and long from the perspective of work continuity and efficiency but also of economic and social inequalities and inequities. This paper analyzes the main indicators of the labor market, starting from the analysis of the phenomenon from the pre-pandemic period (year 2019), then extending the analysis of this phenomenon for the period 2020-2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2019 Coronavirus pandemic dramatically disrupted the workforce in early 2020, as a result of restrictions imposed to reduce the spread of the virus. The rapid decline in economic activity has resulted in massive and widespread job losses. According to the statistics of the International Labor Organization, the employment of women worldwide decreased by 4.2% in 2020 compared to 2019, much more pronounced than that of men by 3%. Younger women, especially, experienced a disproportionately higher share of employment losses. The decrease in female employment, together with the low participation of women in the labor market, represents a major setback for the efforts made in the last two decades to increase gender equality. The paper presents a brief analysis of the evolution of the main indicators of the female labor market, aged between 15-34, under the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, at the level of the European Union and Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of transition from the super centralized economy to the market economy has generated, in the agriculture and rural development of Romania, multiple economic and social problems. Therefore, it is normal for concerns about identifying solutions and methods to solve them to mobilize more and more specialists in the field (Dona, Dobre, Georgely, 2005). In this context, the experience of other countries could not be ignored, among which a special place is occupied by the member countries of the European Union. At present, agriculture and rural development in Romania continue to be in a state of crisis, and the economy is far from stable in order to sustain it. On the contrary, the declining ratio of rising prices for agricultural products to those of industrial products bought by farmers deepens price shifts, leading us to the conclusion that agriculture is declining compared to other countries, especially those in the EU, which represents the model and the target it aims at. In this context, we mention that Romania is in the process of implementing the European model of agriculture and rural development. Starting from the general (principles, mechanisms) and reaching the particular (the case of the European Union countries and the situation in Romania), by analysing the rural area, the paper tries to formulate solutions and proposals according to the concrete conditions regarding the creation of a favourable economic environment. development, in the sense of consolidating a sustainable and multifunctional development of the rural space (Patriche, n.d.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades, worldwide, international migration has increased significantly, the stock of migrants reaching over 281 million people in 2020 compared to 173.59 million people in 200. Of the total migrants, 48% are women, and of these, almost 2/3 work in the service industry. During the Covid-19 pandemic, mobility and travel restrictions jeopardized the income of migrant women, especially domestic workers. The paper presents a brief analysis of the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on migrant women employed in health and social care institutions, those working in households, but also on those with precarious and informal jobs, or with irregular migration status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 generated a decrease in remittances worldwide from March to April 2020, a decrease that was initially forecast at about 20% throughout 2020. Final figures showed that they decreased by only 1,2% worldwide. However, the values differ from country to country (World Bank, 2020). The restrictive measures imposed by the quarantine, the decrease of incomes, the loss of jobs, but also the economic uncertainty discouraged the citizens to send money home. Given that remittances account for a significant percentage of the annual GDP of many countries, a reduction in them generates multiple socio-economic implications (Giuliano and Ruiz-Arranz, 2009). This paper aims to make a brief assessment of the evolution of migrant remittances in 2020, a year marked by numerous restrictions and socio-economic events related to the Coronavirus pandemic (worldbank.org). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green energy is the popular name for renewable and non-polluting energy sources. Electricity generated from renewable sources is becoming more and more available. By choosing such renewable energy sources, consumers can support the development of clean energy that will reduce the impact on the environment associated with conventional energy generation and increase energy independence (Tuttle, 1901). Moreover, when these technologies can help the consumer by reducing the bills for different utilities (water, heating) and by a short payback time in the case of domestic water heating systems, the installation of solar panels becomes an extremely profitable investment. in the case of household consumers, hotels, hospitals, etc. The choice of such sources reduces the impact that traditional energy has on the environment. This type of energy comes from resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and heat (Popescu, 1995). Photovoltaic and wind energy is an example of green energy, being a solution to replace traditional energy. Solar energy is consistent and continuous, it acts all year round and is distinguished by its ability to be used quickly by a large part of the rural or even urban population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented challenge, with very severe socio-economic consequences. We are committed to doing everything necessary to meet this challenge in a spirit of solidarity (Buck, Arnold, Chazan, Cookson, 2020). A coordinated and comprehensive strategy is needed to address urgent health needs, support economic activity and prepare the ground for recovery. This strategy should combine short, medium and long-term initiatives, taking into account the spreads and links between our economies and the need to maintain confidence and stability. Several measures have already been taken at national and EU level, as set out in the Eurogroup statement, in an inclusive format from 16 March. Medium-term and longer-term planning is needed for how the economy is rebalanced and revived following this crisis. A comprehensive socio-economic development plan, including sectoral sectoral plans and an ecosystem that encourages entrepreneurship so that those with strong and sustainable business models can flourish. Governments and financial institutions need to constantly reassess the situation and ensure that things do not get out of hand (Marek, 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the coming decades, international migration remains a real process and may vary, taking into account political and economic changes, innovative technological and social changes, growing demographic imbalances, the effects of climate change and globalization trends. In order to increase the positive effects and minimize the negative effects in the field of labor migration, the following aspects can be identified: stimulating return migration and circular labor migration; creating favorable conditions for the business of returned migrants and the development of SMEs in the regions; adapting national educational policies to the needs of the labor market; more active and effective involvement of the diaspora in development policies (Anghelache et al., 2016). Romania has been and is a country of origin or transit in migration flows. Its entry into the group of EU member states coupled with the increase in revenue will certainly lead to a change in this situation. Taking as an example country like Spain or Italy and more recently Poland, Hungary or Slovakia after joining the EU in 2004, Romania will become both a source and destination country so that the number of emigrants will be exceeded by the number of immigrants (United Nations, 2015a). That is why I consider it appropriate to analyze the demographic structure of emigration and immigration of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remittances - or money sent to the country by Romanians working abroad - are very difficult to measure accurately, there are situations in which they do not reach relatives through banks or fast transfer companies, but in envelopes by bus drivers, cash sent through friends or colleagues who return to the country or even more sophisticated procedures: Romanians make a card at a foreign bank, come with the card and leave it to a relative in the country, and the card is also supplied from abroad, without being taken national records [4]. Migration experts say that the level of remittances can be at most a proxy for the intention to return to the country of the sender of money. The remittance of substantial amounts can be associated with the hypothesis of building a house or the firm intention to return to Romania, while decreasing remittances can be associated with the reverse hypothesis [2]. In the current conditions in which the pandemic, which has become global, of COVID-19 has "upset" all national economies, which has led to massive layoffs, the closure of enterprises from the smallest to the largest we are witnessing a phenomenon unique after 1990, namely the massive return of Romanian emigrants [1]. In this context, we considered opportune an analysis of the impact of remittances of Romanian migrants on economic growth, remittances that will certainly be greatly diminished in the next period, or maybe even stopped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration is one of the defining characteristics of the 21st century. People are migrating to overcome poverty, escape conflicts or cope with economic and environmental shocks. Although the relationship between migration and development is increasingly recognized, it remains unexplored. Lack of opportunities and investment in countries of origin can lead to migration. Migration can also improve development and investment in countries of origin, fill workforce gaps and foster innovation in host countries, but also contribute to development in transit countries. It is an effective tool for reducing poverty, not only for the migrants themselves but also for their families and their wider communities. Through significant contributions to economic and social development, migration can be a key factor in achieving sustainable development goals. The 2030 Agenda is the first international framework that includes and recognizes migration as a dimension of development, which recognizes both the important contributions of migration to sustainable development and the specific vulnerabilities that migrants may face. The paper presents a brief analysis of the measure and structure of global migratory flows, as well as the relationship between migration and sustainable development in the 2030 Agenda and the impact of migration on key development outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the problems related to the migration of Romanians presupposes the detailed knowledge of the motivations and characteristics of the migrants, of their circulation, but also of some related data, whose influence on the migration phenomenon can be direct or indirect. Knowing the motivations of Romanians to emigrate, but also the strategies used to leave Romania, can give us an overview of the migration phenomenon, with all the variety it covers. These strategies were adapted according to the period in which they migrated, but also according to the possibilities of each individual. Until 2014, the strategies used were: permanent (stable) migration, circular migration, internal migration, return migration and double migration (remigration). After 2015, a new orientation emerged (multiple migration), determined in particular by the fact that these migrants could not adapt to the places where they resettled. These areas represented either Romania or other places in the countries belonging to the European Union1. The migratory itinerary and social networks argue the existence of the social capital necessary to obtain the migration project. The migration phenomenon can largely be considered positive for the country of origin, but this phenomenon can also have negative consequences: due to the migration of women of childbearing age; due to the fact that migrants are not only those with an average level of education, but also an important part of intellectual capital; due to the accentuation of depopulation in rural Romania (visible consequence of migration), which has intensified especially in the last two decades (Aceleanu, 2011). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of COVID-19 and the drastic blockages that followed led to the placement of economies and labor markets around the world in a state of emergency. Governments are fighting to protect jobs and businesses. Some of the measures identified and implemented are short-term telework and support for companies and the self-employed. The epidemic caused by coronavirus poses a threat to the European economy and to the living standards of its citizens. In the short term, this means an extreme disruption of citizens and labor markets, as countries impose travel restrictions and blockages at the national level to slow the spread of the virus and prevent overwhelming health services. Governments need to find great ways to protect workers and their economies from financial hardship and potential collapse (Sohrabi et al., 2020). The recession seems inevitable. Citizens themselves also face exceptional limitations on their movements, which could have overwhelming effects on their health and well-being. But the full effects of the crisis are still unknown and could last for many years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labor migration is the subject of many specialized studies that are the subject of interdisciplinary sciences such as economics, international affairs, European law, sociology and many others. Due to the evolution of the Romanian economy in recent years, it is important and necessary for any future economist to understand this topic as well as possible (Petrozziello, 2013). Looking ahead, it is necessary to know as much information as possible about the factors underlying the development of the country's economy, as well as about the factors that determine this migration of labor force at international level. If the main reason why at this moment the labor force chose to leave the country of origin and to migrate to the states with a developed economy is a better life, the aim is to provide children with a better future. Worldwide (Katseli et all, 2006), it is currently estimated that there are over 200 million migrants, even the International Day of the Migrant is established, in which this phenomenon has become normal, and in which, mainly, information on human rights is disseminated and to the freedoms of migrants. Nor is Romania outside this framework of international normality, only that the elements of distinction are generated by the reasons for emigration, which, as will be analysed, in a synthetic form, in the following case study, are confined to both economic factors. but, last but not least, the socio-political factors. The paper addresses the problems of international migration and the importance of the migration of the labor force at present on the economic development of a country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vocational education and training systems are in the midst of changes and transitions to the knowledge-based economy and society and therefore their continuous adaptation is required. The relevance of vocational education and training (VET) for the labor market remains a challenge, but the new initiatives aim to improve the situation. In Europe, the economic and social developments of the last decade have shown the increasing need for a European dimension of vocational education and training. Moreover, the transition to a knowledge-based economy, capable of sustainable economic growth, with more and better jobs, with a higher degree of social cohesion, creates new challenges in the field of human resources development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization has led to a marked increase of migration to all corners of the world, supported by several factors, either economic, social, environmental or political instability, the development of sophisticated modern transport systems and networks that have facilitated much travel. easier, cheaper and faster than at any time in human history. Characteristic for the migration phenomenon from the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 3rd millennium is the change in the structure, size and typology of the migration flows, in the last years, the demand on the labor market in the countries of origin being addressed especially to the highly qualified immigrants. The determinants of international migration are diverse and complex. From the reasons classified as "push" or "pull", globalization has introduced a third set of motivations called "network", which includes free flow of information, improved communication worldwide, faster and with lower transport costs. in recent decades. These latter factors, in fact, are not a direct cause of migration, but are favorable elements of migration. It is also worth noting that modern globalization is not only determined by technological progress, but also by political and ideological changes. The paper presents a brief analysis of the main features of globalization and its impact on the volume, structure and trends of migration flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Change in education is an objective necessity, determined by the transformations taking place in society - at a cultural, political, economic, community level, and these things must be reflected in the pedagogical plan. In spite of tensions and multiple conflicts, the priority objective of mankind is increasingly formulated in the notion of sustainable development. Education is trying to respond to the requirements of social development in two directions, that of educational content - which requires curriculum development by infusion, integration of new education and that of the philosophy of education - which concerns the orientation, sizing and rethinking of educational processes. The problems of the world in which we live: the crisis of the environment, globalization, poverty, unemployment, social failure, equality of chances, human rights, democracy have become problems of the education sciences, which have integrated them in what is called the new education.The school is to be the center of change, a change of mentality first, an equally important aspect, but harder to solve than the economic change and reconstruction and the institutions of democracy. The new generation must not only be educated to adapt to the new, but also to anticipate change, to accept it and to actively participate in the process, thus contributing to the construction of the future. The specificity of our world is that it is changing faster and that it puts us in the face of original, unforeseeable and even unpredictable situations. For this reason, the main task in the formation of man must not be both education and education, namely education that offers educated and educated behavior open to change and an attitude that favors the use of innovative behavior techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of postmodern society, by extrapolation, of postmodern pedagogy, where a special place belongs to the permanent education, it becomes imperative to manifest the new educations, as pedagogical answers to the problems of the present society. Being aware of the problems and values of today's society, mankind has been able to formulate its problem-solving strategies, entailing the values within which they are. The most important type of strategies is the one that realizes the change of mentality. And it is known that any change of mindset occurs effectively and globally through the transformative action of education. In this sense, we believe that the new educational model, called New education, has an overwhelming importance for the economic growth in the 20th century. XXI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chronic shortage of workers in the health care field in countries all over the world has severe consequences for their population and implications spilling over far beyond their borders. At global level, according to the report Migration of Health Workers from 2014, there were about 60 million workers in the health care field, but distributed unevenly among countries and regions. The total number of health workers is still unable to satisfy the demands of many populations regarding access to the required health care services. Thus, both developed countries and developing countries struggle to meet the huge challenges triggered by the imbalance between the increasing demand of medical services and the supply of medical personnel within the health care systems. The migration abroad of the medical personnel from Romania has complex motivations and displays an increasing trend for the last decade, and this deepens the structural crisis within the public health care system. "Brain exodus" of Romanian professionals trained in the health care field might cause severe economic damage, especially when the education system is incapable of replacing those who left abroad. The paper intends a brief analysis of the dimensions and structure of the migration flows of medical personnel from Romania, in an European context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Change in education is an objective necessity, determined by the transformations taking place in society - at a cultural, political, economic, community level, and these things must be reflected in the pedagogical plan. In spite of tensions and multiple conflicts, the priority objective of mankind is increasingly formulated in the notion of sustainable development. Education is trying to respond to the requirements of social development in two directions, that of educational content -- which requires curriculum development by infusion, integration of new education and that of the philosophy of education -- which concerns the orientation, sizing and rethinking of educational processes. The problems of the world in which we live: the crisis of the environment, globalization, poverty, unemployment, social failure, equality of chances, human rights, democracy have become problems of the education sciences, which have integrated them in what is called the new education. The school is to be the center of change, a change of mentality first, an equally important aspect, but harder to solve than the economic change and reconstruction and the institutions of democracy. The new generation must not only be educated to adapt to the new, but also to anticipate change, to accept it and to actively participate in the process, thus contributing to the construction of the future. The specificity of our world is that it is changing faster and that it puts us in the face of original, unforeseeable and even unpredictable situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population of the Delta has always been sparse, the semiaquatic environment has resulted a density about of 5 inhabitants / km2. In summer, the influx of tourists triple the population. The population counts 14,583 inhabitants, of which 12,666 Romanians (87%), 1438 Lipovans (10%), 299 different Ukrainians (1%). These populations have mixed up, as evidenced by the vocabulary of the spoken languages in the delta, especially the fishery terms. The population of the Danube Delta has experienced massive declines in population since 1990, which were much higher than those recorded in the country. The paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of some population forecasting models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional development is a new concept aimed at boosting and diversifying economic activities, stimulating private sector investment, contributing to reducing unemployment, and ultimately improving living standards. In order to be able to apply the regional development policy, eight development regions have been set up, covering the entire territory of Romania. Each development region comprises several counties. Developments regions are not territorial administrative units do not have legal personality, being the result of a free agreement between county and local councils. The main objectives of regional development policy are: to reduce existing regional imbalances, with a focus on stimulating balanced development and revitalizing disadvantaged areas; to prevent new imbalances; correlation with governmental sector development policies; stimulating interregional, domestic and international cooperation that contributes to economic development and is in line with the legal provisions and the international agreements concluded by Romania. The paper tries to capture the interregional inequalities and convergence of the population number indicator, total, sex and average. For this purpose, two representative coefficients were used in the analysis of regional disparities, namely: Ginny coefficient and concentration coefficient, the results of the analysis being analyzed further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic structure specific to each country - determined by its level development, the historical typology of its evolution and its specific way regulation of social life (with impact on public services) - influences the evolution and importance of the private sector at some point. Romania has become a member of the European Union, but it is problematic property is not fully clarified. The privatization process has not ended. At the same time, Romania is now among the countries with the highest flows of foreign investments, which a priori modifies the structure of the social capital. That is why an estimate of the future evolution of the private sector contribution to creating gross domestic product, correlated with the expected changes in the structure the social capital is likely to highlight the convergence of the Romanian economy with structures in the other EU Member States and from this point of view. In the late 1980s, in our country, the state sector was quasimajority, the private sector accounting for only 12.8% of gross domestic product in 1989. The privatization process began in 1990, and it turned out to be much more complex and difficult. In the early period it had a slow pace characterized by the absence of political will, the Romanians' mentality, inherited from the old regime, institutional problems, slow establishment of the necessary legal framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On our planet live 7 billion people, every five days another million are born. Currently, world population is 10 times higher than 400 years ago. The demographic explosion occurred due to improved living standards and health, which allowed people to live longer than in previous centuries. Any economic process or phenomenon allows a mathematical description of its behaviour from an economic theory. It is very important to know the future evolution of the population and its structure therefore we using the forecasting models of the population. The paper presents the main models used in forecasting population and the advantages and disadvantages of each model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population age structure-the comparative size of specific age groups relative to the population as a whole-can help illustrate where countries' risks and opportunities lie in relation to critical issues such as democracy, development and security. In fact, the influence of age structure on a state's governance, risk of an outbreak of civil conflict, and economic development is both significant and quantifiable. Given these linkages, investments in family planning, infant and maternal health, education and economic opportunities for girls, women and young people can vastly affect the shape of things to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unprecedented demographic changes announced in the twentieth century and continues to rise in this century, are about to change profoundly the world. Extending life expectancy and falling birth rates are about to undertake major structural changes in all human societies - such as the historical phenomenon of inversion in the proportion of young people and older people. Aging her profound and lasting consequences for all countries is a phenomenon of great importance and also a challenge still inexperienced. This phenomenon shows that: population ageing is unprecedented, without parallel in human history and the twenty-first century will witness even more rapid ageing than did the century just past; population ageing is pervasive, a global phenomenon affecting every man, woman and child but countries are at very different stages of the process, and the pace of change differs greatly; countries that started the process later will have less time to adjust; population ageing is enduring: we will not return to the young populations that our ancestors knew; population ageing has profound implications for many facets of human life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]