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A series of 5-[[1-(4'-carboxybenzyl)imidazolyl]methylidene]hydantoins have been prepared and evaluated as in vitro and in vivo angiotensin II (Ang II) antagonists. Variation of substituents on the hydantoin ring leads to potent and selective Ang II antagonists with nanomolar IC50 values at the AT1 receptor and negligible affinity for the AT2 receptor. Preferred substituents include an n-butyl at R1 and an alkyl or heteroarylmethyl substituent at R2. The selection of the R2 substituent was guided in part by the calculation of its log P since a significant correlation was observed between CLOGP and AT1 binding affinity. The biphenyl tetrazole pharmacophore, common to a number of AT1 antagonists, could be replaced by, for example, a 4-carbomethoxyphenyl substituent resulting in potent Ang II antagonists both in vitro and in vivo. A representative compound of this series is 57, which reduced the mean arterial blood pressure of renal hypertensive rats by 40% at 30 mg/kg po and by 25% at 10 mg/kg po. In addition this compound was efficacious in the salt-deplete normotensive monkey model maximally decreasing blood pressure 27% at 10 mg/kg po. In summary, these compounds belong to a novel class of Ang II antagonists that lack the biphenyl tetrazole moiety yet display appreciable and long lasting oral activity.

A novel series of nonpeptide angiotensin II (AII) receptor antagonists containing a 1H-pyrrol-1-yl moiety at the 4-position of the imidazole have been developed. The pyrrole group occupies the same lipophilic pocket at the receptor as the chloro group in DuP 753 (68) and EXP 3174 (69) and the pentafluoro group in DuP 532 (70), respectively. The impetus for its selection came from bioisosteric considerations based on hydrophobic and electronic substituent constants. An extensive study of the structure-activity relationships revealed several highly potent AII receptor antagonists. An acyl substitution at the 2-position of the pyrrole ring improved activity, most notably in the in vivo rat model. In addition, the 2-substituted pyrrole compounds improved chemical stability toward extremely facile decarboxylation reaction associated with unsubstituted pyrrole analogues, thus facilitating development of these agents. The IC50's of 18, 20, and 42 (< 1 nM) were better than the reference compounds 69 and 70, respectively. These compounds were selective AII antagonists that compete at the AT1 receptor and showed no affinity at the AT2 receptor at concentrations up to 10 microM. Upon intravenous administration in a normotensive rat model, compound 18 inhibited the AII-induced responses with ED50 of 6 micrograms/kg per min. In a renal hypertensive rat model, the antihypertensive potency of compound 18, at a dose of 10 mg/kg, was very similar to those 68 and 69, respectively. Compound 18 demonstrated a dose-related (3-30 mg/kg) decrease in blood pressure that was sustained for greater than 24 h. On the basis of its profile, compound 18, designated as CI-996, has been selected for in-depth studies. The design, synthesis, in vitro, and in vivo structure-activity relationships are described.

A series of 3,5-disubstituted-2,1-benzisoxazole-4,7-diones was synthesized and evaluated as radiosensitizers both in vitro and in vivo. These compounds were designed as non-nitro electron-affinic agents in an effort to alleviate some of the toxicities seen with the 2-nitroimidazole radiosensitizers evaluated in the clinic. Several compounds in this series were potent radiosensitizers in vitro, with sensitizer enhancement ratios of 2.0-2.3 at concentrations less than 0.5 mM. Compounds with potent in vitro activity were also evaluated in vivo. However, none of these compounds showed radiosensitizing activity in vivo. The reduction potentials of these compounds were determined by cyclic voltammetry and compared to other electron-affinic radiosensitizers. In general, the reduction potentials of this series of compounds was slightly more positive than the 2-nitroimidazoles, but they fell within the range postulated as acceptable to yield in vivo activity. The results suggest that factors other than reduction potential may be responsible for the lack of in vivo radiosensitizing activity observed for this class of radiosensitizers.

A series of 6- and 7-acrylamide derivatives of the 4-(phenylamino)quinazoline and -pyridopyrimidine classes of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors were prepared from the corresponding amino compounds by reaction with either acryloyl chloride/base or acrylic acid/1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride. All of the 6-acrylamides, but only the parent quinazoline 7-acrylamide, were irreversible inhibitors of the isolated enzyme, confirming that the former are better-positioned, when bound to the enzyme, to react with the critical cysteine-773. Quinazoline, pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine, and pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine 6-acrylamides were all irreversible inhibitors and showed similar high potencies in the enzyme assay (likely due to titration of the available enzyme). However the pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine analogues were 2-6-fold less potent than the others in a cellular autophosphorylation assay for EGFR in A431 cells. The quinazolines were generally less potent overall toward inhibition of heregulin-stimulated autophosphorylation of erbB2 (in MDA-MB-453-cells), whereas the pyridopyrimidines were equipotent. Selected compounds were evaluated in A431 epidermoid and H125 non-small-cell lung cancer human tumor xenografts. The compounds showed better activity when given orally than intraperitoneally. All showed significant tumor growth inhibition (stasis) over a dose range. The poor aqueous solubility of the compounds was a drawback, requiring formulation as fine particulate emulsions.

1-Phenylbenzimidazoles are shown to be a new class of ATP-site inhibitors of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). Structure-activity relationships (SARs) are narrow, with closely related heterocycles being inactive. A systematic study of substituted 1-phenylbenzimidazoles showed clear SARs. Substituents at the 4'- and 3'-positions of the phenyl ring are tolerated but do not significantly improve activity, while substituents at the 2'-position abolish it. Substituents in the 2-, 4-, and 7-positions of the benzimidazole ring (with the exception of 4-OH) also abolish activity. Most substituents at the 5- and 6-positions maintain or increase activity, with the 5-OH, 5-OMe, 5-COMe, and 5-CO2Me analogues being >10-fold more potent than the parent 1-phenylbenzimidazole. The 5-OMe analogue was both the most potent inhibitor, and showed the highest selectivity (50-fold) between PDGFR and FGFR isolated enzymes, and also a moderately effective inhibitor (IC50 = 1.9 microM) of PDGF-stimulated PDGFR autophosphorylation in rat aorta smooth muscle cells.

The 4-[(3-bromophenyl)amino]pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine PD 158780 is a very potent in vitro inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (IC50 0.08 nM), and other members of the erbB family, by competitive binding at the ATP site of these signal transduction enzymes. A series of analogues of PD 158780 bearing solubilizing functions off the 6-methylamino substituent were prepared by reaction of the 6-fluoro derivatives with appropriate amine nucleophiles. These were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the tyrosine phosphorylating action of EGF-stimulated full-length EGFR enzyme and for inhibition of autophosphorylation of the EGFR in A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells in culture. The most effective analogues were those bearing weakly basic substituents through a secondary amine linkage, which proved water-soluble (> 10 mM) and potent (IC50S generally < 1 nM). No clear SAR could be discerned for these compounds with respect to amine base strength or the distance of the cationic center from the chromophore, suggesting that 6-substituents are in a favorable area of bulk tolerance in the enzyme binding site. More distinct SAR emerged for the ability of the compounds to inhibit EGFR autophosphorylation in A431 cells, where analogues bearing lipophilic weak bases were preferred. Representative analogues were evaluated for antitumor effectiveness against four in vivo tumor models. Significant in vivo activity was observed in estrogen-dependent MCF-7 breast and A431 epidermoid tumors. Marginal activity was seen in an EGFR-transfected tumor model, suggesting that while this cell line requires EGF for clone formation in soft agar, other growth factors may be able to replace EGF in vivo. Also, no activity was seen against the SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer model, which is known to express other EGF receptor family members (although it is not clear whether these are absolutely required for growth in vivo). While substantial growth delays were seen in A431 and MCF-7 tumor models, the treated tumors remained approximately the same size throughout therapy, suggesting that the compounds are cytostatic rather than cytotoxic under these test conditions. It remains to be determined if more prolonged therapy has cytotoxic effects in vivo, resulting in net tumor cell kill.

A series of 5-[[1-(4'-carboxybenzyl)imidazolyl]methylidene]hydantoins have been prepared and evaluated as in vitro and in vivo angiotensin II (Ang II) antagonists. Variation of substituents on the hydantoin ring leads to potent and selective Ang II antagonists with nanomolar IC50 values at the AT1 receptor and negligible affinity for the AT2 receptor. Preferred substituents include an n-butyl at R1 and an alkyl or heteroarylmethyl substituent at R2. The selection of the R2 substituent was guided in part by the calculation of its log P since a significant correlation was observed between CLOGP and AT1 binding affinity. The biphenyl tetrazole pharmacophore, common to a number of AT1 antagonists, could be replaced by, for example, a 4-carbomethoxyphenyl substituent resulting in potent Ang II antagonists both in vitro and in vivo. A representative compound of this series is 57, which reduced the mean arterial blood pressure of renal hypertensive rats by 40% at 30 mg/kg po and by 25% at 10 mg/kg po. In addition this compound was efficacious in the salt-deplete normotensive monkey model maximally decreasing blood pressure 27% at 10 mg/kg po. In summary, these compounds belong to a novel class of Ang II antagonists that lack the biphenyl tetrazole moiety yet display appreciable and long lasting oral activity.

A novel series of nonpeptide angiotensin II (AII) receptor antagonists containing a 1H-pyrrol-1-yl moiety at the 4-position of the imidazole have been developed. The pyrrole group occupies the same lipophilic pocket at the receptor as the chloro group in DuP 753 (68) and EXP 3174 (69) and the pentafluoro group in DuP 532 (70), respectively. The impetus for its selection came from bioisosteric considerations based on hydrophobic and electronic substituent constants. An extensive study of the structure-activity relationships revealed several highly potent AII receptor antagonists. An acyl substitution at the 2-position of the pyrrole ring improved activity, most notably in the in vivo rat model. In addition, the 2-substituted pyrrole compounds improved chemical stability toward extremely facile decarboxylation reaction associated with unsubstituted pyrrole analogues, thus facilitating development of these agents. The IC50's of 18, 20, and 42 (1 nM) were better than the reference compounds 69 and 70, respectively. These compounds were selective AII antagonists that compete at the AT1 receptor and showed no affinity at the AT2 receptor at concentrations up to 10 microM. Upon intravenous administration in a normotensive rat model, compound 18 inhibited the AII-induced responses with ED50 of 6 micrograms/kg per min. In a renal hypertensive rat model, the antihypertensive potency of compound 18, at a dose of 10 mg/kg, was very similar to those 68 and 69, respectively. Compound 18 demonstrated a dose-related (3-30 mg/kg) decrease in blood pressure that was sustained for greater than 24 h. On the basis of its profile, compound 18, designated as CI-996, has been selected for in-depth studies. The design, synthesis, in vitro, and in vivo structure-activity relationships are described.

A series of 3,5-disubstituted-2,1-benzisoxazole-4,7-diones was synthesized and evaluated as radiosensitizers both in vitro and in vivo. These compounds were designed as non-nitro electron-affinic agents in an effort to alleviate some of the toxicities seen with the 2-nitroimidazole radiosensitizers evaluated in the clinic. Several compounds in this series were potent radiosensitizers in vitro, with sensitizer enhancement ratios of 2.0-2.3 at concentrations less than 0.5 mM. Compounds with potent in vitro activity were also evaluated in vivo. However, none of these compounds showed radiosensitizing activity in vivo. The reduction potentials of these compounds were determined by cyclic voltammetry and compared to other electron-affinic radiosensitizers. In general, the reduction potentials of this series of compounds was slightly more positive than the 2-nitroimidazoles, but they fell within the range postulated as acceptable to yield in vivo activity. The results suggest that factors other than reduction potential may be responsible for the lack of in vivo radiosensitizing activity observed for this class of radiosensitizers.