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This study presents a new groundbreaking methodology for integrating innovative concepts to develop novel drug-delivery strategies. This methodology combines genetically engineered elastin-like recombinamers (ELRs) with supercritical fluid (SCF) techniques to encapsulate a poorly water-soluble drug in a one-step process. The chemotherapeutic agent docetaxel (DTX) is encapsulated with a block copolymer ELR containing the RGD peptide, a specific target sequence for cancer cells, using the supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) technique in a high process yield of up to 70%. SEM studies show spherical microparticles of 10 μm after encapsulation. After dispersion under physiological conditions, microparticles disaggregate into stable monodisperse nanoparticles of 40 nm size and −30 mV ζ-potential. This protects the drug, as confirmed by NMR analysis, thereby increasing the water solubility of DTX up to fifty orders of magnitude. The delivery process is governed by the Fick diffusion mechanism and indicates that the presence of DTX on the particles surface is practically negligible. Cellular assays showed that, due to the presence of the cancer target sequence RGD, breast cancer cells were more affected than human endothelial cells, thus meaning that the strategy developed in this work opens the way to new controlled release systems more precise than non-selective chemotherapeutic drugs.

Este estudio se diseñó en tres etapas: 1. Evaluación preliminar del extracto de cálices. 2. Formulación y evaluación de geles incorporando el extracto. 3. Evaluación de la actividad antiinflamatoria del gel. Objetivo. Evaluar la actividad antiinflamatoria de un gel a base de extracto etanólico liofilizado de cálices de Physalis peruviana “aguaymanto”. Metodología. Cálices de aguaymanto, obtenidos de una empresa procesadora en Cuzco fueron sometidos a extracción por reflujo con éter de petróleo y, a partir del residuo se preparó un extracto etanólico por maceración, que fue liofilizado e incorporado a concentración de 1 % en diversas formulaciones en gel base de carboximetilcelulosa sódica (CMC), poliacrilamida y carbómero. Aquellas preparaciones que presentaron mejor compatibilidad física fueron sometidas a estabilidad preliminar. Para la evaluación de la actividad antiinflamatoria se optó por el gel de poliacrilamida 3 %, pues fue el que presentó mejores resultados en las pruebas preliminares, empleándose el modelo experimental de inducción de inflamación por inyección subplantar de 0,05 mL de lambda carragenina 1 % en ratones albinos machos de la especie Mus musculus, cepa Balb/C/CNPB. Resultados. La eficacia antiinflamatoria fue 14,83; 39,10 y 48,86 % para el extracto etanólico liofilizado a la concentración de 1 %, gel de preparación reciente y gel sometido a estabilidad, frente a 56,79 y 24,49 % para gel de diclofenaco 1 % y crema de clobetasol 0,05 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones. La formulación evaluada en gel de poliacrilamida 3 % con 1 % de extracto liofilizado de cálices de Physalis peruviana posee actividad antiinflamatoria.

Immediately after fire, soil nitrogen availability increases due to ash deposition and the stimulation of mineralization by increased temperature. The coexistence of plant resprouters with contrasting root traits that grow soon after fire suggests different strategies operating for the re-acquisition of space, capturing resources and resisting additional stresses. Brachypodium retusum and Dactylis glomerata are two perennial grass species that co-occur in fire-prone Mediterranean basin ecosystems. B. retusum (Br) is a slow-growing grass with a developed rhizome, whereas D. glomerata (Dg) is a fast-growing grass that resprouts from rootstock buds. We hypothesized that the fast-growing grass would take advantage of the flush in available N after fire, whereas the aboveground growth of the slow-growing grass would rely on rhizome N reserves. The objective of this study was to ascertain the role of the root system characteristics and plant growth traits in relation to soil N uptake and plant N assimilation soon after fire followed by grazing. Therefore, in a pot experiment with plants and soil transplanted from the field, we applied 15N-NH4+ to the surface of the soil, immediately after cutting the aboveground plant biomass to simulate post-fire disturbance. Grazing defoliation was simulated using four successive cuttings. Both species resprouted quickly after the fire-simulation cutting, with the recovery of approximately 15% of the initial aboveground biomass only 5 days afterwards; 20 days later, the biomass reached 50% for Dg and 28% for Br. This regrowth was parallel to a reduction in belowground biomass. Later, the aboveground biomass remained approximately constant after four cuts over 75 days, maintaining the same total N content (close to 2.0 g N m−2 for Dg and 1.0–1.5 g N m−2 for Br). Both species showed high 15N atom % in their leaves after 20 days of 15N application, which slowly decreased over the successive cuts. After 55 days and two cuts, only Br showed a decline in the total plant 15N content. Plant growth and soil N uptake were higher in the non-rhizomatous species (Dg) showing greater root development and higher belowground/aboveground ratio. The rhizome of Br supported early resprouting but this species did not take much advantage of the initial N mineralization after fire. In Dg pots, the 15N-NO3- that leached out was lower than in Br pots. Dg showed higher nitrate reductase activity, in comparison to Br. In agreement with our hypothesis, the results suggest that the fast-growing strategy of Dg takes advantage of increased N availability after fire, whereas the slow growing Br relies on N rhizome reserves, which were slowly replenishing from available soil N. Both species showed high regeneration capacity after fire and high resilience to intensive post-fire grazing pressure.

8 páginas, 3 figuras, 1 tabla., The authors wish to acknowledge the collaboration of personnel from the Departamento de Sanidad Animal of the University of León and thank them for their help in the laboratory analyses, particularly to Eva Martín de Valmaseda. The authors were grateful to Falco Iberia S.L. Company for referring the falcon to the Pathological Diagnostic Service of the Faculty of Veterinary Sciences of León. Technical support provided by Marta Silva and Julio Benavides was also gratefully acknowledged. RV was supported by a predoctoral contract from the Spanish Ministry of Education. JE was the recipient of a postdoctoral contract Juan de la Cierva-Formación (FJC2019-042422-I) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.

Los cambios constantes en el nivel de las organizaciones públicas hacen que estas expandan su visión y la competitividad permanente lleva a los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados (GAD) Municipales a desarrollar estrategias para alcanzar sus objetivos, es así como, la contratación y la continuidad de los despidos del personal representa un problema de gran magnitud para las instituciones, pues sin duda, limita el desarrollo eficiente que se desearía tener, ya que la productividad de la institución se ve significativamente afectada, evidenciándose un mal clima organizacional, restando la eficiencia eficacia y efectividad en los procesos, influyendo directamente en los resultados Esta investigación determina un análisis de las causas del clima organizacional en una institución pública. Debido a la alta tasa de rotación evidenciada dentro de los municipios según se constata en las encuestas realizadas, principalmente en el personal operativo, que son aquellos que trabajan directamente con los usuarios y pueden tener los efectos causados por el servicio ofrecido. En consecuencia, esta investigación conlleva aumentar el servicio al usuario proporcionado por los colaboradores públicos. Y una relación muy estrecha entre el clima organizacional medido y la rotación de personar también se define al analizar la premisa de que si el clima organizacional mejora la rotación de personal se reducirá el malestar entre compañeros de trabajo, ya que puede haber razones que no se conocen o están fuera del control y, por lo tanto, no se pueden mejorar el lineamiento de prestigio institucional. Constant changes at the level of public organizations mean that they expand their vision and permanent competitiveness leads the Municipal Autonomous Decentralized Governments (GAD) to develop strategies to achieve their objectives, such as hiring and continuity of layoffs The staff represents a problem of great magnitude for the institutions, because without a doubt, it limits the efficient development that one would like to have, since the productivity of the institution is significantly affected, evidencing a bad organizational climate, subtracting the efficiency effectiveness and effectiveness in the processes, directly influencing the results This research determines an analysis of the causes of the organizational climate in a public institution. Due to the high rate of turnover evidenced within the municipalities as found in the surveys carried out, mainly in the operating personnel, which are those that work directly with users and can have the effects caused by the service offered. Consequently, this research entails increasing the user service provided by public collaborators. And a very close relationship between the measured organizational climate and the turnover of people is also defined when analyzing the premise that if the organizational climate improves staff turnover, discomfort among coworkers will be reduced, since there may be reasons that are not they know or are out of control and, therefore, the institutional prestige guidelines can not be improved. Palabras Clave: desempeño, talento humano, rotación, clima laboral, decisiones. Keywords: performance, human talent, rotation, labor climate, decisions.

6 páginas, 4 figuras., The local expression of WC1 γδ T lymphocytes subset has been evaluated by immunohistochemical methods at the different types of lesions present in cows naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) and in non-infected control animals. Infected cattle were either in the latent/subclinical (focal lesions) or clinical (diffuse paucibacillary and multibacillary forms) stage of paratuberculosis. To assess the cell distribution, a differential cell count was carried out at the lamina propria, gut-associated lymphoid tissue and submucosa. A significant increase in the number of WC1 γδ T cells was observed in all the infected animals, regardless of the type of lesion. Cows with focal lesions showed higher number of labeled cells than those with diffuse forms, where no differences were found between the two types. This increase in the number of positively immunolabelled lymphocytes in infected animals was seen in the lamina propria, with higher values in those with focal lesions. While in the lymphoid tissue no differences in the numbers were observed, in animals with focal lesions, WC1 γδ T cells tended to be located at the periphery of the granulomas. These findings suggest a proinflammatory action of WC1 γδ T lymphocytes in bovine paratuberculosis, which might play an important role in the containment of the Map-infection in the focal granulomas located in the lymphoid tissue, helping to prevent the progression toward diffuse forms responsible for the clinical signs., This study was funded by grant AGL2015-66540-C2-1-R from de Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and LE259/P18 from “Junta de Castilla y León”. N. Arteche and R. Vallejo are supported by a predoctoral contract from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, or Education, respectively. J. Espinosa and D. Gutiérrez are the recipients of a postdoctoral contract of “Junta de Castilla y León-Fondo Social Europeo” and “Juan de la Cierva” of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, respectively. Technical and human support provided by Marta Silva is gratefully acknowledged.

A relationship that establishes a correlation between the isentropic efficiency and volumetric efficiency of a piston compressor and that takes into account the dead volume, engine pressure ratio, and the state of the working body at the start of the compression process and its adiabatic index is obtained. With a pressure ratio greater than 3–4, the isentropic efficiency will be 3–12% higher than the volumetric efficiency.

It is believed that climate change will greatly impact the relative importance of pests. The bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L. is probably the major pest of temperate cereal crops on a world scale, it attacks all the major cereals and pasture grasses. The organic sector is in need of alternative aphicides or products that can repel this pest. In spite of the properties of plant volatiles that allow them to act as insect repellents, there is a lack of such products on the market for the agricultural sector. In this work, we tested a group of essential oils and pure compounds in a laboratory choice bioassay with R. padi (20 replications per product) and the repellency index (R.I.) was computed after 24 h. At 0.15 μl/cm2, aniseed, peppermint and lemongrass essential oils were repellent for apterous females. trans-Anethole and caryophyllene exhibited volatile toxicity to the insects (LD50 = 0.11 μl/cm2). R.I. values ranging from 68.8 to 100 were obtained using farnesol, geraniol, cis-jasmone, citral, linalool, estragole, pulegone and caryophyllene. Water emulsions of the active products were obtained (nanoemulsions with oil droplets less than 100 nm via ultrasounds for 10 min) and applied at increasing volumes using a computer-controlled spraying apparatus for the bioassay, and a dose response was obtained. Some products were active: carvone increased mobility, whilst cis-jasmone repelled R. padi at a very low dose (0.02 μl/cm2 of the treated leaf). Zetasizer measurements indicated that the smaller the particle size within the nanoemulsion, the higher the activity. Using lecithin (1:2) or lecithin plus glycerol (1:2:1) in addition to a bioactive produced larger negative Z-potential values and therefore more stable formulations without any evident effect on activity.

A novel real-time method was developed to evaluate the bisphenol A degradation kinetics by molecular ozone and radical pathway using the stopped-flow technique. The second-order kinetics was determined under pseudo-first-order conditions for the molecular pathway by the absolute rate constant method and for the radical pathway by the Rct concept involving the hydroxyl radical and ozone ratio. Bisphenol A degradation by ozone was performed and evaluated at a pH ranging from 2 to 10. At pH 10, the constant was 3.43 × 109 M−1 s−1. To validate the method, ciprofloxacin degradation kinetics was determined at pH 8 by radical pathway, in 4.55 × 109 M−1 s−1. The method permits the determination of kinetic parameters for the design of chemical reactors; avoiding the generation of undesirable reactions and by-products in the degradation of emerging compounds.

Se diseñó un proceso basado en el análisis del coeficiente de autocorrelación simple (𝑟𝑘 ) de una serie de tiempo (𝑌𝑡 ) para elegir el método de pronóstico más adecuado para predecir las ventas de autos de la industria automotriz en México durante el año 2019, se halló evidencia estadísticamente significativa de que las ventas de autos en unidades presentan una estacionalidad aditiva anual, por lo que se empleó el modelo de Winter como parte de los métodos de suavizamiento exponencial. Se aplicó también la metodología de Box y Jenkins (1978) por medio de la estimación del modelo ARIMA1, el cual dio como resultado un modelo estadísticamente significativo del tipo AR(3) de acuerdo a la prueba de raíz unitaria Dickey Fuller y al análisis de las funciones de autocorrelación simple y parcial. De acuerdo a la raíz del ECM2 el modelo de Winter es más eficiente para predecir el potencial del mercado durante el periodo.

Recently, V-engines with a small angle of camber are more widely used as power units for passenger cars, especially because of the reduced engine length, and the transverse dimensions are almost the same as in-line ones. All this leads to an increase in overall engine power. However, due to the small camber angle between the parallel rows of cylinders, the intersection of the cylinders in their lower part may occur. To prevent the latter, significant multidirectional desaxial is used. Moreover, the calculation of the dynamics of similar engines introduces a number of features, including balancing the inertia forces and their moments from the reciprocating moving and rotating masses. The article discusses the balancing of 5-cylinder four-stroke VR type engines with desaxial crank mechanism and uniform flash alternation. The formulas allowing to find and analyze moments of the inertia forces of the reciprocating and rotating masses arising in VR-5 engines are given by the given value of the cylinder camber angle, the ratio of the crank radius to the connecting rod length and the relative displacement of the cylinder axis. A method of balancing the moments of inertia forces of the reciprocating and rotating masses is proposed and the results of the presented dynamic study of a VR-5 engine using analytical, software and graph-analytical methods.

Under Mediterranean conditions, drought and fire are prevalent disturbances that play a fundamental role in the distribution, organization and evolution of ecosystems. Reforestation programs were carried out in degraded areas by planting pines. Presently, the spontaneous regeneration of other species is scarce and species diversity is poor. Introducing woody resprouter species under pine forests would increase species diversity and ecosystem resilience to cope with different types of disturbances, such as wildfires. In this study, we investigated the survival, growth and functional responses of six Mediterranean trees and shrub resprouter species planted under pine forests. Experiments were done in a dry Mesomediterranean climate. Seedlings from a wide array of early to late successional trees and shrub species were outplanted in different pine densities, low, medium and high, which corresponded to 22%, 48% and 62% of the maximum sunlight received, respectively. The time course of survival and growth (height and basal diameter) were analyzed for 3 years after outplanting. Survival was higher than 78%, although differences between species and pine densities were found. Seedling growth also reflected different interactions among introduced seedlings and density of pines. Water use efficiency of species based on isotopic determinations (δ13C and δ18O) differed between densities and species according to functional groups. These results have relevant implications for the management and restoration of fire-prone Mediterranean pine forests. This work has been carried out thanks to Projects FUME (EU FP7-Environment, GA. 243888), SURVIVE (CGL-2011-30531-CO2-02) and GRACCIE-NET (CTM2014-59111-REDC), funded by the Spanish Government, and the PROMETEO program (DESESTRES 2014/038), funded by the Generalitat Valenciana (Regional Valencian Government). M.E. Granados thanks the University of Michoacana (México) for her grant to conduct this study. CEAM also thanks the Geronimo Forteza grant (FPA/2014/126), funded by the Generalitat Valenciana to the SURVIVE project. CEAM is supported by the Generalitat Valenciana.

Here we show that Pythium arrhenomanes is a causal agent of root rot on maize. The pathogen was isolated from diseased root tissue collected from a conventional maize crop in Michoacan, during 2015. For taxonomic identification, the obtained isolate was used for morphological characteristics and molecular analysis (ITS and COXII genes). Pathogenicity tests confirmed that P. arrhenomanes causes root rot on maize plants.

espanolObjetivo: Comparar los efectos de la Radiofrecuencia Termica (RFT) versus la Radiofrecuencia Pulsada (RFP) sobre la rama media del ramo dorsal del nervio raquideo en el tratamiento del dolor en la artropatia facetaria lumbar. Diseno: Prospectivo, comparado, aleatorio y ciego. Material y metodos: Elegimos veinte pacientes de una muestra total de 60 pacientes con dolor lumbar cronico procedente de las articulaciones, sin mejoria despues de un tratamiento conservador de mas de tres meses. Los pacientes serian asignados de forma aleatoria: 30 RFT y 30 RFP. Resultados: Se evaluaron los resultados de 12 pacientes en el grupo de RFT y 8 en el grupo de radiofrecuencia pulsada. No se observo ninguna diferencia en las caracteristicas demograficas entre los dos grupos. Tres pacientes abandonaron el estudio. En el grupo de RFT se observo una disminucion estadisticamente significativa de la Escala Visual Analoga (EVA) en todos los puntos de seguimiento (p EnglishObjective: To compare the effects of Radiofrequency Thermal (RFT) versus Pulsed Radiofrequency (RFP) on the middle branch of the dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve in the treatment of pain in the lumbar facet arthropathy. Design: Prospective, comparative, randomized and blind. Material and methods: We, initially, chose twenty patients of a total sample of 60 patients with chronic low back pain originating from the facet joints without improvement after conservative treatment of more than three months. Patients were randomly assigned 30 RFT and RFP 30. Results: Results 12 RFT group and 8 were evaluated in the group of pulsed radiofrequency. No difference was observed in demographic characteristics between the two groups. Three patients dropped out. In the RFT group, a statistically significant decrease in Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at every point tracking (p

The research study hereby is aimed at the characterization of the hydrodynamics and kinetics of an upflow anaerobic fixed-bed reactor used in the secondary treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater. Hydrodynamics was determined by means of impulse tracer trials and by calculating residence time distribution curves at different volumetric flow rates. At high flow rates (110–204 mL/min), the reactor showed a plug flow behavior with axial dispersion and interactions with dead zones; nonetheless, at low volumetric flow rates (2.29–27.90 mL/min), the dispersion and interaction with dead zones increased, and short circuits appeared behaving as a stirred reactor. In this study, the hydrodynamics and kinetics results were combined with flow pattern description models (stirred tank, plug flow, stirred tank reactors in series and dispersion models) in order to assess organic matter removal efficiency as chemical oxygen demand at the anaerobic reactor. The comparison of the first-order kinetic constants obtained experimentally and the kinetics constants from the models allowed the obtaining of the anaerobic reactor's hydrodynamics and kinetic characterization. Optimal operating conditions and design parameters such as average residence time and efficiency, by taking into account reactor and wastewater characteristics were determined.