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Syrian refugees comprise the largest population of internally displaced people in the world, with about 18,000 Syrian refugees resettled in the United States from 2011 to 2016. Although many of these individuals experience trauma that can lead to different mental health problems, most are quite resilient. This qualitative study explores themes of resilience in Syrian refugees, and how these themes differ from Western ideas of resilience. Eight in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with Syrian adults in the United States. Questions focused on three experiences: preflight, flight, and postflight. Interviews were conducted in Arabic with a bilingual translator. Thematic analysis was used to identify concepts of resilience. Themes that emerged included: life in Syria outside of conflict, life in Syria during war, seeking refuge, life in the United States, hardships and challenges, systemic failure, comparison between cultures, health and well-being, external sources of resilience, and internal sources of resilience. We discuss research and counseling implications of these results.

MicroRNA-124a (miR-124a) is one of the most abundantly expressed microRNAs in the central nervous system and is encoded in mammals by the three genomic loci miR-124a-1/2/3; however, its in vivo roles in neuronal development and function remain ambiguous. In the present study, we investigated the effect of miR-124a loss on neuronal differentiation in mice and in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Since miR-124a-3 exhibits only background expression levels in the brain and we were unable to obtain miR-124a-1/2/3 triple knockout (TKO) mice by mating, we generated and analyzed miR-124a-1/2 double knockout (DKO) mice. We found that these DKO mice exhibit perinatal lethality. RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of proneural and neuronal marker genes were almost unchanged between the control and miR-124a-1/2 DKO brains; however, genes related to neuronal synaptic formation and function were enriched among downregulated genes in the miR-124a-1/2 DKO brain. In addition, we found the transcription regulator Tardbp/TDP-43, loss of which leads to defects in neuronal maturation and function, was inactivated in the miR-124a-1/2 DKO brain. Furthermore, Tardbp knockdown suppressed neurite extension in cultured neuronal cells. We also generated miR-124a-1/2/3 TKO ES cells using CRISPR-Cas9 as an alternative to TKO mice. Phase-contrast microscopic, immunocytochemical, and gene expression analyses showed that miR-124a-1/2/3 TKO ES cell lines were able to differentiate into neurons. Collectively, these results suggest that miR-124a plays a role in neuronal maturation rather than neurogenesis in vivo and advance our understanding of the functional roles of microRNAs in central nervous system development.

This chapter evaluates the corpus of Constantinian sculpted and numismatic portraiture and analyzes the new directions in imperial representation that were introduced with the appearance of the dynasty of Constantine. The chapter draws attention to the dual character of art produced during the Constantinian era, which is evident in its highly individualized portrayals of the ruler and in its conscious duplication of images and styles adopted by previous Augusti (notably Augustus and Trajan). The chapter contextualizes the homogeneity of Constantine’s sons in imperial portraiture and evaluates the enduring contribution of Constantine and his immediate successors to late Roman art.

While economists have provided theoretical discussions of factors that shape the structure and provisions of technology licenses, there have been relatively few empirical studies that test these economic theories. This is likely due to the difficulty of obtaining large data sets of complete license agreements. By providing an overview of the characteristics of over 1,400 patent licenses collected from SEC filings, this paper provides empirical insights into the fundamental economic relationships that determine certain characteristics of patent licenses. This study confirms what economists have believed for some time—namely that there are differences in the structure and provisions of patent licenses across industries and across types of licensors. These findings support the view that differences in the structure and provisions of technology licenses can be attributable in part to fundamental economic differences between industries, as well as differences in the strategic incentives of parties negotiating agreements.

This paper discusses reasons for using replicas of fracture surfaces of ceramics, describes several replicating methods and materials, and presents examples that compare replicas with actual fracture surfaces. Advantages of using replicas include being able (1) to examine large pieces without having to cut them down to size, (2) to provide convenient archiving of fracture surfaces, and (3) to eliminate sub-surface scattering of light. Many times, replicas provide clearer views of untreated (uncoated) fracture surfaces than can be obtained by direct observation. Replication using cellulose acetate tape and two types of silicone rubber (filled and unfilled) are described. Both methods are fast, relatively inexpensive, and non-destructive. Images of replicas of fracture surfaces of a glass and several ceramic materials (including electrical porcelain and several polycrystalline ceramics) are compared with images of actual fracture surfaces.

Microwave sintered Si3N4-MgO system that contains 2, 4 and 10 wt% of ZrO2 as secondary particulates were investigated with respect to phase transformation and microstructure development. The experimental results of microwave sintered samples were compared with conventional methods. Complete α to β phase transformation was observed in the case of microwave sintered samples due to the volumetric nature of microwave heating. High temperature X-ray diffraction (HTXRD) analysis was performed to study in-situ the oxidation behavior of Si3N4 specimens. Si3N4 specimens with 10 wt % ZrO2 were exposed to air at temperature between 25°C and 900°C for up to 24 hours. Microwave sintered sample were structurally stable in air 25°C and 900°C for up to 24 hours of testing.

The indentation crack initiation behavior of eight vitreous silica specimens containing bulk OH concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 754 wt ppm was investigated. A recording microindentation instrument equipped with optical observation and acoustic emission detection was used to study, in situ, the cracking behavior from indentation with a Vickers diamond. No significant differences in the threshold loads for various types of cracking behavior of the specimens were found. In addition, the polishing medium was found to have little influence on the cracking behavior. The lengths of median-radial cracks around indentations varied little between specimens. The Vickers hardness of the specimens measured at 0.98 N ranged from 6.6 ± 0.3 GPa to 7.5 ± 0.7 GPa, and no trend with the OH concentration was apparent. In addition, the Vickers hardness of the specimens measured while under a 9.81 N maximum load (LVHmax), showed little variation, and no apparent trend with the OH concentration.

The Vickers indentation behavior of five commercial glasses has been investigated as a function of temperature. The glasses included: (i) soda-lime-silica Float glass, (ii) lead-alkali silicate, (iii) 7740 Pyrex™ borosilicate, (iv) potassium phosphate, and (v) lanthanum borate. A recording microindentation system was constructed to allow Vickers indentation testing to be conducted at temperatures significantly above room temperature. The Vickers hardness was observed to decrease continuously with increasing temperature for all glasses, with the exception of the 7740 Pyrex™ glass. Decreases in hardness were attributed to decreases in elastic moduli and bond strength with increasing temperature. The lengths of median-radial cracks around indentations in several glasses were observed to first increase, and then decrease, with increasing temperature. The first of this behavior was attributed to initial increases of the crack driving force, characterized by the quantity (E/H), as well as to a decrease in fracture surface energy. Viscous flow at higher temperatures was believed responsible for a reduction in the crack driving force and crack tip stress, resulting in an eventual decrease in crack length. Viscoelastic behavior of the Float glass was characterized by a rate-dependent hardness and indentation crack pattern. Load–displacement traces indicated an increase in the work of indentation and residual indentation depth with increasing temperature for all glasses.

A recording microindentation instrument equipped with optical observation and acoustic emission detection was built and used to examine, in situ, the crack initiation behavior of a commercial soda-lime-silica based float glass from contact with a Vickers diamond indenter. Indenter motion was provided by a piezoelectric actuator, while a strain gage load cell and capacitance displacement gages simultaneously monitored the indenter load and displacement, respectively, on the glass. It was found that both the maximum load and total indenter contact time influence the initiation behavior. Crack initiation occurred more readily when the total contact time and maximum load were increased. Increasing the maximum load from 0.2 kgf to 4 kgf resulted in the initiation of median-radial cracks on unloading at 6% Fmax up to 50% Fmax, respectively. In contrast, the initiation of lateral cracks was not significantly affected by the total contact time or the maximum load. Examination of the indentation cross-sections beneath 1 and 4 kgf indentation sites revealed well-developed median-radial and lateral crack systems.

Adolf Furtwangler's concept of Roman copies and lost Greek originals has been largely dismantled in recent scholarship. Nevertheless, Romans created a sophisticated visual vocabulary which included direct quotations of Greek models, as well as allusions to styles associated with particular periods or individual Greek artists. The art-historical consciousness of Roman artists, patrons and visually literate viewers was not limited to the elite, but also pervaded works of private funerary art which often employed recognizably Greek compositions and body types for rhetorical effect in order to access abstract concepts of heroism, virtue and apotheosis. Ultimately, sculptural quotations and replications from the Greek are not symptomatic of a derivative and imitative artistic culture, but rather reveal a highly original and particularly Roman aesthetic of hybridity.

Reaction of [Tp‘W(CO)2(PhC⋮CMe)][OTf] (1) (Tp‘ = hydridotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate) with excess pyrrolidine affords the chiral tungsten(II) amido complex (2a). The corresponding η1-imine com...

Representations of the emperors were ubiquitous elements in the lives of Romans at every level of society. As both artistic and literal embodiments of the imperial presence, these images functioned as effigies. When a 'bad' emperor was overthrown or assassinated, his images were often mutilated or destroyed. The disfigurement of imperial portraits is closely linked to the abuse of corpses of condemned criminals and arena victims. This article explores the relationship between mutilated images and corpses in ancient Rome and elucidates the communicative aspects of intentional disfigurement.

The pitting behavior of a transparent spinel-based glass-ceramic polished with a cerium oxide abrasive has been investigated using finishing experiments supported by indentation testing. The pre-ceramed, `green' glass consistently polished to a surface quality of average roughness (Ra)

Changes in the surface mechanical properties of float glass that had been heat treated in atmospheres containing SO2 gas were measured. An analysis combining dynamic microhardness and structure investigations indicates that a relation exists between the hardness and surface structure. This relation is used in establishing an understanding of the microhardness variations and the corresponding surface mechanical properties. The treatment parameters, temperature, time and treatment atmosphere conditions, are shown to have an effect on these properties. Their extent is suggested to depend on the formation of a thermal expansion coefficient difference between a dealkalized surface and the interior dealkalization properties and structure alterations. The changes in the mechanical properties are described which connect these effects. The structure-hardness relation of the air side differs from the tin side of float glass.

The density and Vickers microhardness of bulk glasses and glass fibers in the As–Se system have been determined for up to 50% As. Arsenic selenide glasses were batched in an argon atmosphere using high purity arsenic and selenium to produce samples that contained between 5 and 50% As, the balance being Se. The density and hardness of both fibers and bulk glasses increase up to the stoichiometric As 2 Se 3 composition, with the hardness exhibiting a maximum at this composition, in accordance with the average coordination number (〈 r 〉) approach. The microhardness of aged fibers of all compositions is found to be higher than the corresponding bulk glass, indicating different structures. Both the density and microhardness of AsSe 4 are found to increase rapidly with time after drawing. Density and microhardness results are discussed in terms of quench induced stresses which result from the fiber drawing process, and stress relaxation in arsenic selenide glasses.

The pubertal growth spurt is characterized by a marked increase in the amplitude of GH secretory pulses. The high affinity GH-binding protein (GHBP) reportedly has an important role in enhancing the growth-promoting action of GH. Levels of GHBP are characteristic for an individual and increase only slightly as puberty progresses. It has been hypothesized that each individual adjusts GH production to a level appropriate for his GHBP environment. The withdrawal of gonadal steroids that occurs in children with central precocious puberty (CPP) treated with LH-releasing hormone agonist (LHRHa) therapy results in a decrease in growth velocity (GV) and GH secretion. This study was performed to determine the effect of treatment of CPP with the LHRHa leuprolide acetate for depot suspension on GH secretion and levels of GHBP. Six girls and one boy with CPP were studied before and 6 months after treatment was initiated. Within 6 months of initiation of therapy, there was a significant decline in GV, from 8.9 +/- 3.2 to 5.4 +/- 2.0 cm/yr (P0.05). Twelve-hour mean nocturnal GH levels decreased significantly from 8.6 +/- 3.5 to 5.1 +/- 2.3 micrograms/L (P0.05). This occurred via a decrease in the amplitude of GH pulses as the number of peaks remained 4.6 and 4.1/12 h. Individual levels of GHBP were variable and reflect the wide range of levels observed in normal children. Although GV and GH levels decreased substantially, mean GHBP levels remained unchanged at 139.9 +/- 46.0 and 152 +/- 39.8 pmol/L. In children with CPP, within 6 months of LHRHa therapy, the decrease in GV occurs via a decrease in nocturnal GH secretion as levels of GHBP remain unchanged. In children with CPP, the withdrawal of gonadal steroids may inhibit the child's ability to secrete the GH appropriate for his/her GH/GHBP milieu.

Objective: To review the literature concerning the role of rifampin in the combination treatment of Legionella pneumophila pneumonia. Data Sources: A search of MEDLINE and Ovid databases was conducted (January 1970-May 2011) using the search terms Legionella pneumophila, pneumonia, Legionnaires' disease, rifampin or rifampicin, macrolide, fluoroquinolone, erythromycin, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and moxifloxacin Study Selection and Data Extraction: In vivo studies published in English that compared antimicrobial therapies including rifampin for the treatment of Legionella pneumonia, as well as in vitro studies including an assessment of rifampin bioactivity, were included. Data Synthesis: Macrolides and fluoroquinolones have been effective as monotherapy in the treatment of L. pneumophila pneumonia. This review includes evidence summaries from 4 bioactivity evaluations. 6 clinical studies, and 6 reported cases of combination rifampin use. Combined with supporting evidence, the role of combination rifampin therapy is further delineated. Conclusions: Interpretation of the data is limited by the potential for selection bias and lack of consistent comparators. Rifampin therapy should be considered only for patients with severe disease or significant comorbid conditions (eg. uncontrolled diabetes, smoking, or obstructive lung disease) including immunocompromised hosts and those refractory to conventional monotherapy regimens. Caution for significant adverse drug events and drug-drug interactions should be taken with the addition of rifampin.

The possibility of using multiple-wavelength holography to obtain desensitized hologram interferometry is being investigated analytically and experimentally. A simple analysis has been performed, and its conclusions are supported by experimental results. These results indicate that the new techniques will extend by several orders of magnitude the range of displacements amenable to measurement to hologram interferometry.

Employing holographic techniques, Hildebrand and Haines have demonstrated that a multiple frequency source can be used to generate range contours on or near an image. Supplementing their system with an auxiliary imaging system, we show that contours can be generated over much larger surfaces. With our modified system, it is also very easy to generate contours denoting constant depth rather than constant range. Experimental results are presented that show depth contours representing separations of 9.25 micro over a surface area of about 80 cm(2).

The behaviour of microhardness under varying load was investigated with an apparatus which measured both load and diamond pyramid motion simultaneously. There have been several experiments with this type of apparatus, which are designed to measure the hardness under load of a material. This type of measurement eliminates the effect of elastic recovery after the diamond is removed from the sample. Two types of load-independent hardness have been proposed on the basis of studies performed on this type of apparatus. The first follows the theory of Tate stating that elastic recovery is responsible for the load dependence of hardness. The second, proposed by Froelichet al. states that the load dependence of hardness is due to surface forces. This investigation used an apparatus similar to that of Froehlichet al. The results indicated that the load-independent hardness of Froehlichet al. was an experimental artifice caused by late detection of the surface, leading to underestimation of the penetration and overestimation of the hardness. Hardness measured under load using the apparatus in the present project was found to be load dependent.