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All Biosorption of Malachite green and Rhodamine B dyes using banana peel (Musa balbisiana Colla) as a biosorbent has been carried out. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pH and concentration for biosorption of Malachite green and Rhodamine B by banana peel biosorbent (Musa balbisiana Colla). The method used is the batch method. The maximum wavelength of Malachite green is 618 nm and Rhodamine B 555 nm measured by the UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The results showed that the optimum conditions for Malachite green adsorption occurred at pH 3, a concentration of 100 ppm 8,0662 mg/g. The optimum conditions for Rhodamine B adsorption occurred at pH 3, a concentration of 120 ppm 16,6614 mg/g. The adsorption isotherm of Malachite green with banana peel (Musa balbisiana Colla) biosorbent tends to follow the Freundlich isotherm with a determinant coefficient (R2) of 0.9996 and Rhodamine B 0,9884.

Tubérculos del género Dioscorea comercializados con fines medicinales, fueron recolectados con el propósito de lograr su establecimiento a condiciones in vitro. Previamente se lograron identificar taxonómicamente las especies y por medio de análisis fitoquímicos demostrar su potencial farmacéutico. El material recolectado fue identificado como Dioscorea coriacea, D. lehmannii, D. meridensis, D. polygonoides y una especie comestible D. trifida. Tubérculos recolectados de centros de acopio y traídos de campo fueron lavados, desinfectados, asperjados con Ácido Giberélico (AG3) y sembrados en sustrato BM-2®, en invernadero a 18°C día y 10°C noche. Los tubérculos completos o por secciones fueron almacenados en bolsas herméticas a temperatura ambiente. Posteriormente se desinfectó material vegetal de las especies D. coriacea, D. lehmannii, D. meridensis y D polygonoides, seleccionando explantes de brotes sanos (D. coriacea / laboratorio) para su establecimiento. Se evaluaron tres medios de cultivo para establecimiento, el que presentó los mejores resultados fue Medio Murashige & Skoog (1962) suplementado con BAP 1 mL/L, AG3 1 mL/L y Putrescina 2 mL/L. Para la extracción y análisis de metabolitos secundarios se utilizaron tubérculos de D. coriacea, D. lehmannii y D. polygonoides, empleando como solvente de extracción metanol. Se encontró mayor concentración de extracto vegetal en D. coriacea (54%), y mediante cromatografía en capa delgada (CCD), se confirmó la presencia de saponinas, que resultó mayor en comparación con D. polygonoides especie reconocida por su alto contenido de saponinas. Estos resultados permitirán realizar análisis más avanzados de los compuestos presentes y plantear su propagación masiva en condiciones in vitro. Wild tubers of the genus Dioscorea sold for medicinal use were collected for the purpose of achieving its establishment under in vitro conditions. First we taxonomically identified the species and through phytochemical analysis demonstrated pharmaceutical potential. The material collected was identified as Dioscorea coriacea, D. lehmannii, D. meridensis, D. polygonoides and the edible species D. trifida. Tubers collected from wholesale distributors and from the field were washed, disinfected, sprayed with Gibberellic Acid (GA3) and planted in substrate BM-2®, in a greenhouse at 18 ° C during the day and 10 ° C overnight. Whole tubers or sections thereof were stored in sealed bags at room temperature. Subsequently plant material of the species D. coriacea, D. lehmannii, D. meridensis and D. polygonoides was disinfected and healthy buds (D. coriacea / laboratory) were selected for in vitro establishment. Three different culture media were evaluated for establishment; that which presented the best results was the Murashige & Skoog (1962) medium, supplemented with BAP 1 mL / L, GA3 1 mL / L and Putrescin 2 mL / L. For the collection and analysis of secondary metabolites, tubers of D. coriacea, D. lehmannii and D. polygonoides were used, using methanol as the extraction solvent. The highest concentration of plant extract, 54%, was found in D. coriacea, a higher value than that of D. polygonoides, which had been reported previously; the presence of saponins was confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). These results will enable more advanced analysis of the present compounds and enhance their mass propagation under in vitro conditions.

Background Osteoarthritis and soft tissue pathology are diseases that produce important pain and disability in many patients. Some studies support that the low-dose radiotherapy may be effective in refractory diseases. Objectives The main objective of this study is to evaluate whether the treatment with radiotherapy is long-term effective to reduce the pain in osteoarthritis and soft tissue pathology. The secondary objective is to evaluate the analgesic requirements before and after the treatment. Methods A prospective and observational study was designed. 38 patients were included. 53 different pathologies were treated including knee osteoarthritis, trochanteric bursitis, calcinosis, rizartrosis, pyramidal syndrome, rotatory cuff pathology and shoulder osteoarthritis, plantar fasciitis, epicondylitis, hand osteoarthritis, tibialis posterior tendonitis, ankle osteoarthritis, hip osteoarthritis and hand tendonitis. All these pathologies did not respond to conventional therapy (non steroidal antiinflamatory drugs, rehabilitation or infiltrations). Initially, the patients received a treatment of radiotherapy with a dose of 6 Gray divided in 6 sessions during 2 weeks. The patients that did not respond after 6 weeks received a second treatment with the same characteristics. The modification in Visual Analogic Scale (VAS) of pain was evaluated as well as analgesic intake before and after the treatment. Results No side effects were observed. 92% were women and 8% men. Mean age was 66,82, standard deviation (SD): 12,97 (42–89). 44 locations responded to one treatment and 19 needed a second one. The mean VAS prior treatment was 7,38, SD: 1,49, (10–4). Mean VAS after the first treatment was 3,81 SD: 2,84 (9–0). The mean VAS after the first treatment in locations that received 2 treatments was 6,65 SD: 1,46 (9–5), and mean VAS after the second one was 4,56 DE: 2,66 (8–1). By pathology, the difference in means was: 4,8 in knee osteoarthritis (N=11), 4,78 in trochanteric bursitis (N=10), 5 in calcinosis (N=3), 5,33 rizartrosis (N=8), 4 in pyramidal syndrome (N=2), 3,87 in rotatory cuff pathology and shoulder osteoarthritis (N=6), 6 in plantar fasciitis (N=1), 7 in epicondylitis (N=1), 3,22 in hand osteoarthritis (N=11), 6 in tibialis posterior tendonitis (N=2), 4 in ankle osteoarthritis (N=2), 2 in hip osteoarthritis (N=1) and 2,2 in hand tendonitis (N=5). Until November 2016, 12 patients (17 pathologies) were followed-up for 6 months. The mean VAS before treatment of these pathologies was 7,29 SD: 1,21; (9–4). After 6 months mean VAS reduced to 1,47 SD: 1,42; (5–0). The analgesic intake was reduced in 37,98% of patients, 10,34% used the same amount and 34,48% was not known. 17,24% did not take analgesic drugs at all after treatment. Conclusions The treatment with low dose radiotherapy was long-term effective for reducing the pain level in our study. References Minten MJ, Mahler E, den Broeder AA et al. The efficacy and safety of low-dose radiotherapy on pain and functioning in patients with osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Rheumatol Int. 2016 Jan; 36(1):133–42. Disclosure of Interest None declared

Resume de l'editeur : This book focuses on the social and environmental issues being addressed by agricultural law within the current globalised system. What is agricultural law? Agricultural regulations concern and affect essential human needs and values that must be dealt with by pursuing a comprehensive and coordinated global approach. By tracking the developments in this context, this book explores the new challenges that agricultural law needs to address in order to frame emerging dilemmas. International governance of natural resources and their role in addressing food insecurity is the object of the first Part of the volume, which deals with sustainable agriculture and agro-ecosystem services in connection with the food security issue. The second Part focuses on the regulation of food as the main product of agricultural activity, and explores the answers that the law can provide in order to accommodate consumers’ interests and concerns (inter alia, novel foods, animal welfare, direct sales and e-commerce). The third Part examines the social, environmental and legal consequences of a renewed interest in agricultural investments. Further, it analyses the evolution and the interplay between different legal systems with regard to land tenure, environmental concerns and investments in agriculture.

The fat-regulating hormones, adiponectin, ghrelin, and leptin have been studied extensively because therapeutic modality might be gleaned from their augmentation or blockade. Since a link between the hormone and control of hunger was found, ghrelin levels in the human body have received a great deal of attention over the past several years. This mini-review summarizes the role of ghrelin, describing its actions and therapeutic uses.

Regions, especially the most remote, have difficulties in joining the national news pattern, which generates deficiencies in the information system. This article is a about the experience of a regional TV newscast prepared not using the traditional way of work. It was produced with a low-cost budget and using the TIC, allowing changes in selection, collection and journalistic development. Also summarizes the results achieved with the variations introduced in the journalistic work process that can contribute to the improvement of regional information in Chile. Since such problems are not exclusive to this country, the results are expandable up to a variety of informational situations in developing countries.

This paper presents a quantitative content analysis to assess the presence or absence of required professional journalistic standards in television news coverage of natural disasters. A code sheet of 45 variables was used to evaluate thematic hierarchy, focus, emotional tone, use of sources, audiovisual treatment and presence of opinion and speculation in a sample of 1612 news from the coverage of the main television networks in Chile regarding the earthquake that struck the country on February 27, 2010. The significance of this instrument strives in the possibility of comparing journalism in case of catastrophes with normal patterns and from there on to analyze deficiencies and difficulties that are to be faced in such extraordinary circumstances.

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En Colombia el æame (Dioscorea spp.) ha sido un cultivo básico tradicional a pequeña y mediana escala de cultivadores de la Costa Atlántica para abastecer el consumo propio y el mercado local, convirtiéndose en una gran fuente de empleo durante muchos años, sin embargo el ñame es uno de los cultivos más susceptibles a enfermedades (vg. la antracnosis y virus). En la actualidad el cultivo ha ido recuperándose progresivamente de una drástica reducción en área, como en producción, permitiendo aparentes resultados benéficos para los productores. Es imprescindible para el futuro del cultivo, que los productores cuenten con variedades seleccio­nadas para incrementar la sostenibilidad y rentabilidad del cultivo. Sin embargo esas variedades no están disponibles en la naturaleza, sino que tienen que ser mejoradas. El mejoramiento del ñame es difícil y presupone un conocimiento de la diversidad genetica del germoplasma de Dioscorea en Colombia, la cual no se conoce todavía. Por estas razones nosotros caracterizamos las variedades de ñame colombiano utilizadas en campo, así como las silvestres con una técnica de biología molecular: Selective Amplification Microsatellite Polimorphic Loci (SAMPL). Se detectaron 160 bandas identificables, (de las cuales 56 fueron monomórficas, 35% del total, con un rango de 2.8 bandas polimórficas por análisis). Con la información anterior se construyó una matriz binaria que fue transformada en un dendograma utilizando el algoritmo UPGMA. La diversidad de la colección determinada con esta técnica fue de 0.0471 con una media de similaridad de 0.9529. Palabras clave: Dioscorea spp, microsatélites, DNAIn Colombia, yam (Dioscoreu spp.) has been a basic and traditional crop for small-and medium-scale farmers. It has been an important source of family employment in the Colombian Atlantic Coast for the past several centuries. However, yam is the most fragüe crop regarding market issues and disease susceptibility (e.g. to anthracnose and viruses). At present, the crop is under progressive recovery from a previous drastic reduction in área and production, and apparently allows high profits. Is imperative for the future of the crop, that the rural farmers are supplied with selected varieties, thereby increasing their sustainability and economic yield. However, such varieties are not available, but have to be bred. Breeding of yam in turn is difficult, and presupposes knowledge about the genetic diversity in the breeding germplasm, which is not known. For these reasons, we characterized the Colombian yam varieties used in the fields as well as wild relatives with a molecular marker technique: SAMPL (Selective Amplification of Microsatellite Polymorphic Loci). Positions of 160 unequivocally scorable bands (of which 56 were monomorphic, 35% of total, with an average of 2.8 polymorphic bands per assay) were transformed into a binary character matrix and analyzed. The resulting similarity matrix was transformed into a dendrogram with the UPGMA algorithm. The diversity of the collections with this technique was 0.0471 with a mean similarity of 0.9529. Key Words: Dioscorea spp, microsatellites, DNA

Título en ingles: Identification, in vitro establishment and preliminary phytochemical analysis of wild yam (Dioscorea spp.) used for medicinal purposesTítulo corto: Identificación, establecimiento in vitro y análisis fitoquímico preliminar de especies silvestres de ñameResumen: Tubérculos del género Dioscorea comercializados con fines medicinales, fueron recolectados con el propósito de lograr su establecimiento a condiciones in vitro. Previamente se lograron identificar taxonómicamente las especies y por medio de análisis fitoquímicos demostrar su potencial farmacéutico. El material recolectado fue identificado como Dioscorea coriacea, D. lehmannii, D. meridensis, D. polygonoides y una especie comestible D. trifida. Tubérculos recolectados de centros de acopio y traídos de campo fueron lavados, desinfectados, asperjados con Ácido Giberélico (AG3) y sembrados en sustrato BM-2®, en invernadero a 18°C día y 10°C noche. Los tubérculos completos o por secciones fueron almacenados en bolsas herméticas a temperatura ambiente. Posteriormente se desinfectó material vegetal de las especies D. coriacea, D. lehmannii, D. meridensis y D polygonoides, seleccionando explantes de brotes sanos (D. coriacea / laboratorio) para su establecimiento. Se evaluaron tres medios de cultivo para establecimiento, el que presentó los mejores resultados fue Medio Murashige & Skoog (1962) suplementado con BAP 1 mL/L, AG3 1 mL/L y Putrescina 2 mL/L. Para la extracción y análisis de metabolitos secundarios se utilizaron tubérculos de D. coriacea, D. lehmannii y D. polygonoides, empleando como solvente de extracción metanol. Se encontró mayor concentración de extracto vegetal en D. coriacea (54%), y mediante cromatografía en capa delgada (CCD), se confirmó la presencia de saponinas, que resultó mayor en comparación con D. polygonoides especie reconocida por su alto contenido de saponinas. Estos resultados permitirán realizar análisis más avanzados de los compuestos presentes y plantear su propagación masiva en condiciones in vitro. Palabras clave: diosgenina, micropropagación, ñame silvestre, cultivo de tejidos vegetales, saponinas, fitoquímica.Abstract: Wild tubers of the genus Dioscorea sold for medicinal use were collected for the purpose of achieving its establishment under in vitro conditions. First we taxonomically identified the species and through phytochemical analysis demonstrated pharmaceutical potential. The material collected was identified as Dioscorea coriacea, D. lehmannii, D. meridensis, D. polygonoides and the edible species D. trifida. Tubers collected from wholesale distributors and from the field were washed, disinfected, sprayed with Gibberellic Acid (GA3) and planted in substrate BM-2®, in a greenhouse at 18 ° C during the day and 10 ° C overnight. Whole tubers or sections thereof were stored in sealed bags at room temperature. Subsequently plant material of the species D. coriacea, D. lehmannii, D. meridensis and D. polygonoides was disinfected and healthy buds (D. coriacea / laboratory) were selected for in vitro establishment. Three different culture media were evaluated for establishment; that which presented the best results was the Murashige & Skoog (1962) medium, supplemented with BAP 1 mL / L, GA3 1 mL / L and Putrescin 2 mL / L. For the collection and analysis of secondary metabolites, tubers of D. coriacea, D. lehmannii and D. polygonoides were used, using methanol as the extraction solvent. The highest concentration of plant extract, 54%, was found in D. coriacea, a higher value than that of D. polygonoides, which had been reported previously; the presence of saponins was confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). These results will enable more advanced analysis of the present compounds and enhance their mass propagation under in vitro conditions.Key words: diosgenin, micropropagation, wild yam, tissue culture, saponins, phitochemistry.Recibido: agosto 20 de 2014 Aprobado: abril 20 de 2015

Medir calidad informativa es medir la coherencia entre los requerimientos del publico y la oferta de los medios. De acuerdo con este criterio, se evaluaron las noticias transmitidas por 14 medios de comunicacion durante un mes de 1998. Cada nota fue analizada desde el punto de vista del periodista, el caracter propiamente noticioso del hecho, el medio y el publico. Mediante el analisis sistematico, se observaron algunos factores que empobrecen el producto informativo general y la cobertura especifica de distintas areas tematicas. Se constataron ademas, diferencias entre la labor que realizan la prensa escrita y la television. Palabras clave: Calidad informativa; cobertura; hecho noticioso.

Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) accounts for 10-15% of JIA patients and is characterized by arthritis with fever, plus rash, generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and serositis. It is associated with significant morbidity and may be complicated with macrophagic activation syndrome (MAS). The use of anti-interleukin 1 (IL1) therapy results in dramatic improvement in both the systemic and articular disease. Elevation of liver enzymes can be seen in sJIA patients because of disease activity, MAS, an infection, hepatotoxicity from pharmacologic treatment or as manifestation of another disease (such as autoimmune hepatitis). Achieving the diagnosis of the hypertransaminasemia in these patients may be difficult for the clinician.

La tecnologia altera los conceptos de soberania, sociedad y gobierno, y promueve una restriccion de los tiempos y funciones de la burocracia. Pero a la vez, amplia los mecanismos de participacion, lo que ha permitido que aparezca una «democracia electronica». La interconectividad –sostiene la autora– incide en la generacion de problemas en la esfera de la comprobacion de la veracidad y confiabilidad de los datos, y en toda la posibilidad periodistica de ofrecer «pautas confiables de navegacion» a los usuarios directos. Palabras clave: democracia electronica; participacion; interconectividad; tecnologia.

La ingesta de altos niveles de sal (NaCl) se asocia a hipertensión arterial, enfermedades cardiovasculares y cerebrovasculares. Objetivo: explorar la comprensión de la ingesta diaria de sal, percepciones y conocimientos sobre sus implicancias para la salud y la opinión sobre acciones para su reducción. Se realizaron cuatro grupos focales (31 participantes): uno de jóvenes estudiantes universitarios, dos de adultos en edad económicamente activa y otro de mujeres de 52-73 anos. Algunos desconocian el contenido de sal de alimentos/preparaciones; otros la identificaban como: contenida en alimentos, agregada en cocción/plato, como conservante, relacionada al gusto y asociada a hipertensión arterial. La reducción del consumo de sal y/o alimentos/preparaciones que la contienen ocurrió predominantemente ante eventos de salud, no como conducta preventiva. Se observó tendencia a considerar el propio consumo como bajo/moderado y a detectar una ingesta alta en otros miembros convivientes, basándose sólo en la sal de mesa. Los 3 grupos de adultos manifestaron preocupación por esto último. Predominó la propuesta de cocinar sin sal y usar alimentos condimentos y especias como estrategias de reducción. Sugirieron campanas y medidas que involucren escuelas y medios de comunicación masivos. Los jóvenes propusieron involucrar a la industria alimentaria y elaboradores de comidas rápidas y alimentos de conveniencia. The consumption of high levels of salt (NaCl) is associated with hypertension, and possible development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to explore consumers' understanding of salt in their daily diet, their perceptions and knowledge about health implications and actions to reduce salt intake. Four focus groups were conducted (31 participants): one with university students, two with working adults and one older woman's group. Some participants were not aware of salt content of food whereas others demonstrated an awareness of salt in food, the role of salt as a preservative, affecting taste and health implications. Reducing consumption of salt tended to be a reactive event when personal/family health events took place rather than a proactive behaviour. Participants tended to consider their own consumption ofsalt as low/moderate but those who they lived with were perceived to have a high intake based only on table salt. The three adult focus groups expressed concerns about adding salt. Alternatives to salt such as seasonings/spices could be used as strategies to reduce its consumption. At the population level campaigns involving schools and mass media were suggested. Only university students raised the need to involve the food industry and food processors in reducing salt consumption.

El punto de partida para vincular democracia y medios de comunicación es el hecho de que, en la sociedad moderna estos conceptos están indisolublemente ligados: no existe democracia sin una prensa libre y ésta, a su vez, difícilmente podría subsistir en ningún otro sistema político.

En este trabajo se evaluó la actividad bactericida y se determinó la Concentración Inhibitoria Mínima (CIM) del extracto etanólico y del aceite esencial de hojas de Rosmarinus officinalis L. sobre microorganismos de interés alimentario: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella sonnei, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus y Lactobacillus plantarum. El aceite esencial exhibió un amplio espectro de acción antimicrobiana tanto para bacterias Gram positivas como Gram negativas con CIM entre 512 - 4096 ppm. El extracto etanólico mostró actividad antimicrobiana contra las bacterias S. sonnei, S. typhimurium y L. monocytogenes con CIM de 1024 ppm. La nisina, utilizada como control positivo, ocasionó una inhibición del crecimiento de todas las bacterias evaluadas con CIMs entre 2 y 1024 ppm, mientras que los conservantes usados comúnmente en la industria de alimentos presentaron una actividad antimicrobiana menor que la encontrada con el aceite esencial de R. officinalis. This work evaluated the bactericidal activity and determinated the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ethanolic extract and essential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaves on microorganisms of interest in food industry: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella sonnei, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Lactobacillus plantarum. The essential oil showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial action for both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria with MICs between 512 - 4096 ppm. The ethanolic extract showed antimicrobial activity against S. sonnei, S. typhimurium and L. monocytogenes with a MIC of 1024 ppm. Nisin was used as positive control and showed a strong growth inhibition of all bacteria tested with MICs between 2 and 1024 ppm. Our result shows that preservatives commonly used in the food industry have lower antimicrobial activity than those found in essential oil from R. officinalis L. leaves.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la función renal de pacientes infectados con virus de inmuno-deficiencia humana (VIH) que se controlan en un hospital pediátrico chileno. Método: estudio de corte transversal. Resultados: Se evaluaron 18 pacientes, 10 varones y 8 mujeres; edad: entre 4 y 19 años, la edad promedio al diagnóstico de la infección por VIH y al momento de la evaluación fue 2,69 y 10,7 años, respectivamente. Todos nuestros pacientes adquirieron la infección vía vertical. Dos presentaron microalbuminuria y dos hematuria monosintomática. En 10 (55%) se encontraron células descamativas, en uno hiper-calciuria y en otro litiasis renal. Todos tuvieron presión arterial normal. La ecotomograña renal fue anormal en dos. Se han descrito varias anormalidades renales en pacientes con infección por VIH; en nuestro estudio, 7 pacientes (39%) tuvieron alteraciones en los exámenes de laboratorio. Conclusión: La alta frecuencia de afectación renal encontrada en pacientes pediátricos con infección por VIH hace necesario plantear un tamizaje nacional para determinar la incidencia de nefropatía asociada en nuestros pacientes. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of renal abnormalities in HIV positive children hospitalized in one pediatric hospital in Chile. Method: a cross sectional study was performed during April 2007. Results: A total of 18 patients were evaluated, ten male and eight female ranging in age from 4 to 19 years. The average age at the time of HIV diagnosis and nephrologic evaluations were 2,69 and 10,7 years respectively. All patients had acquired HIV infection by vertical transmission. Uriñe samples of two children had microalbuminuria; two had monosymptomatic hematuria, and ten had ¿squamous? cells. Hypercalciuria was detected in one patient, renal lithiasis in another and two patients had abnormal renal ultrasonography. All 19 patients had normal blood pressures. Overall 7 patients (39%) had a renal abnormality. Conclusions: The relatively high incidence of renal abnormalities in our series support the need for a nation-wide screening program to assess the incidence of renal impairment in pediatric HIV positive patients.

Recent evidences suggest annatto can be constituted in a therapeutic alternative by its direct and indirect influences against the poison of Bothrops asper, cause of most of snake bite in our country. The ex- vitro metabolic production of this plant is not obtained in early growth stages but it is possible to obtain it by means of cell cultures. This research evaluates some inductive calli combinations of plant segments of Bixa orellana L, like leaves, roots and stems grown in vitro, in order to get high induction rates and bigger amounts of tissue precursors of cellular suspensions, potentially producers of active metabolites. These explants, located in nutritious means without growth regulators, or with supplements of some combinations of them, are stored for eight weeks (25} 1º C and darkness) and the calli formation percentage tested in second, fifth and eighth week of growing. The calli generation in explants from roots is low, whereas in those from stems and leaves is favored with the treatment and with exposition time to the growth regulators. Regardless of the kind of explant used, the calli formation percentage is increased by the treatment that uses NAA (5 _M) and kinetine (4.64 _M), and showing values of 17,0 %, 58,9 % and 77,5 % for roots, stems and leaves respectively.

La primera condicion de una legislacion de prensa es no solamente castigar los abusos que se cometan en virtud de la libertad de expresion, sino garantizar a todos y cada uno de los habitantes del pais el conocimiento al que tienen derecho.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el uso de estrategias metacognitivas de los estudiantes de la primera cohorte del Ciclo de Iniciación Universitaria -CIU- de la Universidad Simón Bolívar. Los sujetos, 104 estudiantes de Inglés del CIU durante el trimestre Abril-Julio de 2006, completaron el Cuestionario de Estrategias de Lectura en Inglés -CELI (Ramírez y Pereira, 2006) el cual es una adaptación al español del Survey of Reading Strategies-SORS (Mokhtari y Sheorey, 2002) diseñado para determinar el uso de estrategias metacognitivas al leer textos escolares y académicos en inglés. Los resultados, analizados sobre la base de variables sociodemográficas y académicas, indican que las estrategias más utilizadas por los sujetos son las de resolución de problemas, seguidas por las de apoyo y las globales respectivamente. Igualmente, se observa que los estudiantes de sexo femenino y los sujetos de 17 años de edad, de ambos sexos, tienden a emplear con más frecuencia las estrategias de resolución de problemas. Además, se encontró una correlación de baja a moderada entre los resultados del CELI y la nota final de los estudiantes de inglés CIU (0,23). Adicionalmente, se administró una versión en español (Martínez Fernández, 2004) del Inventario de Estrategias Metacognitivas (O’Neil y Abedi, 1996) y se relacionaron los resultados obtenidos con los del CELI. Se encontró una correlación media entre los resultados de ambos instrumentos. Se recomienda el uso de herramientas como el CELI que ayuden a que los estudiantes descubran sus fortalezas y debilidades en lo referente al uso de estrategias metacognitivas. The aim of this study was to assess the use of metacognitive strategies by students in the University Initiation Cycle (UIC) at the Universidad Simon Bolivar. The subjects, 104 students of English in the UIC during the April-July term, 2006, completed the Cuestionario de Estrategias de Lectura en Inglés - CELI (Ramírez and Pereira, 2006) which is an adaptation in Spanish of the Survey of Reading Strategies-SORS (Mokhtari and Sheorey, 2002), designed to determine the use of metacognitive strategies when reading scholastic and academic texts in English. The results, analyzed on the basis of socio-demographic and academic variables, show that the strategies most used by the subjects are those aimed at problem solving, followed by help and global strategies, respectively. At the same time, it was observed that female students and those subjects who were 17 years of age, of both sexes, tended to employ problem solving strategies more frequently. Furthermore, a low to moderate correlation was found between the results of the CELI and the final grade obtained by the students of English in the UIC (0.23) A version in Spanish (Martínez Fernández, 2004) of the Inventory of Metacognitive Stategies (O’Neil and Abedi, 1996) was applied and the results obtained were related to those obtained with the CELI. A correlation was found between the results of both instruments. The use of tools such as the CELI is recommended in that such tools help students discover their strengths and weaknesses insofar as the use of metacognitive strategies is concerned.

La Renealmia alpinia (matandrea o achira de monte) es una planta que por sus efectos antiedematizantes, antihemorrágicos y neutralizantes del veneno de la serpiente Bothrops asper (mapaná equis), se constituye en una potencial alternativa de atención primaria en accidentes ofídicos, o en una fuente de moléculas con importancia farmacéutica. A pesar de ello, no existen estudios previos encaminados a la propagación vegetativa, la desdiferenciación tisular o la producción in vitro de sus metabolitos. En este trabajo se evaluan bajo condiciones in vitro algunas variables como la altura, el número de brotes y raíces en la propagación de R. alpinia, así como la tasa de velocidad de multiplicación y la inducción de tejido indiferenciado en explantes foliares. La adición de 6- Bencilaminopurina (3 mg/L) promueve la propagación de esta especie vegetal, con una tasa de velocidad de multiplicación (TVM) de 1.39 brotes/semana, mientras que la inducción de tejido indiferenciado se ve favorecida por la exposición de los explantes foliares a la combinación de 2,4-D (2 mg/L) y BA (1mg/L). Adicionalmente, se detecta en el tejido foliar (de plantas crecidas in vitro y ex vitro) la presencia de cumarinas, metabolitos encontrados en algunas plantas con conocida actividad antiofídica, abriendo así la posibilidad de estudios encaminados a la producción y evaluación in vitro de estos y otros metabolitos con potencial interés farmacéutico. Renealmia alpinia (matandrea or achira de monte) it`s an important plant for their neutralizing ability of both effects oedema-forming, hemorrhagic and clotting of the venom of the snake Bothrops asper (mapaná equis). It is a potential alternative of primary attention in ofidic accidents, or like a source of molecules with pharmaceutical importance. Despite this, there is not previous studies on this specie guided to micropropagation, tissular dedifferentiation or in vitro metabolites production. In this work was evaluated some variables as the height, the number of shoots and roots in the propagation of R. alpinia under in vitro conditions, as well as the rate of speed multiplication and the induction of having undiferentiated tissue in foliar explants. Addition of 6-Bencylaminopurine (3 mg/L) promotes the propagation in vitro, with a rate of speed multiplication (TVM) of 1.39 shoots/week, while the induction of having undiferentiated tissue in foliar explants was favored by both 2,4-D (2 mg/L) and BA (1mg/L)in combination. Additionally, was detected in foliar tissues (of grown plants in vitro and in vitro) cumarins, its metabolites has been found in some plants with well-known antiofídic activity, this results open possibilities of studies in order to the production and in vitro activity evaluation of metabolites with potential antiofidic activity or pharmaceutical interest.

Se ha desarrollado un protocolo para la producción y masificación de células de achiote en suspensión, a partir de callos friables obtenidos de tejidos de hojas, como estrategia para la obtención de metabolitos antiofídícos, especialmente compuestos fenólicos, y para ello se ha evaluado el efecto de las concentraciones de inóculo, glucosa, fósforo y nitrógeno sobre la cinética de crecimiento celular, en el medio ½MS+2,4-D (5 ppm)+BAP (1 ppm), almacenados a 25º C, en oscuridad y a 140 rpm, utilizando un diseño factorial completamente aleatorizado de cuatro factores y dos niveles, con evaluación a los 20 y 40 días de establecimiento. El tratamiento que presenta la mayor producción de biomasa de células de achiote en suspensión tiene una concentración inicial de biomasa de 4 g/l, 20 g/l de glucosa, 0.13 g/l de fósforo y 2.52 g/l de nitrógeno. La cinética de crecimiento de las células de achiote en suspensión, en las condiciones de cultivo de este tratamiento, presenta una fase exponencial bien definida de 25 días; a partir de allí se establece una fase estacionaria hasta el tiempo final de la evaluación (40 días). Se comparan los contenidos de fenoles totales entre el material obtenido in vitro y el material vegetal proveniente de plantas crecidas ex-vitro, como criterio válido para justificar posteriores trabajos de producción metabólica in-vitro en esta especie vegetal. A protocol for production and massification of achiote cells in suspension from friable calli of leaf tissues, has been developed as a strategy to obtain antiophidics metabolites, especially phenolics compounds. Concentration effects of, inoculum, glucose, phosphorus and nitrogen, on cellular growth kinetics were evaluated in ½ MS+2,4-D (5 ppm)+BAP (1 ppm) medium, stored at 25º C, darkness and 140 rpm, using a randomized factorial design with 4 factors, two levels and evaluation at 20 and 40 days of establishment. Treatment with highest biomass production of achiote cells in suspension, had an initial biomass concentration of 4g/l, glucose 20g/l, phosphorus 0,13g/l and nitrogen 2,52 g/l. Kinetics growth of achiote cells in suspension in culture conditions, presented a well defined exponential phase of 25 days, since then a stationary phase until the end of the evaluation (40 days). Total phenols contents among material obtained in-vitro and vegetable material obtained ex vitro were compared as a valid criteria to justify later works of in-vitro metabolic production in this vegetable specie.

En Colombia el æame (Dioscorea spp.) ha sido un cultivo básico tradicional a pequeña y mediana escala de cultivadores de la Costa Atlántica para abastecer el consumo propio y el mercado local, convirtiéndose en una gran fuente de empleo durante muchos años, sin embargo el ñame es uno de los cultivos más susceptibles a enfermedades (vg. la antracnosis y virus). En la actualidad el cultivo ha ido recuperándose progresivamente de una drástica reducción en área, como en producción, permitiendo aparentes resultados benéficos para los productores. Es imprescindible para el futuro del cultivo, que los productores cuenten con variedades seleccio­nadas para incrementar la sostenibilidad y rentabilidad del cultivo. Sin embargo esas variedades no están disponibles en la naturaleza, sino que tienen que ser mejoradas. El mejoramiento del ñame es difícil y presupone un conocimiento de la diversidad genetica del germoplasma de Dioscorea en Colombia, la cual no se conoce todavía. Por estas razones nosotros caracterizamos las variedades de ñame colombiano utilizadas en campo, así como las silvestres con una técnica de biología molecular: Selective Amplification Microsatellite Polimorphic Loci (SAMPL). Se detectaron 160 bandas identificables, (de las cuales 56 fueron monomórficas, 35% del total, con un rango de 2.8 bandas polimórficas por análisis). Con la información anterior se construyó una matriz binaria que fue transformada en un dendograma utilizando el algoritmo UPGMA. La diversidad de la colección determinada con esta técnica fue de 0.0471 con una media de similaridad de 0.9529. Palabras clave: Dioscorea spp, microsatélites, DNA In Colombia, yam (Dioscoreu spp.) has been a basic and traditional crop for small-and medium-scale farmers. It has been an important source of family employment in the Colombian Atlantic Coast for the past several centuries. However, yam is the most fragüe crop regarding market issues and disease susceptibility (e.g. to anthracnose and viruses). At present, the crop is under progressive recovery from a previous drastic reduction in área and production, and apparently allows high profits. Is imperative for the future of the crop, that the rural farmers are supplied with selected varieties, thereby increasing their sustainability and economic yield. However, such varieties are not available, but have to be bred. Breeding of yam in turn is difficult, and presupposes knowledge about the genetic diversity in the breeding germplasm, which is not known. For these reasons, we characterized the Colombian yam varieties used in the fields as well as wild relatives with a molecular marker technique: SAMPL (Selective Amplification of Microsatellite Polymorphic Loci). Positions of 160 unequivocally scorable bands (of which 56 were monomorphic, 35% of total, with an average of 2.8 polymorphic bands per assay) were transformed into a binary character matrix and analyzed. The resulting similarity matrix was transformed into a dendrogram with the UPGMA algorithm. The diversity of the collections with this technique was 0.0471 with a mean similarity of 0.9529. Key Words: Dioscorea spp, microsatellites, DNA

Para establecer la incidencia del momento de la colección y de algunos tratamientos de desinfección e imbibición sobre la germinación seminal in vitro de Bixa orellana L, se colectan intracapsularmente o postextrusión semillas maduras, con escasa variación en peso (25.57± 0.01 mg,). Una vez desinfectadas y en algunos casos expuestos a procesos adicionales de imbibición, las semillas se transfieren a cajas de cultivo en las que se mantienen en completa oscuridad a 25 ± 1°C, por espacio de siete semanas. La germinación resulta influenciada por el tratamiento de imbibición, por las semanas de cultivo empleadas y por el momento de la colección, pues las semillas extracapsulares germinan en muy bajo porcentaje mientras que en las colectadas previamente a la ruptura de la cápsula, la germinación se manifiesta desde la primera semana de cultivo y con incrementos estadísticamente significativos en la extrusión. Asimismo, y dependiendo del tratamiento de imbibición y desinfección que se emplee, se logran aumentar los porcentajes de germinación, hasta un 78%, evitando la escasa o caprichosa tasa de germinación evidenciada por algunos autores para esta promisoria especie vegetal. To establish the incidence of the time of collection and some disinfections and imbibition treatment on the seed germination in vitro of Bixa orellana L, mature seeds are collected via intracapsule or postextrusion, with a little weight variation (25.57 ± 0.01 mg,). Once the seeds are disinfected and in some case exposed to imbibition process, they are transfered to culture medium and are kept in complete darkness to 25 ± 1 ºC, for seven weeks. The germination is influenced by the imbibition treatment, the growing time and the collection moment. On the other hand, the extracapsular seeds have a lower germination percent than those collected prior to rupture since in this the germination manifests during the first week of growing with significant statistical increases in the extrusion. Likewise, depending on the imbibition and disinfections treatment that is used, the germination percents can increase up to 78%, avoiding the poor germination rate showed by some authors from this promising vegetable species.

El trabajo presenta sobre una muestra de 423 alumnos entre 16 y 20 años, del nivel medio de escuelas de la provincia de Córdoba (Argentina), los resultados referidos a la actitud de los adolescentes ante los medios. Los primeros datos obtenidos demuestran que el alumno que se acerca a la realidad, aprende y comprende, y en un proceso conjunto y simultáneo logra interpretar valorativamente los hechos y efectos de situaciones cotidianas que inciden en su vida actual y su futuro._________________________________This paper analyses the adolescents´attitude towards the media using a sample of 423 students between 16 and 20 years old from secondary schools of Cordoba, the Argentine. The first results show that students learn and understand reality and they are able to interpret those facts and effects of ordinary events that affecs their present and future life in a positive way.

En Colombia el ñame (Dioscorea data y Dioscorea rotundata) es un cultivo de importancia para los pequeños productores de la Costa Atlántica. El Programa Colombiano de Biotecnología Agrícola (PBA) de Ñame tiene el objetivo de incrementar la sostenibilidad de grupos de campesinos de la región, adelantando investigaciones participativas en diferentes aspectos relacionados con el cultivo. En el presente trabajo, el objetivo principal fue caracterizar molecularmente las ocho variedades de ñame utilizadas en el PBA, a través de marcadores moleculares tipo AFLP para determinar si existe concordancia entre la taxonomía morfológica establecida para la clasificación de las especies y variedades con la discriminación y agrupación de los individuos por sus perfiles de bandas moleculares aportados por los AFLP Para la obtención de los patrones de AFLP se utilizaron los kits de Gibco-BRL, New York Analysis System I y Analysis System II, siguiendo los manuales de instrucción. Para el análisis estadístico se realizaron matrices de presencia ausencia, se determinaron las similitudes a partir del índice de similaridad de Dice con el paquete estadístico Gel Stats. Posteriormente, las matrices se transformaron en matrices de distancia, y a partir de éstas se construyeron los dendogramas utilizando como estrategia de agrupamientos UPGMA (Unweighted Pare Group Method Averange). Finalmente se realizó una comparación entre matrices utilizando el análisis de permutaciones de Mantel. Los resultados muestran que de las siete variedades de Dioscorea alata analizadas solamente tres de ellas presentan polimorfismos que permiten diferenciarlas. Las otras cuatro se agruparon como una sola variedad. Seven varieties of the Dioscorea alata specie (but only one variety of the Dioscorea rotundata specie) have been morphologically characterised in Colombia. These varieties have been used in the Colombian Yam Agricultural Biotechnology Programme (ABP) to increase the sustainability of groups of poor rural workers from the Colombian Atlantic Coast by providing them with plants having good organoleptic characteristics and increased tuber yield. This work's main objective was the molecular characterisation of those varieties of yam from the Colombian Atlantic Coast used in the ABP, through Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) molecular markers. This aimed at determining if there is conformity between that morphological taxonomy established for the classification of ABP programme species and varieties with the discrimination and grouping of individuals by their molecular band profiles provided by AFLP Seven varieties of D. alata specie and the sole variety of the D. rotundata specie were characterised. Gibco-BRL, New York Analysis System I and Analysis System II kits were used to obtain AFLP patterns, following handbook instructions. Presence/absence matrices were constructed for the statistical analysis; similarity was determined from the Dice similarity index by using the Gel Stats statistical package. Later matrices became distance matrices and dendograms were constructed from these by using UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method Average) for grouping strategy. Comparison was then made between matrices by using Mantel permutation analysis. The results show that only three of all the seven Dioscorea alata varieties analysed presented polymorphism allowing them to be differentiated. The other four varieties were grouped as a sole variety or belonged to a single variety. These results have great importance for widening information concerning yam in Colombia, particularly for the Colombian ABR since it makes it possible to reduce collection and maintenance costs, leading to information regarding each accession to Colombia's germplasm banks to be increased. This is the first molecular characterisation work carried out in Colombia on yam species (Dioscorea spp.).