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Background: Transitional phase of 2-3 weeks (prelay) before onset of egg production is extremely important for efficient layer. This study evaluates different nutrient density prelay diets on the subsequent performance of White Leghorn layers. Methods: Total 180, 16-week-old White Leghorn pullets assigned to six-prelay feeding strategies (kcal ME per kg/%CP/%Ca) during 16-18 weeks. Treatments were T0 (BIS control-2500/16.0/1.0), T1 (2700/16.0/1.0), T2 (2700/16.0/2.0), T3 (2700/16.0/2.5), T4 (2700/18.0/2.0) and T5 (2700/18.0/2.5). Subsequently, pullets were fed with same layer diet (2600/18.0/3.0) during 19-40 weeks. Various growth and production parameters were recorded. Result: The 18% CP (T4 and T5), 2.0-2.5% Ca (T2 to T5) and 2700 kcal ME/kg (T1 to T5) in prelay diet significantly increased pullets daily metabolic energy (p less than 0.05), protein (p less than 0.05) and calcium (p less than 0.01) intake during 16-18 weeks than 2600 kcal ME/kg (T0), 16.0% CP (T0 to T3) and 1.0% Ca (T0). Prelay diet (T5) improved egg number, per cent egg production, feed efficiency, performance efficiency index and egg feed price ratio without affecting weight gain and feed consumption suggesting that prelay diet is a compromise between grower and layer diets.

Background: Currently prelay nutrition has gained attention in layer industry. Consumer concern attracted researchers to study on different egg qualities. The study was aimed to investigate the impact of different nutrient density prelay diets on egg qualities. Methods: Total 180, 16-week-old White Leghorn pullets assigned to six-prelay feeding strategies (kcal ME per kg/%CP/%Ca) during 16-18 weeks. Treatments were T0 (BIS control-2500/16.0/1.0), T1 (2700/16.0/1.0), T2 (2700/16.0/2.0), T3 (2700/16.0/2.5), T4 (2700/18.0/2.0) and T5 (2700/18.0/2.5). Subsequently, pullets were fed with same layer diet (2600/18.0/3.0) during 19-40 weeks. Various egg quality parameters were recorded during 24-40 weeks of age. Result: Inclusion of 18.0% CP, 2700 kcal ME/kg significantly improved 40th week egg weight (p less than 0.05) and albumen index while reduced yolk weight (p less than 0.01). Prelay diet did not influence shape index and yolk index. The 18.0% prelay CP significantly (p less than 0.01) improved albumen weight and haugh unit. Inclusion of 2.0-2.5% prelay Ca significantly (p less than 0.01) improved shell weight and shell thickness than 1.0%. It is recommended to use 18.0% CP, 2700 kcal ME/kg and 2.5% Ca in prelay diet during 16-18 weeks along with BIS (2007) layer diet during 19-40 weeks age in White Leghorn Layers.

Time Differential Perturbed Angular Correlation (TDPAC) has been used to investigate the local structural changes (if any) in Sodium borosilicate (NBS) Glass and Simulated Waste Oxide loaded sodium borosilicate glass (SNBS) used for immobilization of high-level liquid waste at Trombay, Mumbai. The glasses were doped with 181Hf tracer as TDPAC probe and irradiated with varying dose (1–50 MGy) of gamma radiation using 60Co (average γ energy 1.25 MeV) source. Hyperfine interaction parameters (quadrupole interaction frequency, its distribution and asymmetry of electric field gradient) were obtained for irradiated NBS and SNBS glasses from fitting of TDPAC data using DPAC software. The data was compared with the corresponding unirradiated glasses. Results do not show any micro-crystallinity upon irradiation in both the NBS and SNBS glass even at the highest gamma dose of 50 MGy even though small changes were observed in quadrupole interaction frequency at doses beyond 30 MGy. This suggests that the sodium borosilicate glass used for immobilization of high-level waste at Trombay is stable towards gamma radiation at least up to a gamma dose of 50 MGy.

An attempt was made to increase the solubility of High Level liquid Waste (HLW), mainly Cr and Mo, by addition of P2O5 to sodium borosilicate glass. A total of seven different phosphorus containing alkali borosilicate glass samples were in-house fabricated. As a part of chemical quality control, concentrations of four low Z elements namely Si, Na, B and P were determined by in situ current normalized external (in air) Particle Induced Gamma-ray Emission (PIGE) method using low energy proton beam from Folded Tandem Ion Accelerator (FOTIA), BARC. PIGE method was validated by analyzing synthetic elemental standards and suitable certified reference materials. Phosphorus has shown thermal losses during fabrication.

Time differential perturbed angular correlation (TDPAC) and Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) studies have been carried out on electron beam (EB) irradiated sodium borosilicate (NBS) and simulated waste oxide loaded sodium borosilicate (SNBS) glasses with a view to investigate the effect of self β-irradiation in vitrified high level waste. NBS and SNBS glasses were synthesized and doped with 1.5% HfO2. For TDPAC studies the glasses were doped with 181Hf probe, while for EXAFS studies measurements were carried out at and around Hf LIII edge. TDPAC and EXAFS acquisition were performed before and after electron beam irradiation doses up to 10 MGy for both NBS and SNBS glasses. Fourier transforms of the TDPAC spectra show broad frequency distribution reminiscent of the disordered glass matrix, with increase in hyperfine interaction frequency in irradiated glasses with respect to unirradiated ones as well as with increasing EB dose. On the other hand, the width of the frequency distribution was found to decrease with EB dose. No change in asymmetry of the electric field gradient was observed in irradiated glasses with respect to unirradiated ones. These observations indicate that while there is no indication of appearance of micro-crystallinity in the glasses up to EB dose of 10 MGy, local structural changes around Hf do take place with EB irradiation in both the glasses. No change in metric parameters (Hf-O bond distance and coordination number of Hf) was observed from EXAFS measurements on both NBS and SNBS glasses up to EB dose of 10 MGy.

In present communication, analytical expressions have been developed for electrical efficiency of an opaque (G-T) and a semitransparent (G-G) Photovoltaic panels in different photovoltaic thermal (PVT) configurations. Water and air are used for withdrawing the heat linked with the solar panel. Four configurations of opaque and semitransparent type PV modules have been discussed here. Namely case I: opaque solar panel where water flows above the module; case II: semitransparent solar panel where water flows above the panel; case III: opaque solar panel where air flows at beneath of the panel through duct and water flows above the panel and case IV: semitransparent solar panel where air flows at beneath of the panel through duct and water flows above the panel have been considered for the present study. It has been observed that case IV gives better results with related to the electrical energy generation among all four cases. Average electrical efficiency is increased by 2.29% and 4.17% respectively from case I to III and from case II–IV.

Corporate governance is a system of legal approach by which corporates are directed and controlled. The basic focus is on structures of corporate entities, monitoring and directing them for mitigating risks that have been raised due to misdeeds of various factors. The corporate failures such as those of Enron, Xerox, WorldCom, Satyam, and the ones that followed suit, among other things, highlight shortcomings about internal controls, the institution of boards, functioning of board committees disclosures, transparency, reporting standards, and enhancing stakeholder’s confidence. Since 2001, emphasis has been laid down on the governance mechanism to be reinforced to retrieve accuracy and reliability. Over the years, several initiatives have been undertaken by the policymakers, governments, regulators, and the private sector to reform corporate governance. The global business model of geopolitical affairs, social and regulatory compliance, and cyber security are some of the key elements that have radically transformed corporate governance’s thrust in the present-day corporate context. This paper aims to study the advances in corporate governance practices in terms of its nuances related to board diversity and its evaluation; shareholder activism; environment, social and governance (ESG), and enterprise risk management (ERM).

The global environmental changes owing to natural and anthropogenic influences are challenging the structure and functioning of the ocean ecosystem. The complex processes interacting within the physical, chemical, and biological environment at different spatio-temporal scales and their impact on the ocean ecosystem processes are yet to be investigated. A long term trend on phytoplankton biomass in terms of Chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), phytoplankton compositions and the processes that control the variability is required for understanding the ocean ecosystem. This study investigated decadal trends (2002-2015) of phytoplankton composition and biogeochemical parameters over the Global Ocean (GO), Southern Ocean (SO), and the Arctic Ocean (AO) using ocean color remote sensing and assimilated data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ocean biogeochemical model. The results revealed the dominance of larger cell phytoplankton mainly diatoms throughout the SO and AO; however, the coccolithophores dominate in the remaining part of the GO. Analysis of nutrients showed that nitrate is not a limiting factor for the variability of phytoplankton biomass in the SO and AO. The low nitrate concentration influenced in the rest of the GO. The photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) limiting the phytoplankton biomass and composition in the SO and AO. Although the SO is known as the high nutrient low chlorophyll (HNLC) region of the GO, the low iron concentration along with the PAR co-limits the growth of phytoplankton biomass. Trend analysis showed that an increase in Chl-a and diatoms in the SO and AO. In contrast, it declined significantly in the other regions of the GO, in response to the consistent increase in sea surface temperature. The results indicated that, shifting of phytoplankton community from regional to global scale have a greater implication for climate change and marine ecosystem.

The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 disease has adverse effects on both pregnant women and their fetuses. However the literature about the effects of this disease on placenta and its clinical implication is limited. Here we report two cases of severe oligohydramnios detected in asymptomatic patients with covid infection. In both of our patients, severe oligohydramnios was detected during routine antenatal check up in third trimester of pregnancy. Both the patients underwent cesarean delivery and delivered healthy neonates. The onset of oligohydramnios was noticed to be very fast and not associated with severity of symptoms of Covid-19 infection. It is recommended for increase in number of ultrasound examination in pregnant women positive for covid-19 infection in view of our findings.

Aim To determine the role of scrape cytology in the diagnosis of ovarian neoplasm Material and method This was a prospective study at jlnmc duration of study was from nov 2019 to march 2020 on 100 solid/solid-cystic ovarian neoplasms sent in 10% buffered formalin, then stained with hematoxylin and eosin or Papanicolaou stains. Cytological results were compared with the histological diagnosis taking the latter as the gold standard. Result Among the 100 cases, the standard histopathological diagnosis confirmed 61 as benign, 5 as borderline and 34 as malignant lesion. The diagnostic concordance between cytological and histo pathological study was observed in 97 of the 100 cases. Characteristic cytological pattern was noted in various types of surface epithelial, sex cord stromal and germ cell tumors. The technique had limited value in mucinous tumors to distinguish borderline cases from invasive carcinoma. Conclusions IOC is a good complement to histopathology in the study of ovarian neoplasms, particularly in developing countries like ours, where the facility of frozen sections is often not available. Adequate knowledge on cyto-histological correlation of ovarian scrape cytology may phase out the use of cryostat in intraoperative diagnosis of ovarian neoplasms.

In the present study, decomposition mechanism of CeCl3·xH2O(s) and PrCl3·xH2O(s) was investigated using thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis and evolved gas analysis techniques. Intermediate products formed in the dehydration of RE (Ce, Pr) Cl3·xH2O(s) were characterized by X-ray diffraction analyses. Thermodynamic stability of the RECl3·xH2O(s) and their intermediate products has been determined from the vapor pressure of water measured over the compounds employing dynamic transpiration technique.

A simple, simultaneously multi-elemental, ICP-AES based method was optimized to characterize nuclear high level waste solutions from different origin: research reactors, pressurized heavy water reactor, thoria containing waste and 137Cs rich solutions. It involves identification of interference free analytical lines with the evaluation of their analytical performance including sensitivity, detection limit etc. To compare the results of ICP-AES system, ED-XRF technique has been employed and the results compared well indicating the efficacy of the optimized procedure. For analytes like Fe, Cr, Na, Mn and Ca the detection limits are in the range of 0.001–0.009 mg/L while for other analytes (except U and Th) the detection limits are almost on the order of magnitude poorer. For all the analytes the linear dynamic range exists from the detection limit up to 500 mg/L.

In this paper, we report synthesis and characterization of thorium and strontium substituted synthetic monazite solid-solutions of general formula La1-xSrx/2Thx/2PO4 (0≤x≤1) using solid-state synthesis route and described the influence of charged coupled (Sr2+, Th4+) substitution in place of La3+ on their thermodynamic stability. High temperature calorimetry has been employed to determine the standard molar enthalpy of formation of La1-xSrx/2Thx/2PO4 (0≤x≤1) compounds. The isobaric molar heat capacities of the compounds were measured employing differential scanning calorimetric technique. Based on these experimental data and the available thermodynamic data for the component oxides, thermodynamic properties of the La1-xSrx/2Thx/2PO4 (0≤x≤1) have been derived. The negative value of excess enthalpy of formation ΔHE indicates that the substitution of La by Sr, Th charge couple in the monazite host structure increases their relative stability. Such strong negative interaction parameter is an indication of short-range cation ordering, which found to be more evident at x = 0.3. Based on the experimental results thermodynamic functions for the solid solutions have been generated.

Complex phosphates, such as K3Ln5(PO4)6 are considered as promising materials for immobilization of radioactive waste as well as for selective separation of radio nuclides from nuclear waste. In this paper, we report detail thermodynamic properties of phosphate compounds viz., K3Eu5(PO4)6 and K3Gd5(PO4)6 measured by calorimetric techniques. The standard molar heat capacity of these compounds has been measured in the temperature range 2–300 K by PPMS and 325 to 935 by high temperature Calvet calorimeter. The heat capacities and standard molar entropies of K3Eu5(PO4)6 and K3Gd5(PO4)6 at 298 K are: 688.0, 560.3 J K−1mol−1 and 792.7, 683.7 J K−1mol−1, respectively. The standard molar enthalpy of formation of K3Eu5(PO4)6, and K3Gd5(PO4)6 determined employing high temperature solution calorimeter are found to be −12234.8 ± 61.5 and −11790.9 ± 58.2 kJ mol−1, respectively. The temperature dependent standard molar free energy of formation and other thermodynamic functions for the compounds have been derived from above heat capacity and enthalpy of formation data.

Solar energy is guided by mix mode photovoltaic cell (PV)having thermal effect not only take a part of electricity generation, besides other fundamental approach is to control the rise in temperature of the cell. Our main priority of this type of configuration of cell is for electricity generation. Other aspect of controlling temperature of the cell, fluid is used which carries away excessive gain in temperature. In this paper air as fluid is used that pull out undue amount of heat from the cell module. As the temperature regulated there is very favourable chance of efficiency (electrical) shoots up.In this article, four different experimental set up of mix mode has taken in which a duct made of wood having dimensions 0.86 m × 0.63 m × 0.05 m fixed along with the module in which 10 W capacity DC fan is also incorporated for the circulation of air. Various observations deduce from this paper that case-III has the highest efficiency am ong ot her ca ses. On comparing efficiencies with different cases. Case-III gain of 0.7% more as compared to Case-II where as it is 1.7% more gain than case-I.

Induction heating is a convenient, efficient, and rapid method of heating conducting material under control atmosphere. In this technique, a conducting body is subjected to a rapidly changing magnetic field producing induced current that causes heating effect. The method is widely used for synthesis of alloys, intermetallic phases, and high melting ceramics. Induction heating also finds applications in material processing like annealing, hardening, tempering, brazing, etc. In the present chapter, the principles of induction hearing, description of different components of induction heater, its operation, and some applications of induction heating in material synthesis & processing will be discussed.

Present paper reports the comprehensive study of evacuated tubular collector (ETC) for a fixed outlet temperature from the collector. The detailed numerical modeling has been done in terms of energetic and exergetic gains under constant collection temperature mode of operation. For getting higher outlet temperature, one have to decrease the rate of flow of water in the U-shaped copper tube inserted in the glass tube of the collector, but it has been noticed that mass flow rate gets saturated after a certain value of collection temperature, and there is no meaning of decreasing the mass flow rate after the saturated value for further increase of the outlet temperature. The characteristic equations similar to Hottel–Whiller–Bliss (HWB) have been developed for ETC with U-shaped copper pipe for getting constant outlet temperature. Values of gain and loss terms for constant collection temperatures are found to be 0.69 and 17.42, respectively.

A high voltage pulse power supply developed, generates ∼ 20 kV pulse with fast rise time of $ ns at high repetition rate of 6.25 kHz to drive copper vapor laser. The application of these lasers demands tight control on timing drift and jitter to generate good beam quality and high output power. A study is conducted on timing drift of laser current pulse and steady state warm up time with temperature variations caused by power loss of the components dipped in oil filled pulse generating unit. The paper presents the rate at which oil temperature and timing drift varies with time. It also discusses the modification carried out on cooling line to reduce the steady state operating temperature of components from 52 °C to 43 °C at an operating input power of 7 kW, hence improving the reliability of power supply.

Nowadays, quantum computing is gaining popularity in managing and distributing keys for data transfer this is because of Heisenberg uncertainty principle of quantum physics, which provides unconditional security compared to conventional cryptosystem. The present paper proposes two quantum secret sharing (QSS) schemes, using Lagrange’s interpolation method, for conventional and quantum key distribution system. Security analysis of the proposed schemes exhibits that our schemes are immune to the possible existing attacks, namely intercept-and-resend, photon number splitting (PNS) attack and participants attack. The proposed schemes are studied theoretically; their design and implementation in practical quantum channel indeed may require further research work.

Electroluminescent devices are going through new developments these days. We have proposed a wearable blue light emitting electroluminescence device (EL) for reducing the person’s blood pressure. The EL device was fabricated using screen printing procedure. The developed alternating current electroluminescent device (ACEL) consists of the bottom electrode as indium tin oxide (ITO), barium titanate paste as dielectric layer and silver paste as the upper electrode and ZnS: Cu as the phosphor layer, respectively. The fabricated EL device emits blue light. We have also simulated a PCB in proteus which converts DC voltage to AC voltage. The output AC voltage can be used as the power supply for the EL device. Studies demonstrated that exposure to blue light can reduce the systolic blood pressure of a human being by releasing nitric oxide from skin cells into the circulating blood which reduces the arterial stiffness and contributes to better cardiovascular health. The integration of the power supply PCB with the fabricated electroluminescence display which enables blue light exposure to the person wearing EL device, can decrease the person’s systolic blood pressure. It has been observed from the color purity of the fabricated EL device that the emitted light has coordinates of (0.20,0.23) which represents the region of blue light in CIE Plot.

In this book the author has selected important topics like global warming, e-wastes management, solid waste management, organic farming, vermicomposting and alternatives to fossil fuels. Lot of information and data are included for the benefit of science and engineering students as well as research scholars working on these lines. Hope this book will be useful to them as reference book and will be a priced collection for their own library. All the topics are debatable, some say in favour while other say against of it while the author has tried to analyze all topics from scientific background. Global warming, though not agreed by many people, has already started showing its symptoms by irregular rains, hot summer in some places while cold winter somewhere else indicating the imbalance of nature. A systematic, low cost and employment generating approach has been discussed to manage the solid waste menace of the urban locality. Easy vermicomposting technique and its prospects and problems are discussed in detail for the benefit of people. The necessity of alternatives to petroleum fuel for keeping the wheels of nations progress always in dynamic speed has also been narrated with facts and figures. Hope, all these will attract the readers to refer the book in different perspective

In the present paper we study error estimation by new family of Generalized Bernstein type Polynomial in terms of modulus of continuity. In this paper we obtained new results related to generalizations of Bernstein's approximation theorem using Lebesgue integrable function. The main aim of the present paper, is to extend the result due to Bernstein [1], Lorentz [5] and Voronowskaja [6] for Labesgue integrable functions in L1-norm by polynomial, which is more generalized form.

An air and moisture stable Pd(II) complex with a pyridyl based selenoether ligand was synthesized and characterized with microanalysis, UV–Vis and NMR spectroscopy. The molecular structure of the complex was established by single crystal XRD analysis. The complex upon thermolysis in oleyl amine (OAm) at higher temperatures about 270 °C afforded Pd17Se15 nanoparticles of average dimensions around 14–19 nm. Phase purity, crystal structure and morphology of nanomaterials were assessed by pXRD, EDS and electron microscopy. Growth duration of nanoparticles was found to have profound effect on the particle size of Pd17Se15 nanoparticles. Time dependent studies indicate that the preparation of Pd17Se15 nanoparticles from molecular precursor proceeds via the involvement of Pd nanoparticles.

A considerable amount is being invested by the vehicle developers in reducing the power needed for propulsion. The vehicle is optimized such to reduce the aerodynamic drag as the drag force is the leading resistance to the motion of vehicle. The flow separation at the rear end of the vehicle is one of the major causes of this drag. This paper investigates the effect of the delta shaped aerodynamic devices, known as vortex generators, installed at the roof of a hatchback type car to delay the flow separation. Mostly vortex generators are used in aircrafts and faster road vehicles with a notch at rear like the sedans. This experiment, unlike the previous researches, investigates and compares the aerodynamic drag and lift of the hatch back vehicle with and without Vortex Generator. Here it is represented that the improvement in aerodynamic drag force reduction, although of very minimal amount, can be achieved by using VGs on hatch back type cars.

In the present paper, we report the standard molar Gibbs energy of formation for CaThF6 measured by gas equilibration and e.m.f. methods. The HF(g) vapour pressure over the equilibrium reaction: $${\text{CaThF}}_{6} \left( {\text{cr}} \right) + 2 {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}\left( {\text{g}} \right) = {\text{CaF}}_{2} \left( {\text{cr}} \right) + {\text{ThO}}_{2} \left( {\text{cr}} \right) + 4{\text{HF}}\left( {\text{g}} \right)$$ has been measured using transpiration technique. The above reaction mechanism has been established employing TG and XRD techniques. A fluoride e.m.f. cell: (−)Pt, CaF2(cr) + ThOF2(cr) + CaThF6(cr) |CaF2(cr)| NiO(cr) + NiF2(cr), Pt(+) has been constructed to measure Gibbs energy of formation of CaThF6 (cr) using CaF2 (cr) as a solid electrolyte. The isobaric heat capacity $${\text{Cp}}_{\text{m}}^{{\circ }} \left( T \right)$$ of the compound has been measured using differential scanning calorimetric technique. Based on the experimental results, thermodynamic functions for CaThF6 have been generated.

This paper deals with the development of analytical characteristic equation for N identical fully covered photovoltaic thermal (PVT) compound parabolic concentrator collector (CPC) integrated solar distillation system which is similar to Hottel-Whillier-Bliss equation of flat plate collector (FPC). The partially covered PVT has disadvantages like (a) thermal performance is lower due to higher top loss coefficient, (b) maintenance is higher and (c) fabrication is expensive. These problems are fully addressed in the case of fully covered PVT for the same watt peak. The development of analytical characteristic equation for the proposed system consists of writing energy balance equations for its various components. The results of proposed N-PVT-CPC integrated active solar distillation system [case (i)] has been compared with fully covered N identical PVT-FPC integrated solar distillation system [case (ii)] and conventional N identical FPC active solar distillation system [case (iii)]. It has been observed that average instantaneous efficiency of case (i) is higher than case (ii) by 10.60%, but lower than case (iii) by 20.74%.

In this communication, an attempt has been made to develop modified Hottel-Whillier-Bliss (HWB) equation for N-number of fully covered photovoltaic thermal- compound parabolic concentrator (N-PVT-CPC) collector. The Analysis is based on basic energy balance equations for each component of the system as a function of design and climatic parameters. Developed modified Hottel-Whillier-Bliss (HWB) equation is applicable for various configurations namely conventional flat plate-compound parabolic concentrator (FPC-CPC), fully covered photovoltaic thermal-flat plate collectors (PVT-FPC) and conventional flat plate collectors (FPC) as a special case. The characteristic curve for thermal and electrical efficiency has also been developed for all cases considered in the present paper. Further, an experimental validation for N = 1 has also been carried out under indoor simulation condition.

In the present paper we report the standard molar Gibbs energy of formation of SrThF6 and BaThF6 measured by gas equilibration method employing transpiration technique. The chemical equilibrium between MThF6 (cr) (M = Sr, Ba) and moisture: M T h F 6 ( c r ) + 2 H 2 O ( g ) = M F 2 ( c r ) + T h O 2 ( c r ) + 4 H F ( g ) has been employed to determine thermodynamic stability of these compounds. The equilibrium constant ‘Kp’ at different temperatures was calculated using partial pressure of HF(g) measured at a fixed vapour pressure of water p(H2O). The Gibbs energy of formation for SrThF6(cr) and BaThF6(cr) could be expressed as: ΔfG°m (SrThF6, cr)(±8 kJ mol−1) = −3288 + 0.3776 T and ΔfG°m (BaThF6, cr) (±7 kJ mol−1) = −3292 + 0.378T. The isobaric heat capacity of these compounds was measured employing differential scanning calorimetric technique. Based on the experimental results thermodynamic functions for SrThF6 and BaThF6 have been generated.

Lithium based ceramics namely lithium titanate, lithium zirconate, and lithium aluminate are proposed materials for tritium breeding in a D-T based fusion reactor. Thermodynamic stability of these materials is important for their use under extreme conditions. In this paper, the thermodynamic stability analysis of lithium titanate, lithium zirconate, and lithium aluminate ceramics is reported. The standard molar enthalpy of formation Li2TiO3(s), Li2ZrO3(s), and LiAlO2(s) compounds have been determined for the first time employing an isoperibol room temperature solution calorimeter. The standard molar enthalpy of formation of Li2TiO3(s), Li2ZrO3(s), and LiAlO2(s) at 298.15 K are found to be – (1632.4 ± 9.7), – (1776.7 ± 6.7), and – (1188.2 ± 5.2) kJ·mol−1, respectively. The isobaric heat capacity of these compounds has been measured over the temperature range 300 K to 770 K employing Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). Using the above experimental results the standard molar Gibbs energy of formation and other thermodynamic functions for these compounds have been derived and compared with the literature values.

In the present paper, thermodynamic properties of compounds of ZnO-V2O5 system have been reported. Phase pure compounds of ZnO-V2O5 system viz., ZnV2O6, Zn2V2O7, Zn3V2O8 and Zn4V2O9 have been prepared and characterized. The standard molar enthalpies of formation of these compounds at 298 K ( ∆ f H 298 o ) and their isobaric heat capacity were determined employing calorimetric techniques. From their enthalpy of formation and the temperature dependent molar heat capacity data, thermodynamic functions of ZnV2O6(s), Zn2V2O7(s), Zn3V2O8(s) and Zn4V2O9(s) compounds have been derived. From these derived thermodynamic parameters, the relative stabilities of the compounds were determined.

Aim The aim of this study was to compare the cytological features of exudative uids by conventional smear (CS) method and cell block (CB) method and also to assess the utility of the combined approach for cytodiagnosis of these effusions. Materials and Methods: One hundred cases pleural and peritoneal exudative uid samples were subjected to evaluation by both CS and CB methods over a period of 6 months between March 2019 to September 2019. Cellularity, architecture patterns, morphological features and yield for malignancy were compared, using the two methods. Along with the conventional smears, cell blocks were prepared by using 10% alcohol–formalin as xative agent. Result Cellularity and additional yield for malignancy was 5% more by the CB method. Conclusions CB produced signicantly better results while detecting malignant lesions and reducing suspicious results. CB technique denitively increased detection of malignancy in uid effusion when used as an adjunct to CSs. Also, CB provides material suitable for molecular genetic analysis for targeted therapies.