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Es werden die Symptome einer neuen, verstarkt im ostlichen Harzvorland auftretenden Eichenkrankheit und deren Erreger – Chalara ovoidea – beschrieben. The symptoms of a new disease of oak in the eastern parts of the Harz Mountains and the causal agent – Chalara ovoidea – are described.

To report on a new model of preschool vision screening that was performed in metropolitan Seoul and to investigate the distribution of various ocular disorders in this metropolitan preschool population.Vision screening was conducted on 36 973 kindergarten children aged 3-5 years in a stepwise manner. The first step was home screening using a set of five picture cards and a questionnaire. The children who did not pass the first step (VA0.5 in at least one eye or any abnormal responses on the questionnaire) were retested with regular vision charts at the regional public healthcare centres. After this retest, some children were referred to ophthalmologists. The referral criteria for visual acuity were0.5 at 3 years and0.63 at 4 or 5 years in at least one eye.Of those screened, 7116 (19.2%) children did not pass the home screening tests and 2058 (28.9%) out of the 7116 were referred. The results of the ophthalmological examination in eye clinics were only available for 894 children (43.4%) of those who were referred. The rest of the children did not visit ophthalmologists because they had been checked at an eye clinic, were currently under treatment, or for personal reasons. Refractive errors were found in 608 (1.6%) children. Astigmatism was associated in 78.2% of ametropes. Amblyopia was discovered in 149 (0.4%) children and refractive error was the major aetiology with a predominant rate (82.5%). Manifest strabismus was detected in 52 children. The positive predictive value of vision screening for any ophthalmological disorder was 0.77, and 0.49 for significant disorders requiring treatment.This preschool vision screening model was highly accessible to the children and their parents, easy to administer, and effective to detect a variety of ocular disorders. However, the participation rate of the referred children in the examinations by ophthalmologists was quite low. The performance and efficiency of this screening programme need to be optimised with further revision.

An exotropic 60 year old suffered a scleral-choroidal penetration and vitreous hemorrhage during and after strabismus surgery on a highly myopic eye when her anesthetic airway management was complicated by her previously asymptomatic and unrecognized rigid cervical spine which placed both the surgeon and the anesthetist in disadvantaged positions both physically and medically. Restoration of vision and binocularity ultimately required vitrectomy and intraocular lens implantation.

Photoscreening is designed to detect abnormalities in children's eye, particularly abnormal refractive errors, which can lead to amblyopia. An Alaska Bind Child Discovery MTI Polaroid photoscreen in one girl resulted in diagnosis and treatment of congenital glaucoma. Patients with known pediatric eye disease underwent photoscreening. Subtle non-refractive changes in photoscreen images may reveal eye disease even more serious than amblyopia. We suggest that human or computer interpretation of photoscreening images, particularly when retained, be done conscientiously with respect to the refractive state and alignment of the eyes, but also regarding other potentially serious ocular pathology.

To test prior published observations that patients with brown irides were more susceptible to the oculocardiac reflex.466 adults and children underwent surgery on an extraocular muscle under general anesthesia without anticholinergic blockade. The first rectus muscle isolated was given a predetermined specific force pull during electrocardiograph monitoring. Iris color was retrieved from the deliberate clinical charting.The occurrence of the oculocardiac reflex did not correlate with age, but did profoundly for the inferior rectus and least for the lateral rectus. Iris color did not influence the incidence of occurrence of moderate or severe oculocardiac reflex.The prediction of oculocardiac reflex propensity remains elusive.

Though positive visual symptoms can be psychological in nature, or can result from a perceptive or anxious patients recognizing optical principals in the eye itself, this case illustrates how a thorough history is required to delineate those rarer signs which accompany serious macular or neuro-ophthalmic pathology.

Two cases of neonatal respiratory distress responded with treatment of bilateral dacryocele. In one case, no visible or palpable external evidence of dacryocele was present until mucopurulent discharge commenced more than a week after birth. While the incidence of typical congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction is about 6%, dacryocele is 200 times less common.

I want to convey to you the concept of doing experiments with soils and not just doing them to soils. I would like to reinforce the idea that soils as natural bodies of the pedosphere only have relevance within their own environmental setting. This setting is larger than an ‘on-site’ because one has to see a bigger picture to obtain a proper, or at least a healthy, perspective of the complexity of soils in their landscapes. Trends of observations in time and space must exceed the inherent noise or background variability to be useful. I therefore, want to emphasise the value of local variability.

Five healthy subjects performed seated, 30-second mid-inspiratory breath hold, facial immersions in water at 1 degree C, 10 degrees C and 25 degrees C under control conditions and under the influence of three separate vasodilators. A temperature dependent bradycardia and decrease in forearm blood flow were observed during control dives. Nitropaste produced little change in diving bradycardia. Hydralazine reduced diving bradycardia only in 1 degrees C immersion. Prazosin produced consistent reductions in temperature dependent bradycardia. There was a temperature dependent change in dive forearm blood flow which was not affected by vasodilators. This data suggest the importance of acute peripheral vasoconstriction to the bradycardia of the human diving response.

Seven healthy adult volunteers underwent 30-second facial immersions in ice water before and during 36 minutes exposure to intense ambient heat (68 degrees C) on separate, non-consecutive days: one normovolemic and the second with thiazide-induced, 10% hypovolemia. The normovolemic, preheat immersion induced a heart rate (H.R.) decrease from 74 +/- 6 to 48 +/- 5 bpm (-35%) and a forearm blood flow (F.B.F.) decrease from 3.5 +/- 1.6 to 0.8 +/- 0.3 ml/(100 ml min) (-77%). Pre-heat changes were similar for hypovolemic subjects. After 36 minutes of heat exposure there was a 07 degrees C increase in esophageal temperature and a four-fold increase in F.B.F. for normovolemic and a two-fold increase in F.B.F. for hypovolemic subjects. Heating reduced diving bradycardia more than did superimposed hypovolemia. Four subjects had diving tachycardia after hypovolemic heating. We concluded that the bradycardia response to facial immersion can be overridden by reducing the central circulating blood volume by heat and that this effect is enhanced by hypovolemia.

Bacterial corneal ulcer is a potentially blinding emergency which should ideally be treated by an ophthalmologist aided by slit lamp biomicroscopy, microbial stain and cultures, and then selected fortified topical antibiotics. We suggest an emergency corneal ulcer kit for the initial treatment of patients with suspected corneal ulcers who are unable to readily travel to an ophthalmologist.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome is an immune mucocutaneous disorder which can follow viral infections, mycoplasma infections and the ingestion of some drugs. There is also evidence supporting this disease as a hypersensitivity disorder. We observed a four-year-old girl with Stevens-Johnson syndrome attributed to ingestion of salmon berries (Rubus spectabilis).

The Tionesta Research Natural Area, located in the Allegheny National Forest of northwestern Pennsylvania, is a unique remnant of the old growth American beech (Fagus grandifolia L.)-Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L.) forest that once covered over 2400 ha of the Allegheny Plateau. During a detailed soil survey, the soils occurring on the various landscapes in the area were characterized and the relationships between the vegetation and the soils were evaluated. The development of the landscapes in the Tionesta area has been strongly influenced by the contrasting erodibility of alternating layers of sandstone, siltstone, and shale bedrock. The gentle, regional dip of the bedrock in a southwesterly direction has favored the preferential erosion of the south-facing slopes. The area experienced a periglacial climate during the Late Wisconsin Glaciation. Evidence of this former cold climate is expressed by colluvial (solifluction) deposits and boulder fields on the ground surfaces of the footslope landscapes. Seven distinct soils occur on the various landscapes. These soils are extremely acid to very strongly acid and high in exchangeable aluminum. Low cation exchange capacity and base saturation reflect the abundance of quartz and other primary minerals which are highly resistant to weathering. Podzolization processes are evident and most pronounced in the coarse-textured, free-leaching soils under hemlock stands. Drainage appears to be an overriding soil factor influencing the vegetation patterns on the different landscapes with hemlock dominating the stands in wetter areas. Shade-intolerant species, such as black cherry (Prunus serotina L.), commonly occur on shallow soils on steep slopes where frequent canopy openings associated with blow-downs have allowed their establishment.

In vorliegender Arbeit werden drei fur die Wissenschaft neue Hyphomyceten beschrieben: Verticillium antillanum und Cladobotryum cubitense als mycophile Pilze und Nakataea curvularioides als Saprophyt auf Bromelia pinguin. En el presente articulo se describen tres nuevas especies de Hyphomycetes de Cuba: Verticillium antillanum y Cladobotryum cubitense como hongos micofilos, y Nakataea curvularioides como saprofito en Bromelia pinguin.