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The aim of this article is to depict the role of removable appliances in current, con- impermanent orthodontics, and to examine how this job has changed as of late. For the reasons for this article we will not talk about removable appliances that are utilized consistently and effectively for development modication (Functional appliances) or retention (retainers). This article will zero in on removable utilized as dynamic appliances. How removable appliances work. Removable appliances work by straightforward tipping developments of the crowns of the teeth about a support near the center of the Tooth. They likewise permit differential emission of teeth, for instance by utilizing nibble planes. They contrast from xed appliances, which are equipped for complex developments of multiple teeth, including in essence movement, root force and revolution.

There are many kinds of orthodontic movements that make the clinical schedule a genuine test. With the appearance of the skeletal anchorage, it became more straightforward to take care of numerous issues, like anchorage, tipping, interruption among others. The reason for this article was to survey outright anchorage, including signs, implantation site, and any kind of orthodontic element.

The current research aims to formulate and evaluated medicated transdermal patches containing an anti-diabetic drug. A good penetration enhancer would improve drug delivery from various polymer-based transdermal patches. Transdermal patches of the matrix type are made. Using various PVP K30, MC ratios and solvent evaporation techniques. All prepared formulations were tested for weight variation, thickness, drug content, moisture content, moisture uptake, flatness, and in vitro drug release. Bath F3 was optimised formula from all formulation baths shows linear zero order release for 24 hours, with a cumulative percentage of drug diffusion of 87.35% from 4cm2 patches. It has been determined that polymer concentration. When the concentration of PVP K30 increases in the primary layer, the in – vitro diffusion rate increases, and when the concentration of PVP K30 decreases, the drug diffusion decreases. It allows for more controlled drug release from the patch.

Seaweeds are potential marine renewable assets for food, feed, and medicine since ancient times. Considering the latent characteristics of seaweeds, the prevailing has a look at the goal which has to assess the phytochemical composition of methanol extract of underexploited marine red alga Laurencia papillosa. The phytochemical analyses of L. papillosa confirmed the presence of nine phytochemicals amongst which glycosides had been discovered to be the very best with a value of 125.57 ± 3.52 mg/g dry wt, wherein because the saponins were found to be lesser in amount with the value of 2.68 ± 1.97 mg/g dry wt. The function of fluorescence emission and pharmacognosical capabilities which include the total ash content and the extractive values of the red alga L. papillosa analyzed. The results affirm that the chosen seaweed has energetic phytochemical content which will be a capacity supply for antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic interest and the methanol extract of L. papillosa will be explored for its robust pharmacological activities in the drug development by the pharmaceuticals.

Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)-transmitted begomoviruses cause severe diseases in numerous economically important dicotyledonous plants. Okra enation leaf curl disease (OELCuD) has emerged as a serious threat to okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) cultivation in the Indian subcontinent. This study reports the association of a monopartite begomovirus (bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus; BYVMV) and betasatellite (bhendi yellow vein mosaic betasatellite; BYVB) with OELCuD in the Mau region of Uttar Pradesh, India. The BYVMV alone inoculated Nicotiana benthamiana and A. esculentus cv. Pusa Sawani plants developed mild symptoms. Co-inoculation of BYVMV and BYVB resulted in a reduced incubation period, an increased symptom severity, and an enhanced BYVMV accumulation by Southern hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR. This is the first study that satisfies Koch’s postulates for OELCuD in its natural host. Activities of various antioxidative enzymes were significantly increased in the virus-inoculated okra plants. Differential responses in various biochemical components (such as photosynthetic pigments, phenol, proline, and sugar) in diseased okra plants were observed. This change in phytochemical responses is significant in understanding its impact on virus pathogenesis and disease development.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is one of the common types of malignant lesion and has its highest prevalence round the world. Though it is a common disorder, many of the patients only diagnose it in its advanced stage and these results in poor prognosis of the disease. In later stage, these lesions may severely develop in to lymph node metastasis and has more chances to spread across any of the vital organs. Barrett‟s esophagus, herpes simplex esophagitis, candidial esophagitis, leiomyoma, hyperplastic polyps are few of the benign and premalignant type of lesions. The advancement in endoscopy has opened many opportunities and diagnosis of all esophageal lesions became simple and effective. As the surgical procedures associated with the targeted therapy have become promising option for the treatment, many patients are being benefited out of technological advancement. The surplus of malignancies such as esophagus, esophago- gastric junction and stomach have become a significant health problem and threatening the people all over the world. Delayed diagnosis on these disorders particularly resulting in high mortality ratio and warrant for a systematic evaluation in patients. In this context, the present study analyse the association and prognostic significance of HER2/ neu in gastroesophageal lesions with other factors like age, size, histological type and grading and the incidence and distribution of gastroesophageal lesions in patients.

Helicobacter pylori are a spiral campylobacter like bacteria which infects the stomach causing chronic active gastritis. This can result in peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. In 1989, studies involving 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and others revealed that the bacterium does not come under the genus Campylobacter. Hence the bacterium was classified under a unique genus named Helicobacter. This term is taken from the Greek language with helix meaning - "spiral" or "coil" and pylori meaning- gatekeeper (pylorus of stomach). This bacterium is said to penetrate the pylori or mucoid lining of the stomach. When infected during the early stages of life, people develop intense inflammation that may be followed by atrophic gastritis which serves as a risk factor for gastric ulcer, gastric cancer or both. Being infected during later stages of life changes the gastric system leading to duodenal ulcer. The present study analyzes the role of Immunohistochemistry versus Hematoxylin and Eosin and special stains in detecting Helicobacter pylori in gastric lesions.

Begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) cause severe diseases in many economically important crops and non-cultivated plants in the warmer regions of the world. Non-cultivated weeds have been reported to act as natural virus reservoirs. In January 2016, Sida plants with yellow mosaic symptoms were found at the edge of an agricultural field in Gujarat, India. Sequence analysis of the viral genomic components cloned from a diseased Sida plant indicated the presence of a distinct monopartite begomovirus (proposed as sida yellow mosaic Gujarat virus) along with a betasatellite (ludwigia leaf distortion betasatellite) and an alphasatellite (malvastrum yellow mosaic alphasatellite). Our results emphasize that this weed may harbor a begomovirus-alphasatellite-betasatellite complex. This host serves as a potential source of virus inoculum, which can be transmitted by whiteflies to other cultivated crops.

In this work, the combination of advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) and direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) was investigated for the treatment of municipal wastewater collected from the secondary clarifier of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWWTP). Average removal efficiencies of the 12 micropollutants present in the wastewater samples were higher than 95 % with ozonation (O3) and photolytic ozonation (UV/O3), whereas only near 50 % of removal efficiency was achieved with UV-peroxidation (UV/H2O2). When the ozone-based processes were combined with DCMD, the concentration of these micropollutants were below the detection limits in the respective permeate, increasing the quality of the treated water. However, the permeate fluxes in DCMD were remarkably higher when the wastewater was pre-treated with UV/H2O2 instead of O3, most probably due to the better disinfection achieved by UV/H2O2. It was also confirmed that the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of the wastewater strongly affects the permeate fluxes achieved by DCMD. In this regard, the combination of the oxidation and membrane separation processes is more appropriate for wastewaters with low DOC contents (

Geminiviruses cause considerable yield loss in several crop plants worldwide. In 2016, several hollyhock plants displaying yellow mosaic and leaf curling symptoms were noticed in a nursery of Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. Analysis of the collected samples indicated an association of monopartite and bipartite begomoviruses with satellites. Three begomoviruses (including a member of a new begomovirus species), two alphasatellites, and a betasatellite were isolated from yellow-mosaic-disease-affected plants. Similarly, a begomovirus, two alphasatellites, and a betasatellite were found to be associated with leaf curl disease of hollyhock. These begomoviruses and satellites were found to be recombinants. By harboring diverse begomoviruses and satellite DNAs, hollyhock may serve as a potential source of virus inoculum.

Ransomware is a malware which affects the systems data with modern encryption techniques, and the data is recovered once a ransom amount is paid. In this research, the authors show how ransomware propagates and infects devices. Live traffic classifications of ransomware have been meticulously analyzed. Further, a novel method for the classification of ransomware traffic by using deep learning methods is presented. Based on classification, the detection of ransomware is approached with the characteristics of the network traffic and its communications. In more detail, the behavior of popular ransomware, Crypto Wall, is analyzed and based on this knowledge, a real-time ransomware live traffic classification model is proposed.

In recent decades, rapid industrialization resulting in the generation of a massive amount of wastewater. Petrochemical, textile, tannery, and dairy industries, etc., generate wastewater consisting of high concentrations of oils, fats, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and total suspended solids (TSS). Therefore, treating industrial effluents before disposing them into water bodies is mandatory to avoid water contamination. Membrane technology is promising over other technologies in wastewater treatment due to its environmentally friendly nature, operability with less energy requirement, and high separation efficiency. Specifically, ceramic membranes are associated with numerous advantages, including excellent thermal and chemical stability, mechanical strength, fouling resistance, and durability. These properties made ceramic membranes more suitable over polymeric membranes, especially for water treatment applications. However, expensive raw materials and the requirement of high sintering temperatures made ceramic membranes uneconomical. Therefore, several researchers focused on producing ceramic membranes from alternative or low-cost raw materials to reduce the cost of membranes. This review is aimed to present current signs of progress in inexpensive raw materials to prepare ceramic membranes. The influence of various parameters, including sintering temperature, the composition of raw materials, and type of fabrication technique on membrane properties such as pore size, porosity, and flexural strength, are discussed in detail. Furthermore, wastewater treatment applications of low-cost ceramic membranes, including oily wastewater treatment, dairy wastewater treatment, heavy metal ion removal, textile effluent treatment, poultry slaughterhouse effluent treatment, paper and pulp industry wastewater treatment, and separation of bacteria and viruses from contaminated water are presented. Finally, future scope and challenges for further improving low-cost ceramic membranes are also emphasized in this review.

Over the last few decades, the presence of micropollutants in the wastewater stream is imposing a serious concern worldwide. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has been widely employed for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with micropollutants. Hence, the aim of this paper is to provide a consolidate review on the present state of research and advancement in MBR technology along with its augmentation with other wastewater treatment technologies for micropollutant removal, sustainability, and operating cost assessment for its feasibility. The potential application of MBR and hybrid-MBR systems in micropollutant removal along with the fate, removal mechanism, various factors affecting the MBR system efficiency and the operational cost involved were also been discussed in detail. Further, based on the available technologies on MBR, the authors discussed the future research perspective for micropollutant removal from the effluent stream with an objective of the circular economy.

This chapter discusses the role of microbes (oleaginous microbes), namely microalgae, bacteria, fungi, or yeast, through the transesterification process used in the production of biodiesel. At present, the most extensively used biofuels are bioethanol and biodiesel. Biodiesel production through a microbial system is consequently receiving growing concentration as sustainable, alternative, and cost-effective. Microbial lipids have the high content of a saponifiable material and a suitable fatty acid profile for biodiesel production. Biodiesel fuel is better than petrodiesel in many characteristics, for instance, it is environmentally friendly, has reduced emissions, improved lubricity, a higher combustion efficiency, renewability, and safer. The physical and chemical properties and characteristics of microbial biodiesel are discussed in this chapter. In addition, it provides complete details about the importance, methods of production, applications, and benefits of microbial biodiesel.

In this paper we have developed real time process station monitoring with control using IIoT. Moreover the parameters in the process industries like Level, Flow and temperature can be monitored and controlled using cloud storage also presented. Cloud refers to accessing computer information and software applications internet connectivity. We have used ‘ThingSpeak’ IoT analytics platform to aggregate, visualize and analyze all our real time readings of a process control plants. Moreover it can be implemented with LabVIEW for more flexibility. In this system the parameters like flow, temperature, pressure, level can be monitored and controlled wirelessly through wireless devices. In case of any emergency, an alarm system is used to intimate the conditions to the end user. The wireless transmitter has been incorporated in the process station to send data periodically and the receiving section consists of a Wi-fi module in order to receive the transmitted data, they are then stored in a cloud platform through which the data can be accessed as well as control wirelessly by the remote devices such as PC, mobile phones, tablets, etc. Moreover, it can be integrated to automation tools like SCADA, PLC with bidirectional mode of control to ensure operational safety and efficiency with recent automation protocols.

Plant defense and viral counter defense is a continuous evolutionary arms race. Upon virus infection, RNA silencing (RNAi) acts as the primary line of host-mediated innate defense response in plants. Viruses can trigger the RNAi mechanism through the generation of viral dsRNAs, however they also have evolved ways to suppress RNAi by encoding silencing suppressor proteins called as viral suppressors of RNAi (VSRs). This chapter discusses about the molecular mechanism of RNAi by plants to defend against virus infection and the way the virus-encoded VSRs to counteract this innate defense strategy. One of the potential applications in understanding the molecular mechanisms of RNAi is the generation of transgenic plants that resist virus infections. For several years, transgenic approaches were employed by manipulating this gene silencing machinery to trigger antiviral resistance. Considering the concerns of transgenic methods, several non-transgenic approaches are attempted to fight these viruses.

Begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) cause severe diseases in many economically important crops and non-cultivated plants in the warmer regions of the world. Non-cultivated weeds have been reported to act as natural virus reservoirs. In January 2016, Sida plants with yellow mosaic symptoms were found at the edge of an agricultural field in Gujarat, India. Sequence analysis of the viral genomic components cloned from a diseased Sida plant indicated the presence of a distinct monopartite begomovirus (proposed as sida yellow mosaic Gujarat virus) along with a betasatellite (ludwigia leaf distortion betasatellite) and an alphasatellite (malvastrum yellow mosaic alphasatellite). Our results emphasize that this weed may harbor a begomovirus-alphasatellite-betasatellite complex. This host serves as a potential source of virus inoculum, which can be transmitted by whiteflies to other cultivated crops.

This chapter discusses about the role of membrane processes, namely, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis in the field of bioprocess engineering. Membrane processes are widely accepted and used techniques in separation and filtration applications because of their unique and beneficial properties, such as low cost, environment friendliness, ease to scale up, ease to integrate with other processes, and compactness. Therefore, their use and implementation in various fields of bioprocess engineering helps in saving a lot of energy and resources. The basic concept and fundamentals along with the classification of different types of membranes and membrane systems are explained with suitable examples. The important applications of membrane technology in various fields of bioprocess engineering, such as food, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology, are also discussed along with their advantages over other conventional separation techniques. The main applications where membrane processes proved their worth are virus purification, sterilization of heat labile products, concentration of food and dairy products, separation and filtration of racemic and azeotropic mixtures, fruit juice clarification, and beer and wine production. Hence, this chapter provides complete details about the importance, applications, and benefits of membrane technology in the field of bioprocess engineering.

Biowastes generated from the food processing industries cause environmental issues due to nitrogen, phosphorous, macronutrients, and water contents. These nutrients make the wastes more susceptible to fermentation, thus causing pollution. However, these biowastes contain a high level of marketable bioproducts extracted for value-added products like pectin. The current study deals with the pectin extraction from pineapple peel (PP) waste employing the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) technique. Further, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the optimum conditions for maximum pectin extraction using independent variables like ultrasonication time (15–30 min), liquid to solid (LS) ratio (10–20 mL/g), temperature (50–80 °C) and pH (1–2). A maximum pectin yield (16.24%) was attained at 15.20 mL/g of LS ratio, 21.88 min of ultrasonication, 70.83 °C and pH 1.0. The extracted pectin was purified using anion exchange chromatography (DEAE cellulose), and the purity index was 89.5–90%. The purified pectin fractions were analyzed through thin-layer chromatography and characterized by SEM, FT-IR, TGA, XRD, 1D and 2D NMR. The polysaccharide content was quantified using the phenol-sulfuric assay. Other functional properties like emulsification, oil and water holding capacity were also measured. In addition, based on antinutritional and antioxidant properties, the extracted PP pectin was confirmed to be a toxic-free compound. A detailed structural and physio-chemical properties study confirmed the pectin from PP was of good quality and could be utilized as a value-added product in the pharmaceutical industry.

ToLCNDV-AV2 is essential for repression of - antiviral silencing mediated by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 and is responsible for contrasting symptom development in Nicotiana species infected with different geminiviruses., RNA silencing is an integral part of the cellular defense mechanisms in plants that act against virus infection. However, the specific role of RNA silencing and the interplay between host and virus components during recovery from geminivirus infection remains unknown. Hence, in this study we aimed to examine the mechanism behind the host-specific recovery of Nicotiana tabacum infected with Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus (ToLCGV). Unlike Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), ToLCGV infection resulted in symptom remission in N. tabacum, and we found that this was mainly due to cross-talk between the pre-coat protein (encoded by the AV2 ORF) of the virus and the host RNA-silencing component RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 (encoded by NtRDR1) of N. tabacum. Moreover, apart from the AV2 mutant, other mutants of ToLCNDV developed severe symptoms on a transgenic NtRDR1-overexpression line of N. benthamiana. In contrast, inoculation with ToLCGV resulted in symptom remission, which was due to enhanced methylation of the ToLCGV promoter. Our study reveals a novel ‘arms race’ in which the pre-coat protein of ToLCNDV selectively blocks the recovery process through inhibiting host-specific RDR1-mediated antiviral silencing in tobacco.

This work attempts to study the properties of polystyrene (PS) nanocomposites prepared with 3 wt.% nanoclay containing four different organomodifiers such as (25-30 wt.% trimethyl stearly ammonium (Clay 1), 25-30 wt.% octadecylamine (Clay 2), 25-30 wt% methyl dihydroxyethyl hydrogenated tallow ammonium (Clay 3) and 35-45 wt.% dimethyl dialkyl (C14-C18) amine (Clay 4). Various PS nanocomposites were synthesized by ultrasonication assisted solvent-based mixing technique using xylene as solvent. Structural, thermal and rheological properties of PS nanocomposites were analyzed by XRD, TEM, FTIR, TGA and rotational rheometer. TEM images affirmed the formation of partially exfoliated structure of PS nanocomposites with these clays. All the PS/organoclay nanocomposites are thermally more stable than that of pristine PS. When 15% weight loss is taken as a reference point, the degradation temperature of PS nanocomposites prepared with clay 1 is about 18.1 °C higher than that of pristine PS. The thermal degradation kinetics of different nanocomposites is also determined. It is observed that the rheological moduli and complex viscosity of PS/organoclay nanocomposites are more than that of pristine PS in the frequency sweep at a fixed temperature of 190 °C.

This investigation deals with the preparation of organically modified Co-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) and influence of its loading and temperature on the rheological behavior of polystyrene (PS)/Co-Al LDH blends prepared via solvent blending method (SBM). Firstly, Co-Al LDH was synthesized by co-precipitation technique. Thereafter, PS blends with various LDHs content (3, 5 and 7 wt.% with respect to pure PS) were synthesized by SBM. The structural properties of the modified Co-Al LDH were characterized by XRD and FTIR analysis. The d-spacing value of modified LDH was found to be 2.8 nm by XRD analysis. The existence of sulfate groups in the modified LDH was affirmed by FTIR analysis. Rheological studies were done for the prepared samples in the shear rate array of 0.1-100 s -1 at various temperatures (20, 30 and 40 °C). It was observed that the rheology of PS solution is influenced by increasing Co-Al LDH loading, shear rate and temperature. All PS/Co-Al LDH blends showed an increment in their shear viscosity than pure PS. Also, the rheological data were fitted with different models, namely, Power law, Casson, Cross, Sisko, Herschel-Bulkley and Carreau models, to explain the rheological behavior. The results clearly indicated that Herschel-Buckley model displays good fit at lower temperature (20 °C), whereas Cross model offers best fit at higher temperatures (30 and 40 °C) for both pure PS and PS solution with various concentration of Co-Al LDH.

This study investigated the removal of two widely used antibiotics, norfloxacin (NOR) and ofloxacin (OFL) from aqueous solution by employing a novel integrated adsorption cum membrane filtration process. The application potential of the adsorbent was investigated by evaluating the effect of different process parameters; including solution pH, initial antibiotic concentration and adsorbent dosage. Among these parameters, solution pH significantly affected the removal of antibiotics due to its strong effect on the charges of the adsorbent and the adsorbate. The removal efficiency decreased with an increase in the initial antibiotics concentration and increased with an increase in the adsorbent amount. A maximum removal of 98.7% for NOR and 94.61% for OFL was achieved with 10 mg/L initial concentration and at a solution pH of 7. A high removal of NOR as compared with that of OFL was attributed to a high steric hindrance of OFL due to its bulky structure. The adsorption kinetic data for both the antibiotics followed the pseudo second order kinetics, and the sorption isotherm data was best described by the Langmuir model. Further, adsorption of the two antibiotics involved a combination of electrostatic interaction, anion exchange and hydrophobic interaction mechanisms. The FTIR spectrum of the modified LDH obtained before and after adsorption confirmed the adsorbate-adsorbent interaction. Finally, the microfiltration technique using a ceramic membrane was effectively employed to separate the loaded adsorbent from solution to recover and reuse the adsorbent with an aim to reduce the overall cost of the adsorption process.

A mordenite framework inverted (MFI) type zeolite membrane was produced on inexpensive tubular ceramic substrate through hydrothermal synthesis and applied for the removal of chromium from synthetic wastewater. The fabricated ceramic substrate and membrane was characterized by diverse standard techniques such as X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, porosity, water permeability and pore size measurements. The porosity of the ceramic substrate (53%) was reduced by the deposition of MFI (51%) zeolite layer. The pore size and water permeability of the membrane was evaluated as 0.272 μm and 4.43 × 10–7 m3/m2s.kPa, respectively, which are lower than that of the substrate pore size (0.309 μm) and water permeability (5.93 × 10–7 m3/m2s.kPa) values. To identify the effectiveness of the prepared membrane, the applied pressure of the filtration process and initial chromium concentration and cross flow rate were varied to study their influence on the permeate flux and percentage of removal. The maximum removal of chromium achieved was 78% under an applied pressure of 345 kPa and an initial feed concentration of 1,000 ppm. Finally, the efficiency of the membrane for chromium removal was assessed with other membranes reported in the literature.