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The article discusses the development of research in broadcast advertising. The implementation of research was a response to advertisers and agencies who sought circulation facts and certain guarantees from the advertising medium. This demand was exacerbated by the U.S.' economic depression in 1929. Sales began being traced to the mediums being used and other strong evidence was accumulated to justify the continuance of advertisements. A list of radio broadcasting marketing research programs is presented.

The article focuses on psychological research in radio. The increasing use of radio as a means of reaching consumers has provided the impetus for a more intelligent and persuasive auditory presentation of marketing in radiobroadcasting. Details related to experimental work on the effectiveness of different types of radio advertising are discussed, as well as the susceptibility of certain subjects to respond to either visual or auditory messages. Several topics for further research are suggested, including listener's preferences, changes in on-air talent and sponsorship, and the relation of program type to sponsor.

This study assessed farmers' utilization of agricultural information on Ere Agbe radio broadcasts in the Oke-Ogun Area of Oyo State. Data were collected on appropriateness, utilization of agricultural information, and constraints to access, from 160 farmer-listeners using an interview schedule. The appropriateness of information was low (51.9%); 47.5% utilized information highly; irregular power supply (M= 1.3125) was the main constraint to information access. The perceived appropriateness (r= .89,p≤ .05) and constraints faced (r= −0.29,p≤ .05) were significantly related to utilization of agricultural information. Broadcasts should address farmers' needs, while cheap, alternative power sources should be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mobile networks are the largest contributor to the carbon footprint of the telecom sector and their contribution is expected to rapidly increase in the future due to the foreseen traffic growth. Therefore, there is an increasing urgency in the definition of green mobile network deployment strategies. This paper proposes a four-step design and power assessment methodology for mobile networks, taking into consideration both radio and transport segments. A number of mobile network deployment architectures for urban residential areas based on different radio (i.e., macro base station, distributed indoor radio, femto cell) and transport (i.e., microwave, copper, optical fiber) technologies are proposed and evaluated to identify the most energy efficient solution. The results show that with low traffic the conventional macro base station deployment with microwave based backhaul is the best option. However, with higher traffic values heterogeneous networks with macro base stations and indoor small cells are more energy efficient. The best small cell solution highly depends on the transport network architecture. In particular, our results show that a femto cell based deployment with optical fiber backhaul is the most energy efficient, even if a distributed indoor radio architecture (DRA) deployment with fiber fronthaul is also a competitive approach. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

CHAOS (Cultural Heritage Archive Open System) provides streaming access to more than 500,000 broadcasts by the Danish Broadcast Corporation from 1931 and onwards. The archive is part of the LARM project with the purpose of enabling researchers to search, annotate, and interact with recordings. To support the researchers the optimal way, a user-centred approach was taken to develop the platform and related metadata scheme. Based on the requirements, a three level metadata scheme was developed: 1) core archival metadata, 2) LARM metadata, and 3) project-specific metadata. The paper analyses how researchers apply the metadata scheme in their research work. The purpose is to gain insight into broadcast researchers' tagging practice and motivation for tagging to inform future design of digital cultural heritage systems. The study consists of two studies, a) a qualitative study of subjects and vocabulary of the applied metadata and annotations, and b) five semi-structured interviews about goals for tagging. The findings clearly show that the primary role of LARM.fm is to provide access to broadcasts and provide tools to segment and manage concrete segments of radio broadcasts. Although the assigned metadata are project-specific, they have been applied to serve as invaluable access points for fellow researchers due to their factual and neutral nature. The researchers particularly stress LARM.fm's strength in providing streaming access to a large, shared corpus of broadcasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio audiences are today a mix of traditional radio broadcasting audiences and networked publics (boyd, d. [2007]. Why youth (heart) social network sites: The role of networked publics in teenage social life. In D. Buckingha (Ed.),MacArthur foundation series on digital learning–youth, identity, and digital media volume(pp. 119–142). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Ito, M. [2008]. Introduction. In K. Varnelis (Ed.),Networked publics(pp. 1–14). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Varnelis, K. (Ed.). [2008].Networked publics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Varnelis, K. (Ed.). [2008].Networked publics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; boyd, d. [2011]. Social network sites as networked publics: Affordances, dynamics, and implications. In Z. Papacharissi (Ed.),A networked self identity, community, and culture on social network sites(pp. 39–58). London: Routledge). This not only means that new media is changing the nature of listeners/viewers, transforming them into interactive users, but also that radio publics, once organized into networks, may have different properties, different behaviours and different values. In this paper, we have employed Digital Methods (DM) (Rogers, R. [2009].The end of the virtual. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press) and social network analysis to understand the Twitter activity and the communicative dynamics of the audiences of two Italian national radio stations: Radio3 Rai (public service station) and Radio Deejay (private commercial station). This work also aims to respond to a question asked by Rogers when defining DM: ‘Could the information contained in profiles on social networking sites provide different insights into the composition and characteristics of publics?’ (Rogers, R. [2009].The end of the virtual. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press). Based on the results that have emerged from this study, we believe that the answer can be affirmative: the analysis of the social connections and the interaction models of the networked listeners highlights new features of these audiences, and allows us to reevaluate and understand them from new points of view. This work shows that the digital audiences related to the two radio stations clearly distinguish themselves for their distinctive online behaviour and a different display of social networks, cultural capital and affect. We therefore hypothesize the presence of three different types of capital within the two different audiences analysed: social, cultural and affective capital. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Local independent radio stations in Christchurch, New Zealand, had their operations severely disrupted by major earthquakes in September 2010 and February 2011. This article examines the experiences of three radio stations that were shut out of their central city premises by the cordon drawn around the city after the 22 February quake. One of the stations continued broadcasting automatically, while the others were unable to fully get back on air for several weeks afterwards. All of the stations had to manage access to workspaces, the emotional needs of staff and volunteers, the technical ability to broadcast, and the need to adapt content appropriately when back on air. For the locally based radio managers decisions had to be made about the future of the stations in a time of significant emotional, physical, and geological upheaval. The article explores how these radio stations were disrupted by the earthquake, and how they returned to air through new combinations and interconnections of people, workspace, technology, content and transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1932 when the Australian government established the ABC as the national broadcaster, it expected commercial radio to fill the gaps left by the ABC and become the local broadcaster. For regional commercial radio operators, the idea of the local has been embraced when required and rejected when provided the opportunity under deregulation. When radio was deregulated in 1992, the government anticipated that market forces would create diversity and competition. However, deregulation resulted in a concentration of ownership and a perceived lack of diversity and localism by audiences and parliamentary committees. After a lengthy period of deregulation that allowed radio licence holders to create networks in regional Australia without hindrance, the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 (Cwlth) (BSA 1992) was amended in 2007. The then Federal government, led by Prime Minister John Howard, put in place rather prescriptive legislation that set out the requirement for commercial radio licensees to broadcast material of local significance and provide minimum levels of local content. Out of these circumstances some questions arise. First, did this legislation come too late? Second, what is local in the digital age and how do we define it? Finally, is it possible to regulate local content with the impending arrival of Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB+) into regional Australia? This article examines whether such prescriptive conditions for regulating local content in response to increased networking in this era of convergence and DAB can restore the concept of local to both networked radio and the community that depends on it. Can radio in its networked form satisfy the desire to embrace the benefits of being local? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 1963 to 1966, Radio Free Dixie broadcast from Havana, Cuba, to the United States. Launched by civil rights leader Robert F. Williams, Radio Free Dixie distributed militant messages to black audiences in the United States. This article examines the content of the Radio Free broadcasts and the ways that the messages of Williams were framed as both national and transnational symbols of black struggle within the context of the Cold War. It contributes to the history of black journalism by highlighting how black media in the United States have used both national and transnational politics to link historical debates about race, self-defense, and US imperialism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article aims to assess the activities of Kingfisher FM, a faith-based community radio station, and its contribution to development in Port Elizabeth and its environs. A qualitative data collection method, in the form of group interviews, was used to collect data. The analysis of data indicates that a number of opportunities for audience participation are provided by the station. Thus, it was found to operate as a Christian radio station according to its licence and for its defined target audience. Within the framework of audience participation, however, Kingfisher FM also functions as a medium for development in that it involves its audience in a variety of operational, planning and programme design activities, which provide audience-specific input and thus help to ensure that the programme content remains closely informed by audience realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article argues that the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), along with a number of other institutions, was a key site in the promotion of Afrikaans linguistic autonomy and a popular Afrikaner cultural self-identity ahead of the 1948 elections. It takes as its point of departure that - in keeping with the idea of the 'imagined community' (Anderson 1991), of nationhood being a constructed reality built from the raw material of history, culture and language - the struggle for Afrikaans within the SABC was part and parcel of the movement to create a viable Afrikaner 'volk', and thus helped pave the way for Afrikaner-led National Party hegemony in 1948. By using sources that include the annual reports of the SABC, the Hansard record of parliamentary debates, and the Commission of Enquiry into the SABC (Schoch 1948), the article traces the introduction of Afrikaans programming on public radio in South Africa in the mid-1980s; the turbulence of broadcasting through World War II; and outlines some of the issues of both technical infrastructure and programming production, in an attempt to provide co-equal programming for both English and Afrikaans listeners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike the short and specific advice of service-encounters, advice in counselling settings is longer and more complex. In these interactions, it is known that advice is initially resisted in all languages. Scholars have tried to explain this phenomenon in terms of 'face loss' (Brown and Levinson 1987; Goldsmith 1992, 1994; Hinkel 1994; Murakami 1994); premature delivery (Heritage and Sefi 1992); the inappropriateness of the advisors (Jefferson and Lee 1992); or discrepancies in the interpretation of a problem (Murakami 1994). One of the difficulties in counselling or therapeutic settings is that the giving of advice in these interactions is a 'process' that is long and complex. In order to understand advice resistance, it is essential, first and foremost, to identify the characteristics of advice and how it is delivered. The present analysis of Japanese radio phone-in programs focuses on advice in order to identify its formal characteristics and also to try to understand the factors that determine its acceptance or resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the presence of radio in the workplace. Victor Turner’s work concerning the liminal sphere in social life provides the theoretical underpinning for examination of the specific features of radio communication in the context of the blurring boundary between work and leisure. Radio appears the medium best suited to the workplace, on one hand creating an environment conducive to performing workplace duties, on the other allowing a break from the monotony of these tasks. Its aural character allows radio to accompany various kinds of activities for which either television or the Internet would be too intrusive. Thus, radio in the workplace becomes a liminal medium, suspended between the necessary (work) and the optional (entertainment). The material analysed in this study comprises communication formulae found in the programmes of Polish popular radio stations: Radio Złote Przeboje, Radio Zet, Radio Eska and RMF Classic, recorded between June 2012 and February 2013. An analysis of messages aimed at this audience proves that despite the diversity of their formats, all of them target the workplace listener. Moreover, it is not music but the spoken word and dialogue which constitute the liminal sphere of the radio. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Despite wide recognition in media studies, the significance of technology is often understated or overlooked in radio and sound studies. This article addresses this absence in a longitudinal study of uses by radio listeners and radio hosts of an ‘automatic telephone tape recorder’ (ATTR) in a Danish youth radio segment. The study shows that the two groups developed a range of uses for the ATTR from 1973 to 1996 and that especially confessional use, despite its paradoxical synthesis of public and private, emerged as the significant feature of the segment. An analysis of changes in users’ perception of technology over time is performed within a phenomenological media studies framework and the emerging field of postphenomenology, particularly through the concepts of ‘multistability’ and ‘dailiness’. I formulate a sociomaterial perspective on radio as the ‘intimate medium’ whose formation is negotiated through time in a multistable process between technology, listeners and radio hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Community radio has strongly changed Thailand's centralised media landscape. This article analyses community radio's role in establishing a public sphere in the context of Southern Thailand's ongoing Malay Muslim insurgency. This article argues that although the new community radio stations potentially provide ethnic communities, particularly Malay Muslims, with a chance to broadcast in their own language, these stations are dominated by middle-class broadcasters and commercial interests. More politically-oriented community radio stations in Southern Thailand feel threatened by both the Thai military's attempts to intimidate them or influence their programming as well as by militant threats to broadcasters who show favour to the Thai armed forces, which results in the self-censorship of sensitive topics. In addition, the community radio sector is fragmented between Malay Muslim and Buddhist broadcasters. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Introduction. This research study analyses the Twitter accounts of the most successful radio sports programmes in Spain. These types of journalistic programmes use this social network to increase their visibility and the influence and impact of their messages on the Internet. Method. We analysed the 3,200 most recent messages posted in the accounts of each of the most listened-to radio sports programmes, based on a list of 20 indicators divided into four major groups: potential influence, activity, interaction and user reactions. Conclusions. The results confirmed the impact of the messages posted by radio sports programmes on the social network. The amplification rate ranges between 50 and 80 per cent while the applause rate ranges between 40 and 85 per cent. These results indicate that these programmes are very influential due to the interest generated by sports and everything that surrounds it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital transition of analog TV is rapidly taking place throughout the world. However, the digital transition of radio is progressing at a slower rate. Diverse standards are being considered for adoption and different countries have different frequencies allocated for digital radio. As a consequence, the progress in the development of digital radio receiver chipsets has been rather stagnant. In this paper, the design and implementation of a receiver chipset with integrated baseband and RF tuner block is presented for DAB/DAB+, DRM30/DRM+, and HD Radio digital radio standards. The developed chipset can receive broadcast from all standards and frequencies considered through simple software change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Spring 2011, record-level tornadoes in the South and Midwest United States resulted in significant human injury and death. In response, the National Weather Service (NWS) developed new warning messages for the 2012 storm season, utilizing more frightening warning language and more specific directions. The current study tested the effectiveness of these new messages by showing participants four different experimental stimuli: regular TV warning messages, new scary TV warning messages, regular radio warning messages, and new scary radio warning messages. Results indicated that behavioral intentions were not affected by any of the experimental stimuli. However, regular warning messages were perceived as more credible than the new scary messages. We also examined characteristics of individuals in relation to severe-weather information use and found that women and those with more storm experience used more sources of severe-weather information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practice-based research methods have opened up opportunities for radio journalism academics to have their radio practice recognized as academic research. Using the example of an Australian practice-based Ph.D. project, this article presents an innovative model for higher degree research in radio, reflecting on the project's research question, methodology and structure incorporating both text and audio. This article argues for radio production as a form of qualitative methodology for collecting data and as a way to present research findings to a broader audience outside academia. Informed by Candy's (2006) framework for practice-based and practiceled research, the Ph.D. study applied two research approaches: research through practice and research on practice. To demonstrate research through practice, the researcher produced a 54-minute radio documentary, Deadly Dust, commissioned by Australian Broadcasting Corporation's (ABC) Radio National network. The 'doing' - the making of the documentary - was then contextualized and analysed through a reflexive process informed by fieldwork interviews with internationally renowned radio producers. The research on practice component of the Ph.D. dissertation accompanying the radio documentary provided new theoretical insights into the creative process of long-form radio. By demonstrating how practice can be defined in research terms, this article provides justification for the inclusion of long-form journalism, in this case a radio documentary, as a legitimate academic research output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper shows that the “primitive notions of hearer and speaker” ( Goffman, 1979 :23) are not sufficient to analyse radio phone-in conversations. The format and (the audible as well as the non-audible) participants can be traced in the language used in conversations of different phone-in shows comprised in the British National Corpus . The application of Goffman's (1979) participation and production format and Burger's (2005 [1984]) communicative circles proves helpful to account for the special personal as well as technical constellations of phone-ins. Depending on how (ratified) ‘participation’ is understood, however, a further category of addressed, but not ratified participants has to be added to Goffman's (1979) participation framework when focusing on one conversation within a phone-in programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the history of radio studies as it intersects with 20th-century literary studies, and outlines recent research trends in the field. Beginning with the earliest theorists and practitioners of radio (including Hilda Matheson, Rudolf Arnheim, and Lance Sieveking), the article considers how mid-20th-century attitudes to radio as a medium of cultural expression varied among Marxist thinkers (Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, Walter Benjamin, and Bertolt Brecht), sociologists (Paul Lazarsfeld and Hadley Cantril), and media theorists (Marshall McLuhan and Walter Ong). The article then examines how two recent scholarly developments - the expanded conception of modernist culture under the name of the 'new modernist studies' and the growth of sound studies as an interdisciplinary field with both aesthetic and historical implications - have, since the mid-1990s, inaugurated a new wave of literary radio scholarship. These distinct but related developments have fostered newly integrated approaches to the study of radio as a medium that intersects not only with literature but with other media; the article therefore provides a summary of recent works that approach radio through a lens of remediation (the mutual influence and interpenetration of various media), as well as works that consider the aesthetic and ethical potential of the medium. The article closes by noting important avenues still to be explored, including questions of cultural hierarchy and 'the middlebrow,' transnational broadcasting, and the cultural life of radio in the age of television and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Europaea is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We study the relay-based communication schemes for cooperative spectrum sharing among multiple primary users (PUs) and multiple secondary users (SUs) with incomplete information. Inspired by the matching theory, we model the network as a matching market. In this market, each PU proposes a certain proposal representing a combination of relay power and spectrum access time to attract the SUs, while each SU maximizes its utility by selecting the most suitable PU. We derive the sufficient and necessary conditions for a stable matching in which none of the PUs or SUs would like to change its decision. We further establish a distributed matching algorithm (DMA) and a DMA with utility increasing (DMA-UI) to achieve the equilibria in partially incomplete and incomplete information scenarios, respectively. Moreover, we provide detailed discussions on the implementation of the distributed algorithms in practical networks. Simulation results show that the losses of PUs' total utilities caused by incomplete information are diminished when the number of SUs increases. Specifically, the effects of the incomplete information are reduced as the competition among SUs (PUs) is more intensive than that among PUs (SUs). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study assessed the use of radio and other means of information dissemination among the residents of Ado-Ekiti. It is a survey research employing descriptive research design of the survey type, the instrument used to collect data was questionnaire. The sampled population was one hundred and twenty residents of Ado-Ekiti (120) were selected to participate in the study using simple random sampling technique while the collected data was analysed using tables, bar chart, simple percentage and frequency count, mean and standard deviation. The findings revealed that radio is the most important instrument in information dissemination because it reaches larger percentage of the people irrespective of their location; it promotes the level of awareness of the people on socio-political and economic issues and it also enable people to be adequately informed about programmes and activities of the government. The cost of accessing information through radio, television and use of mobile phone were not expensive as shown by the study while that of internet, satellite and cable television were expensive. Radio was mostly used to access information followed by mobile phone, television, newspaper, social network, satellite and cable television followed by the internet. The three major problems facing the residents of Ado-Ekiti in accessing information were poor television signals, high cost of purchase, installation and subscription of satellite television and many cannot afford the cost of internet connectivity. It was concluded that more need to be done to improve accesordss of the residence of Ado- Ekiti to information most especially the internet and cable television. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Confronted in different geographies with an identity crisis, public media operators are facing new challenges every day: the distribution of content on different platforms and the development of mobile peripherals. Here is an opportunity for the public service media (PSM) to rediscover their path. In this work, we have developed an analysis to the applications for smartphones from the British broadcaster, BBC, and the Portuguese one, RTP. We tried to comprehend what kinds of contents are presented on the apps for the iPhone and the possibilities created there for the citizens' integration and the distinctive features between RTP and BBC. The adaptation of public service operators to a new digital paradigm is a challenge that will require its reinvention in the context of media convergence, a feat that coincides with other structural changes in several European countries. From a communication made at a national level, through broadcast media such as radio and TV, there is a need and an opportunity to operate on a more global scale, leveraging the potential of digital, which allows publishing content on multiple platforms, targeted to more diverse publics, opening a new set of possibilities for citizens. The work that we present is part of our PhD project that has, as one of its premises, to monitor the adaptation of different media to the emergence of mobile media communication in the information society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the impact of 3 individual traits—namely need for cognition, vivid mental imagery ability, and transportability—on one's psychological transportation and ensuing belief change subsequent to listening to a narrative radio advertisement. The study demonstrated that both vivid mental imagery ability and transportability tend to significantly influence one's degree of transportedness. Moreover, the study showed that a higher degree of transportedness leads to a more potent persuasive impact on one's affective and conative responses to narrative radio advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The social network burst in the Spanish Radio in the period between 2009-2010, transforming profoundly the relation with the listeners, and enriching significally the emission. The purpose of this study is to analyze the results of this symbiosis among media, in addition to the disparate benefit among various distant channels regarding this new tool. We will test out this decisive use, but incipient, and the clear superiority of Facebook over Twitter, the two most used platforms. Regarding the profile of whom they manage today the network in the Radio Station, it is notable that there is a lack of specific training in the community management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are as many as 157 closed-circuit prison radio stations across Poland. However, as they are almost completely cut off from the world outside, awareness of how they work, what content they broadcast and what role they fulfill is rather limited. This article seeks to address this lack of information. The goal is to characterize such radio stations, the programmes they offer and the role they play in prisons. The article also examines prison radio as a form of community broadcasting. Moreover, special attention is paid to the rehabilitative function of involvement in a radio production process. The main research materials are interviews with representatives of prison radio stations, a one-week programme sample from the prison in Olsztyn, the programmes submitted to the prison radio contest and a visit to the radio station in the predetention centre in Olsztyn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The postwar 1940s witnessed the beginnings of a full-fledged broadcast reform movement composed of labor activists, African Americans, disaffected intellectuals, Progressives, educators, and religious organizations. Although this reform movement would never realize the full sum of its parts before it was quelled by reactionary forces, it would succeed in registering significant victories as well as laying the necessary groundwork for future reform. The following analysis draws from archival materials and interviews to recover a largely forgotten moment in broadcast history, one that holds much contemporary relevance for current media reform efforts and media policy issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the broadcasting problem in multi-radio multi-channel ad hoc networks. The objective is to minimize the total cost of the network-wide broadcast, where the cost can be of any form that is summable over all the transmissions (e.g., the transmission and reception energy, the price for accessing a specific channel). Our technical approach is based on a simplicial complex model that allows us to capture the broadcast nature of the wireless medium and the heterogeneity across radios and channels. Specifically, we show that broadcasting in multi-radio multi-channel ad hoc networks can be formulated as a minimum spanning problem in simplicial complexes. We establish the NP-completeness of the minimum spanning problem and propose two approximation algorithms with order-optimal performance guarantee. The first approximation algorithm converts the minimum spanning problem in simplical complexes to a minimum connected set cover (MCSC) problem. The second algorithm converts it to a node-weighted Steiner tree problem under the classic graph model. These two algorithms offer tradeoffs between performance and time-complexity. In a broader context, this work appears to be the first that studies the minimum spanning problem in simplicial complexes and weighted MCSC problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile station localization in mobile networks started with simple methods (e.g. Cell-ID method) which required only slight modifications of network infrastructures. Principally, it was about network localization by which a localization service became available to all types of mobile phones. Due to low precision, the initiated development of more sophisticated methods has not been finished yet. Among the advanced location-based methods are those based on the measurement of location parameters in the time domain. In this paper the general consideration of radio location methods in 3G (UMTS) radio networks is presented. The use of time based measurement methods was analysed in detail. Due to the limited article length, the use of other locating methods in 3G networks (based on power measurements, on radio direction measurement, and on cells identification -- Cell ID and global positioning system -- GPS) are not described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Innovación Tecnológica is the property of Instituto de Informacion Cientifica y Tecnologica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We study broadcasting, also known as one-to-all communication, in synchronous radio networks with known topology modeled by undirected (symmetric) graphs, where the interference range of a node is likely exceeding its transmission range. In this model, if two nodes are connected by a transmission edge they can communicate directly. On the other hand, if two nodes are connected by an interference edge they cannot communicate directly and transmission of one node disables recipience of any message at the other node. For a network $$G,$$ we term the smallest integer $$d$$, s.t., for any interference edge $$e$$ there exists a simple path formed of at most $$d$$ transmission edges connecting the endpoints of $$e$$ as its interference distance $$d_I$$. In this model the schedule of transmissions is precomputed in advance. It is based on the full knowledge of the size and the topology (including location of transmission and interference edges) of the network. We are interested in the design of fast broadcasting schedules that are energy efficient, i.e., based on a bounded number of transmissions executed at each node. We adopt $$n$$ as the number of nodes, $$D_T$$ is the diameter of the subnetwork induced by the transmission edges, and $$\varDelta $$ refers to the maximum combined degree (formed of transmission and interference edges) of the network. We contribute the following new results: (1) We prove that for networks with the interference distance $$d_I\ge 2$$ any broadcasting schedule requires at least $$D_T+\varOmega (\varDelta \cdot \frac{\log {n}}{\log {\varDelta }})$$ rounds. (2) We provide for networks modeled by bipartite graphs an algorithm that computes $$1$$-shot (each node transmits at most once) broadcasting schedules of length $$O(\varDelta \cdot \log {n})$$. (3) The main result of the paper is an algorithm that computes a $$1$$-shot broadcasting schedule of length at most $$4 \cdot D_T + O(\varDelta \cdot d_I \cdot \log ^4{n})$$ for networks with arbitrary topology. Note that in view of the lower bound from (1) if $$d_I$$ is poly-logarithmic in $$n$$ this broadcast schedule is a poly-logarithmic factor away from the optimal solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During radio's reign on the airwaves, classics and legends were sources for radio plays written for a wide audience. Scriptwriters realized radio's cultural importance and culled classics for material that pushed their conception of "high" culture but still satisfied a wide audience. Radio plays were adapted from William Shakespeare's plays, Edgar Allan Poe's short stories, Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, and Robin Hood's legend. This study covers radio adaptations of Robin Hood broadcast between the 1930s and 1970s: Popeye (1939); Buster Brown (1948); Family Theater (1949); the children's theater program Let's Pretend (1954), Escape (1952), Gunsmoke (1955); and Crisis (1975). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing severe cutbacks in funding from the government and private benefactors, non-profit broadcasters are challenged to sustain meaningful local radio journalism. One survival strategy is to form a strategic alliance with another respected local news organization. This case study examines one such partnership between Miami NPR affiliate WLRN-FM and The Miami Herald newspaper. The study asserts that in addition to offering an innovative business model, this alliance relies heavily on the intangible asset of the brand equity exhibited by both parties. The study concludes with a summary and reflections on the practical realities of replicating this type of alliance in other broadcast markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very low frequency (VLF) communication is used for long range shore-to-ship broadcasting applications. This paper proposes an architecture for high data rate VLF communication using Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) modulation and low delay parity check (LDPC) channel coding. Non-data aided techniques are designed and used for carrier phase synchronization, symbol timing recovery, and LDPC code frame synchronization. These require the estimation of the operative Eb/N0 for which a kurtosis based algorithm is used. Also, a method for modeling the probability density function of the received signal under the bit condition is presented in this regard. The modeling of atmospheric radio noise (ARN) that corrupts VLF signals is described and an algorithm for signal enhancement in the presence of ARN in given. The BER performance of the communication system is evaluated for bit rates of 400 bps, 600 bps, and 800 bps for communication bandwidth of ~200 Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – In sharp contrast to television, various sources of market failure currently prevent market forces fulfilling the promise of digital switchover in radio markets. The purpose of this paper is to review the strengths and weaknesses, business models and market deployment of the two main platforms, with a view to establishing the economic case for higher regulatory involvement in digital radio markets.Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyses the relevant broadcaster, engineering and regulatory literature, with particular emphasis on technical compatibilities among terrestrial radio broadcast technologies, and the technological and economic difficulties they face. The exercise is the first of its kind to scope and bring together these multidisciplinary contributions.Findings – The highly uncoordinated development and deployment of terrestrial digital radio platforms is leading this new digital industry to an impasse. There is a legacy of uncertainty and scepticism amongst market players. Furthermore, prevailing technology and business models have marginalised community radio services and regional audiences.Research limitations/implications – The analysis does not cover the demand side (contents, culture) nor developments in non-terrestrial digital platforms, nor in the US-based IBOC standard.Practical implications – There is considerable scope, particularly in large, sparsely inhabited countries with sizeable rural audiences to remedy the failings of the current fragmented approach through regulatory intervention through platform integration.Originality/value – There is a lack of coherent information published on the potential benefits that the new digital platforms are bringing to the audio broadcasting market, and on the current market difficulties they face. The article remedies this gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radio in Latin America and the Caribbean, Mapa interactivo, is a collective produced in 19 countries and was finished being written in April of 2012. The study consists of an interactive map and a report in PDF form that describes how the radios are called in the region, its number on AM and FM, the frequency distribution and the agencies charged with regulating them in participating countries. Each one of the tables and graphs cited allows the visualization of the current reality of Latin American and Caribbean radio. The end of the article presents the views of the 19 authors of the study regarding the major needs that the radio stations have in their different communities. [TRANSLATION]

Over the last decade, technology has transformed traditional radio broadcasting, not only as a mass medium but also as a cultural industry. Podcasting has been adopted by broadcasters as a useful tool for radio on demand. For broadcasters, it also offers the opportunity to explore new formats and new radio content and the possibility of reaching listeners in new ways. This article discusses the use of podcasting by the main radio networks in Spain. It is based on a quantitative study amongst broadcasters, focused on those chains that have adopted podcasting to offer some of their conventional broadcast programmes. The aim of the present study is to establish which elements of programming and business strategies are motivating the use of podcasts by these radio stations. In addition, this article also provides a first approach to the main genres and programmes supplied in this format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I draw on the contested concepts of naturalness and unnaturalness in narrative, in order to analyse the sporting radio broadcast. I take as my case the ball-by-ball broadcasting of cricket on the BBC radio programme Test Match Special, examining its complexity in narrative terms and uncovering its 'unnatural' elements. The aim of this analysis is to reveal the complexity of the sporting radio broadcast, exposing it as a fictional narrative, and furthermore a most unnatural one at that. In doing this I draw on work by Jan Alber and colleagues (2010), who present an analysis of 'unnatural narratives' defined in terms of logical and/or physical impossibilities in three interconnected areas: unnatural storyworlds; unnatural minds; and unnatural acts of narration. The purpose of this is to exploit the uncertainty inherent in the unstable natural/unnatural dichotomy in order to produce a different reading, thereby enabling new insights to be generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era when audio is increasingly associated with three-minute digital storytelling, the use of crafted oral history in long-form radio narratives deserves to be recognized as a specific genre: the 'COHRD' (Crafted Oral History Radio Documentary), a blend of oral history, art and radio journalism. The author, a long-term practitioner of both disciplines, compares the theory and practice of oral history interviewing and the narrative concerns of the radio documentary/feature producer. The article considers how oral history may be enhanced by imaginative treatment and careful crafting, to yield a hybrid COHRD form. This combines the creative scope of the feature, the editorial gravitas of the documentary and the ground-breaking personal narratives at the heart of oral history. Radio benefits from the in-depth primary research provided by oral history, which often records the experiences of the marginalized and the overlooked. Oral history benefits through broad dissemination and being made more engaging due to the radio documentary/feature aesthetic. The article suggests that the COHRD found a nascent expression in the pioneering work of producers such as Corwin (United States 1947), Mitchell (United Kingdom 1950s) and Terkel (United States 1958) and particularly in the Radio Ballads of MacColl, Parker and Seeger (United Kingdom 1958-64). Podcasting has reinvigorated long-form radio narratives, which can now be sourced online as academic research texts. The COHRD form is exemplified today in programmes such as Hindsight on ABC Radio National (Australia) and Hearing Voices and Radio Diaries on National Public Radio (United States). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the launch of new diffusion technologies has changed the transmission and reception paradigm of traditional media. The podcast has arisen as a new way of distributing on-demand radio material and other related audible content on the Internet. This article discusses the technology, consumption, copyright and new business models in relation to podcasting as a radio enterprise. The text specifically analyses Spanish public and private radio companies, in order to draw a picture of the relationship between podcasting and radio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current article shows that a large extent of the radio advertising of products related to health infringe the current legislation. The analysis of a sample of 430 different commercials, 1,664 taking into account their broadcasting frequency, has permitted to identify the four categories of product which gather the illicit claims: food, beverage, beauty and hygiene and health. The proportion of deceptions for every illicit radio spots reaches 3.99 in the generalist radio and 2.2 in the thematic radio. The most frequent type of deceit refers to products which supposedly provide a sure relief or certain cures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youngsters have very fast adapted to the new digital environment making the most of all possibilities it is offering, whereas radio has slowly reacted with not exactly knowing what its role is in this new ecosystem. Whereas the radio sector deploys the most part of its website's actives, youngsters aged 14-24 years old have preferably opted for the consumption of music content, which they manage themselves in confectioning their playlists; an action that has got the interference of media radio blurred in their media diet. In fact, 25% of youngsters have expressly showed determined disaffection for radio as media. In addition to it, those who listen to radio spend shorter lapse of time in it (the amount of time of content exposure during broadcasting time goes around 15 minutes per day) and with paying not much attention to it (performing other activities at the same time). However, the music offer provided by radio is still referential for them when they make up their own playlists to be heard in their mobile devices. The data presented in this article is part of the Radio and Youths research. Current problems and future trends, a research commissioned by the Associación Catalana de Rádio (Catalan Radio Association) financed by the Culture and Media Department of the Catalan Autonomous Government and carried by the Observatorio de la Rádio a Catalunya (I'OBS, Catalan Radio Observatory). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The written archives of a broadcast media organization are often the only surviving evidence that programmes once existed. Ireland's Radio Éireann (later Raidió Teilifís Éireann), like many state and other broadcasters up until the 1970s, regularly wiped programmes after broadcast when they were deemed to have exhausted their value. An example of such a 'lost' programme is the women's 'magazine feature' Between Ourselves (BETOS), broadcast between 1953 and 1959. This article uses BETOS as a case study to indicate how written archives can reconstruct these vanished artefacts, as well as suggesting the scripts' research value for students of 1950s Ireland, in particular students of women's history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]