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Abstract A transtibial prosthetic interface typically comprises a compliant liner and an outer rigid socket. The preponderance of today’s conventional liners are mass produced in standard sizes, and conventional socket design is labor-intensive and artisanal, lacking clear scientific rationale. This work tests the clinical efficacy of a novel, physics-based digital design framework to create custom prosthetic liner-socket interfaces. In this investigation, we hypothesize that the novel digital approach will improve comfort outcomes compared to a conventional method of liner-socket design. The digital design framework generates custom transtibial prosthetic interfaces starting from MRI or CT image scans of the residual limb. The interface design employs FEA to simulate limb deformation under load. Interfaces are fabricated for 9 limbs from 8 amputees (1 bilateral). Testing compares novel and conventional interfaces across four assessments: 5-min walking trial, thermal imaging, 90-s standing pressure trial, and an evaluation questionnaire. Outcome measures include antalgic gait criterion, skin surface pressures, skin temperature changes, and direct questionnaire feedback. Antalgic gait is compared via a repeated measures linear mixed model while the other assessments are compared via a non-parametric Wilcoxon sign-rank test. A statistically significant ( $$P=0.032$$ ) decrease in pain is demonstrated when walking on the novel interfaces compared to the conventional. Standing pressure data show a significant decrease in pressure on novel interfaces at the anterior distal tibia ( $$P = 0.012$$ ), with no significant difference at other measured locations. Thermal results show no statistically significant difference related to skin temperature. Questionnaire feedback shows improved comfort on novel interfaces on posterior and medial sides while standing and the medial side while walking. Study results support the hypothesis that the novel digital approach improves comfort outcomes compared to the evaluated conventional method. The digital interface design methodology also has the potential to provide benefits in design time, repeatability, and cost.

Abstract This study addresses the effect of using animal excreta on the nutritional content of forages, focusing on macro- and micro-element concentrations (nitrogen; N, phosphorus; P, sulphur; S, copper; Cu, zinc; Zn, manganese; Mn, selenium; Se) from animal feed to excreta, soil, and plants. Data were collected from pot and field trials using separate applications of sheep or cattle urine and faeces. Key findings indicate that soil organic carbon (SOC) and the type of excreta significantly influences nutrient uptake by forages, with varied responses among the seven elements defined above. Although urine contributes fewer micronutrients compared to faeces (as applied at a natural volume/mass basis, respectively), it notably improves forage yield and micronutrient accumulation, thus potentially delivering positive consequences at the farm level regarding economic performance and soil fertility when swards upon clayey soil types receive said urine in temperate agro-climatic regions (i.e., South West England in the current context). In contrast, faeces application in isolation hinders Se and Mn uptake, once again potentially delivering unintended consequences such as micronutrient deficiencies in areas of high faeces deposition. As it is unlikely that (b)ovine grazing fields will receive either urine or faeces in isolation, we also explored combined applications of both excreta types which demonstrates synergistic effects on N, Cu, and Zn uptake, with either synergistic or dilution effects being observed for P and S, depending largely on SOC levels. Additionally, interactions between excreta types can result in dilution or antagonistic effects on Mn and Se uptake. Notably, high SOC combined with faeces reduces Mn and Se in forages, raising concerns for grazed ruminant systems under certain biotic situations, e.g., due to insufficient soil Se levels typically observed in UK pastures for livestock growth. These findings underscore the importance of considering SOC and excreta nutritional composition when designing forage management to optimize nutrient uptake. It should be noted that these findings have potential ramifications for broader studies of sustainable agriculture through system-scale analyses, as the granularity of results reported herein elucidate gaps in knowledge which could affect, both positively and negatively, the interpretation of model-based environmental impact assessments of cattle and sheep production (e.g., in the case of increased yields [beneficial] or the requirement of additional synthetic supplementation [detrimental]).

Abstract Ankle push-off power plays an important role in healthy walking, contributing to center-of-mass acceleration, swing leg dynamics, and accounting for 45% of total leg power. The majority of existing passive energy storage and return prostheses for people with below-knee (transtibial) amputation are stiffer than the biological ankle, particularly at slower walking speeds. Additionally, passive devices provide insufficient levels of energy return and push-off power, negatively impacting biomechanics of gait. Here, we present a clinical study evaluating the kinematics and kinetics of walking with a microprocessor-controlled, variable-stiffness ankle-foot prosthesis (945 g) compared to a standard low-mass passive prosthesis (Ottobock Taleo, 463 g) with 7 study participants having unilateral transtibial amputation. By modulating prosthesis stiffness under computer control across walking speeds, we demonstrate that there exists a stiffness that increases prosthetic-side energy return, peak power, and center-of-mass push-off work, and decreases contralateral limb peak ground reaction force compared to the standard passive prosthesis across all evaluated walking speeds. We demonstrate a significant increase in center-of-mass push-off work of 26.1%, 26.2%, 29.6% and 29.9% at 0.75 m/s, 1.0 m/s, 1.25 m/s, and 1.5 m/s, respectively, and a significant decrease in contralateral limb ground reaction force of 3.1%, 3.9%, and 3.2% at 1.0 m/s, 1.25 m/s, and 1.5 m/s, respectively. This study demonstrates the potential for a quasi-passive microprocessor-controlled variable-stiffness prosthesis to increase push-off power and energy return during gait at a range of walking speeds compared to a passive device of a fixed stiffness.

Background: Knee arthrofibrosis is a common complication after surgical fixation of tibial spine fractures. However, there is no standardized treatment modality for resultant arthrofibrosis, with some surgeons electing for nonoperative management, while others prefer manipulation under anesthesia with a possible arthroscopic lysis of adhesions, if indicated. To better understand indications and outcomes from these treatment modalities for arthrofibrosis, we examined patients treated by both approaches. Methods: We performed a multicenter retrospective case series of patients with arthrofibrosis after tibial spine fracture surgery. Arthrofibrosis was defined as loss of knee extension ≥10.0° and/or knee flexion ≥25.0° compared to the contralateral, uninjured knee at three months following index surgery. Patients were organized into 2 cohorts: nonoperative and operative treatment. Data were collected for demographics, fracture classification, concomitant injuries, treatment timeline, and knee range of motion. Results: There were 16 patients in the operative group and 10 patients in the nonoperative group. At the time of diagnosis, the operative group had a mean 10° larger flexion deficit compared to the nonoperative group. Both treatment modalities resulted in similar ranges of motion at terminal evaluation. Final flexion was recorded as 130° in the operative group and 127° in the nonoperative group. Final extension deficits were 3° in both cohorts. Conclusions: Operative and nonoperative treatment modalities can be effective in management of knee arthrofibrosis after fixation of tibial spine fractures. Nonoperative treatment may be more suitable for milder range of motion deficits, but further research is necessary to guide clinical practice. Key Concepts: (1) Cohorts were similar in demographics, fracture classification, and concomitant injuries. (2) Patients who received a second operation presented with a greater flexion deficit. (3) The mean time between initial surgery and reoperation was 85 days. (4) Operative and nonoperative treatment of arthrofibrosis resulted in similar outcomes. Level of Evidence: Level IV, Case Series

Contemporary views on meat reflect an ambiguous status of appreciation and rejection, especially in the urbanised West, and tend to come with strong moral overtones. The portrayal of (red) meat as an intrinsically harmful food choice by certain academics, non-governmental organisations, mass media, and public-private partnerships contributes to this tension. Although most of these voices are merely calling for a moderation of the consumption of meat in areas with high intake, others are radical and demand a drastic reduction or even elimination, as will be documented in this article. Some scientists are beginning to articulate their concern about an ongoing trend towards unbalanced communications and anti-meat militancy in both academic and policy circles. The perceived threat is not only that the vilification of meat may add to the ongoing moralisation of dietary choices and societal polarisation, but also that it may further undermine an already precarious situation of public health and a fragile food system, especially (but not only) in the Global South. Minimising livestock may also come with unintended harmful effects on ecosystems and livelihoods. The ‘Dublin Declaration of Scientists on the Societal Role of Livestock’, issued in October 2022, exemplifies such concern. Together with the body of evidence to which it refers, the Dublin Declaration is to be read as a petition for pragmatism, demanding sufficiently high standards of evidence, and more respect for the principle of caution when it comes to policies that have the intention to severely challenge the role of meat and other animal source foods in future diets.HIGHLIGHTS There is an ongoing trend towards unbalanced communications and anti-meat militancy in media and academic and policy circles Minimising livestock beyond a critical threshold may come with unintended harmful effects on nutrient security, ecosystems, and livelihoods The ‘Dublin Declaration of Scientists on the Societal Role of Livestock’ serves as petition for pragmatism, caution, and evidence-based policies

Abstract The increasing accuracy of current and planned experiments to measure the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon requires more precision and reliability of its theoretical calculation. For this purpose, we calculate the differential cross section for the process of annihilation of an electron-positron pair into two photons, one of which is virtual, accompanied by the emission of soft photons, taking into account radiative corrections of the order α 2. The results obtained can be used to improve the accuracy of calculating the contribution of the hadron vacuum polarization to the muon anomalous moment. It is shown that all logarithmically amplified two-loop corrections can be easily found using modern theorems of soft and collinear factorizations and available one-loop results.

Abstract The stratosphere has previously been shown to be a significant source of subseasonal tropospheric predictability. The ability of ensemble prediction systems to appropriately exploit this depends on their ability to reproduce the statistical properties of the real atmosphere. In this study, we investigate predictability properties of the coupled stratosphere‐troposphere system in the sub‐seasonal to seasonal prediction project hindcasts by fitting a simple, minimal model. We diagnose the signal and noise components of each system in the stratosphere and troposphere and their coupling. We find that while the correlation skill scores are similar in most systems, the signal to noise properties can be substantially different. In the stratosphere, some systems are significantly overconfident, with a quantifiable impact on the tropospheric confidence. We link the method and details of the design of a prediction system to these predictive properties.

Hematite (α-Fe2O3) is one of the most promising and widely used semiconductors for application in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, owing to its moderate bandgap in the visible spectrum and earth abundance. However, α-Fe2O3 is limited by short hole-diffusion lengths. Ultrathin α-Fe2O3 films are often used to limit the distance required for hole transport, therefore mitigating the impact of this property. The development of highly controllable and scalable ultrathin film deposition techniques is therefore crucial to the application of α-Fe2O3. Here, a plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) process for the deposition of homogenous, conformal, and thickness-controlled α-Fe2O3 thin films (2 plasma co-reactant at relatively low reactor temperatures, ranging from 200 to 300 °C. Optimisation of deposition protocols was performed using the thin film growth per cycle and the duration of each cycle as optimisation metrics. Linear growth rates (constant growth per cycle) were measured for the optimised protocol, even at high cycle counts (up to 1200), confirming that all deposition is ‘true’ atomic layer deposition (ALD). Photoelectrochemical water splitting performance was measured under solar simulated irradiation for pristine α-Fe2O3 deposited onto FTO, and with a α-Fe2O3-coated TiO2 nanorod photoanode.

Abstract The form (organic versus inorganic) of minerals (Se, Zn, Cu and Mn), supplemented to sheep (Charolais × Suffolk-Mule (mean weight = 57 ± 2.9 kg) at two European industrial doses, on the return of micronutrients to pasture via nutrient partitioning and composition in sheep urine and faeces was investigated. This gave four treatments in total with 6 animals per treatment (n = 24). The form of the supplemented minerals did not influence the excretory partitioning of micronutrients (Se, Zn, Cu and Mn) between urine and faeces, nor on their concentrations in the excreta. The two doses trialed however, may influence the Se flux in the environment through altering the ratios of Se:P and Se:S ratios in the faeces and Se:S ratio in the urine. Administration of the mineral supplements also improved the retention of P in sheep reducing its excretion via urine. Although the concentrations of readily bioavailable micronutrients in the faeces were not affected by the mineral forms, there were differences in the more recalcitrant fractions of Se, Zn and Cu (as inferred via a sequential extraction) in faeces when different forms of supplemental minerals were offered. The potential impact of these differences on micronutrient flux in pasture requires further investigation.

Abstract Rothamsted Research (RRes) is the world's oldest agricultural research centre, notable for the development of the first synthetic fertilizer (superphosphate) and long‐term farming experiments (LTEs) spanning over 170 years. In 2015, RRes recruited several life cycle assessment (LCA) experts and began adopting the method to utilize high resolution agronomical data covering livestock (primarily ruminants), grassland/forage productivity and quality, and arable systems established on its North Wyke Farm Platform (NWFP) and the LTEs. The NWFP is a UK ‘National Bioscience Research Infrastructure’ (NBRI) developed for informing and testing systems science utilising high‐resolution data to determine whether it is possible to produce nutritious food sustainably. Thanks largely to the multidisciplinary knowledge at RRes, and its collaborators, its LCA Team has been at the forefront of methodological advances during a 6‐year Institute Strategic Programme (ISP) ‘Soil‐to‐Nutrition’ (S2N). While S2N investigated the co‐benefits and trade‐offs of new mechanistic understanding of efficient nutrient use across scales from pot to landscape, this commentary specifically synthesizes progress in incorporating human nutrition in the context of environmental footprinting, known as ‘nutritional LCA’ (nLCA). We conclude our commentary with a brief discussion on future pathways of exploration and methodological developments covering various activities along entire agri‐food supply‐chains.

Abstract We use a normal mode approach to show full and partial state transfer in a class of coupled resonator networks with underlying su(2) symmetry that includes the so-called $$J_{x}$$ J x photonic lattice. Our approach defines an auxiliary Hermitian coupling matrix describing the network that yields the normal modes of the system and its time evolution in terms of orthogonal polynomials. Our results provide insight on the full quantum state reconstruction time in a general su(2) network of any size and the full quantum transfer time in the $$J_{x}$$ J x network of size $$4 n + 1$$ 4 n + 1 with $$n=1,2,3,\ldots$$ n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … For any other network sizes, the Fock state probability distribution of the initial state is conserved but the amplitudes suffer a phase shift proportional to $$\pi /2$$ π / 2 that results in partial quantum state transfer.

ABSTRACT The test performance and potential clinical utility of the ePlex blood culture identification Gram-negative (BCID-GN) panel was evaluated relative to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry on bacterial isolates and conventional antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The majority (106/108, 98.1%) of GN bacteria identified by MALDI were on the BCID-GN panel, and valid tests (107/108, 99.1%) yielded results on average 26.7 h earlier. For all valid tests with on-panel organisms, the positive percent agreement was 102/105 (97.2%) with 3 false negatives and the negative percent agreement was 105/105. Chart review (n = 98) showed that in conjunction with Gram stain results, negative pan-Gram-positive (GP) markers provided the opportunity to discontinue GP antibiotic coverage in 63/98 (64.3%) cases on average 26.2 h earlier. Only 8/12 (66.7%) Enterobacterales isolates with resistance to third-generation cephalosporins harbored the CTX-M gene. In contrast, 8/8 CTX-M+ samples yielded a resistant isolate. Detection of 1 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (18 h), 1 OXA23/48+ Acinetobacter baumannii (52.4 h), and 3 CTX-M+ Enterobacterales isolates on ineffective treatment (47.1 h) and 1 on suboptimal therapy (72.6 h) would have additionally enabled early antimicrobial optimization in 6/98 (6.1%) patients. IMPORTANCE The GenMark Dx ePlex rapid blood culture diagnostic system enables earlier time to identification of antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative bacteria causing bloodstream infections. Its ability to rule out Gram-positive bacteria enabled early discontinuation of unnecessary antibiotics in 63/98 (64.3%) cases on average 26.2 h earlier. Detection of bacteria harboring the CTX-M gene as well as early identification of highly resistant bacteria such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Acinetobacter baumannii enabled optimization of ineffective therapy in 6/98 (6.1%) patients. Its implementation in clinical microbiology laboratories optimizes therapy and improves patient care.

Layered boron compounds attract enormous interest in applications. This work reports first-principles calculations coupled with global optimization to show that the outer boron surface in MgB2 nanosheets undergo disordering and clustering, which is experimentally confirmed in synthesized MgB2 nanosheets.

Grapefruit trees in South Africa have been cross protected against severe stem pitting genotypes of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) since the 1920s using a mild strain initially called ‘Nartia’ but later referred to as grapefruit mild strain 12 (GFMS12). In the current study, the GFMS12 isolate was used as the source for single aphid transmissions (SAT) using Toxoptera citricida, commonly called the brown citrus aphid (BrCA). The BrCA-transmitted CTV sub-isolates were analyzed by the heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA), serological assays, genetic marker analysis (GMA), and selected sub-isolates were biologically indexed. Reverse transcription PCR of genomic regions was conducted using universal primers followed by cloning the PCR products, HMA and sequence analysis; nine genotypes of CTV were identified in the complex of GFMS12, including both severe and mild genotypes. A single BrCA transmitted up to six CTV genotypes simultaneously in one sub-isolate. The HMA was found to be a rapid, reliable tool for the identification of genotypes and can be useful in the development of CTV management strategies and budwood certification programs.

Abstract Although climate impacts of ruminant agriculture are a major concern worldwide, using policy instruments to force grazing farms out of the livestock industry may diminish opportunities to produce nutritious food without exacerbating the food-feed competition for fertile and accessible land resources. Here, we present a new set of quantitative evidence to demonstrate that, per unit of overall nutrient value supplied by a given commodity, the demand for land suitable for human-edible crop production is considerably smaller under ruminant systems than monogastric systems, and consistently so at both farm and regional scales. We also demonstrate that imposition of a naïvely designed “red meat tax” has the potential to invite socioeconomic losses far greater than its environmental benefits, due largely to the induced misallocation of resources at the national scale. Our results reiterate the risk inherent in an excessively climate-focused debate on the role of livestock in human society and call for more multidimensional approaches of sustainability assessment to draw better-balanced policy packages.

The mechanisms driving metabolic dysfunction in obesity remain incompletely understood. Here, the authors show that the levels of Hippo pathway effector YAP are reduced in muscle from individuals with insulin resistance and obese-diabetic mice, and that YAP promotes skeletal muscle lipid metabolism and limits adiposity in obese mice.

Abstract We calculate the master integrals for bipartite cuts of the three-loop propagator QED diagrams. These master integrals determine the spectral density of the photon self energy. Our results are expressed in terms of the iterated integrals, which, apart from the 4m cut (the cut of 4 massive lines), reduce to Goncharov’s polylogarithms. The master integrals for 4m cut have been calculated in our previous paper in terms of the one-fold integrals of harmonic polylogarithms and complete elliptic integrals. We provide the threshold and high-energy asymptotics of the master integrals found, including those for 4m cut.

Abstract Introduction Pelvic congestion syndrome is a controversial topic. Pelvic vein embolization is a minimally invasive treatment for pelvic congestion syndrome. We aimed to assess the quality of information available on the Internet and determine how accessible information provided by the main IR societies was to patients. Materials and methods The most commonly used term relating to pelvic vein embolization was searched across the five most-used English language search engines, with the first 25 web pages returned by each engine included for analysis. Duplicate web pages, nontext content and web pages behind paywalls were excluded. Web pages were analyzed for quality and readability using validated tools: DISCERN score, JAMA Benchmark Criteria, HONcode Certification, Flesch Reading Ease Score, Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level, and Gunning–Fog Index. Results The most common applicable term was “Pelvic Vein Embolization”. Mean DISCERN quality of information provided by websites is “fair”. Flesh–Kincaid readability tests and Gunning–Fog Index demonstrated an average “college level” of reading ease. HON code certification was demonstrated in less than one third of web pages. Professional societies and scientific journals demonstrated the highest average JAMA and DISCERN scores, while for-profit organizations and healthcare providers demonstrated the lowest. Only information from 1 of 3 interventional societies was included in the first 25 search engine pages. Conclusion The quality of information available online to patients is “fair” and outside of scientific journals the majority of web pages do not meet the JAMA benchmark criteria. These findings call for the production of high-quality and comprehensible content regarding interventional radiology, where physicians can reliably direct their patients for information.

Summary Proliferation of filamentous fungi following ingress of oxygen to silage is an important cause of dry matter losses, resulting in significant waste. In addition, the production of mycotoxins by some filamentous fungi poses a risk to animal health through mycotoxicosis. Quantitative assessment of fungal growth in silage, through measurement of ergosterol content, colony‐forming units or temperature increase is limiting in representing fungal growth dynamics during aerobic spoilage due to being deficient in either representing fungal biomass or being able to identify specific genera. Here, we conducted a controlled environment aerobic exposure experiment to test the efficacy of a monoclonal antibody‐based enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the proliferation of fungal biomass in six silage samples. We compared this to temperature which has been traditionally deployed in such experiments and on‐farm to detect aerobic deterioration. In addition, we quantified ergosterol, a second marker of fungal biomass. After 8 days post‐aerobic exposure, the ergosterol and ELISA methods indicated an increase in fungal biomass in one of the samples with a temperature increase observed after 16 days. A comparison of the methods with Pearson's correlation coefficient showed a positive association between temperature and ergosterol and both markers of fungal biomass. This work indicates that the technology has potential to be used as an indicator of microbial degradation in preserved forage. Consequently, if it developed as an on‐farm technique, this could inform forage management decisions made by farmers, with the goal of decreasing dry matter losses, improving resource and nutrient efficiency and reducing risks to animal health.

Purpose of Investigation: This study aimed to compare pregnancy outcomes based on parity in women older than 40 years. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included women older than 40 years with singleton pregnancy, who delivered after 24 weeks of gestation. They were divided into two groups on the basis of parity, and maternal and perinatal outcomes were compared. Results: This study included 432 women, with primiparous women (n=111) comprising a quarter among them. The mean parity of multiparous women was 1.8, and the mean interval from the previous pregnancy was 9.5 years. On analyzing multivariable logistic regression-adjusted confounding factors, small for gestational age (SGA) neonates (OR, 2.525; 95% CI, 11.407-4.529) were associated with primiparous women. The occurrence of preterm birth before 37 weeks of gestation (OR, 1.783; 95% confidence CI, 1.080-2.942) was increased in multiparous women. Conclusion: There are different pregnancy outcomes between primiparous and multiparous women. Preterm birth is more frequent in multiparous women, with an extremely long interval to subsequent pregnancy. The incidence of SGA newborns was higher among primiparous women.

Animal welfare is an inextricable part of livestock production and sustainability. Assessing welfare, beyond physical indicators of health, is challenging and often relies on qualitative techniques. Behaviour is a key component of welfare to consider and Qualitative Behaviour Assessment (QBA) aims to achieve this by systematically scoring behaviour across specific terms. In recent years, numerous studies have conducted QBA by using video footage, however, the method was not originally developed using video and video QBA (V-QBA) requires validation. Forty live QBAs were conducted, by two assessors, on housed beef cattle to help fill this validation gap. Video was recorded over the assessment period and a second video assessment was conducted. Live and video scores for each term were compared for both correlation and significant difference. Principle component analysis (PCA) was then conducted and correlations and differences between QBA and V-QBA for the first two components were calculated. Of the 20 terms, three were removed due to an overwhelming majority of scores of zero. Of the remaining 17 terms, 12 correlated significantly, and a significant pairwise difference was found for one (“Bored”). QBA and V-QBA results correlated across both PC1 (defined as “arousal”) and PC2 (defined as “mood”). Whilst there was no significant difference between the techniques for PC1, there was for PC2, with V-QBA generally yielding lower scores than QBA. Furthermore, based on PC1 and PC2, corresponding QBA and V-QBA scores were significantly closer than would be expected at random. Results found broad agreement between QBA and V-QBA at both univariate and multivariate levels. However, the lack of absolute agreement and muted V-QBA results for PC2 mean that caution should be taken when implementing V-QBA and that it should ideally be treated independently from live QBA until further evidence is published. Future research should focus on a greater variety of animals, environments, and assessors to address further validation of the method.

Abstract Magmas with matrix glass compositions ranging from basalt to dacite erupted from a series of 24 fissures in the first 2 weeks of the 2018 Lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption of Kīlauea Volcano. Eruption styles ranged from low spattering and fountaining to strombolian activity. Major element trajectories in matrix glasses and melt inclusions hosted by olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase are consistent with variable amounts of fractional crystallization, with incompatible elements (e.g., Cl, F, and H2O) becoming enriched by 4–5 times as melt MgO contents evolve from 6 to 0.5 wt%. The high viscosity and high H2O contents (∼2 wt%) of the dacitic melts erupting at Fissure 17 account for the explosive Strombolian behavior exhibited by this fissure, in contrast to the low fountaining and spattering observed at fissures erupting basaltic to basaltic‐andesite melts. Saturation pressures calculated from melt inclusion CO2‐H2O contents indicate that the magma reservoir(s) supplying these fissures was located at ∼2–3 km depth, which is in agreement with the depth of a dacitic magma body intercepted during drilling in 2005 (∼2.5 km) and a seismically imaged low Vp/Vs anomaly (∼2 km depth). Nb/Y ratios in erupted products are similar to lavas erupted between 1955 and 1960, indicating that melts were stored and underwent variable amounts of crystallization in the LERZ for >60 years before being remobilized by a dike intrusion in 2018. We demonstrate that extensive fractional crystallization generates viscous and volatile‐rich magma with potential for hazardous explosive eruptions, which may be lurking undetected at many ocean island volcanoes.

The use of multispecies swards on livestock farms is growing due to the wide range of benefits they bring, such as improved biomass yield and animal performance. Preferential uptake of micronutrients by some plant species means the inclusion of legumes and forbs in grass-dominated pasture swards could improve micronutrient provision to livestock via careful species selection. However, although soil properties affect plant micronutrient concentrations, it is unknown whether choosing 'best-performing' species, in terms of their micronutrient content, needs to be soil-specific or whether the recommendations can be more generic. To address this question, we carried out an experiment with 15 common grass, forb and legume species grown on four soils for five weeks in a controlled environment. The soils were chosen to have contrasting properties such as texture, organic matter content and micronutrient concentrations. The effect of soil pH was tested on two soils (pH 5.4 and 7.4) chosen to minimise other confounding variables. Yield was significantly affected by soil properties and there was a significant interaction with botanical group but not species within a botanical group (grass, forb or legume). There were differences between botanical groups and between species in both their micronutrient concentrations and total uptake. Micronutrient herbage concentrations often, but not always, reflected soil micronutrient concentrations. There were soil-botanical group interactions for micronutrient concentration and uptake by plants, but the interaction between plant species (within a botanical group) and soil was significant only for forbs, and predominantly occurred when considering micronutrient uptake rather than concentration. Generally, plants had higher yields and micronutrient contents at pH 5.4 than 7.4. Forbs tended to have higher concentrations of micronutrients than other botanical groups and the effect of soil on micronutrient uptake was only significant for forbs.

The vast majority of agri-food climate-based sustainability analyses use global warming potential (GWP _100 ) as an impact assessment, usually in isolation; however, in recent years, discussions have criticised the ‘across-the-board’ application of GWP _100 in Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs), particularly of food systems which generate large amounts of methane (CH _4 ) and considered whether reporting additional and/or alternative metrics may be more applicable to certain circumstances or research questions (e.g. Global Temperature Change Potential (GTP)). This paper reports a largescale sensitivity analysis using a pasture-based beef production system (a high producer of CH _4 emissions) as an exemplar to compare various climatatic impact assessments: CO _2 -equivalents using GWP _100 and GTP _100 , and ‘CO _2 -warming-equivalents’ using ‘GWP Star’, or GWP*. The inventory for this system was compiled using data from the UK Research and Innovation National Capability, the North Wyke Farm Platform, in Devon, SW England. LCAs can have an important bearing on: (i) policymakers’ decisions; (ii) farmer management decisions; (iii) consumers’ purchasing habits; and (iv) wider perceptions of whether certain activities can be considered ‘sustainable’ or not; it is, therefore, the responsibility of LCA practitioners and scientists to ensure that subjective decisions are tested as robustly as possible through appropriate sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. We demonstrate herein that the choice of climate impact assessment has dramatic effects on interpretation, with GWP _100 and GTP _100 producing substantially different results due to their different treatments of CH _4 in the context of carbon dioxide (CO _2 ) equivalents. Given its dynamic nature and previously proven strong correspondence with climate models, out of the three assessments covered, GWP* provides the most complete coverage of the temporal evolution of temperature change for different greenhouse gas emissions. We extend previous discussions on the limitations of static emission metrics and encourage LCA practitioners to consider due care and attention where additional information or dynamic approaches may prove superior, scientifically speaking, particularly in cases of decision support.