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Current study deals with performance evaluation of the solar power tower driven recompression with main compressor intercooling (RMCIC) supercritical CO2 cycle incorporating the parallel double evaporator organic Rankine cycle (PDORC) as bottoming cycle using low global warming potential fluids to reduce the global warming and ozone depletion. Using the PDORC instead of the basic organic Rankine cycle, waste heat from the intercooler and cycle exhaust were recovered simultaneously to enhance performance of the standalone RMCIC cycle. Exergy, thermal efficiency, efficiency improvement and waste recovery ratio were considered as performance parameters. A computer program was made in engineering equation solver to simulate the model. It was concluded that by the incorporation of the PDORC thermal efficiency was improved by 7–8% at reference conditions. Maximum combined cycle's thermal and exergy efficiency were found 54.42% and 80.39% respectively of 0.95 kW/m2 of solar irradiation based on R1243zf working fluid. Among the results it was also found that maximum waste heat was recovered by the R1243zf about 54.22 % at 0.95 effectiveness of low temperature recuperator.

In the current research, the influence of multi-pass (one, two and three passes) of friction stir welding and SiC microparticles on the tensile strength, microhardness and %strain of dissimilar reinforced joints of AA6082 and AA5083 was examined. Tool rotating speed of 900 rpm, transverse speed of 45 mm/min, tool tilt angle of 2º and 8% volume percentage of SiC microparticles were considered as constant parameters for multi-pass FSW. The finding demonstrated that increasing the number of FSW passes from one to three augmented the dispersion pattern of Sic microparticles. The grain refinement of multi-pass reinforced joints was achieved by the pinning effect of SiC microparticles and dynamic recrystallization. The three-passes FSWed reinforced joint exhibited the highest tensile strength (247.17 MPa), %stain (13.1%) and microhardness (126.6 HV) due to the higher grain refinement.

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important spice crop grown all over the world. Chilli leaf curl, a viral disease outbreak in almost every chilli grown area causing significant yield losses. An experiment was conducted to analyze the biochemical changes in infected and healthy plant of chilli. The chlorophyll a, b and total were highest in healthy leaves then infected leaves. Moreover, severely infected leaves have lower amounts of chlorophyll contents. Out of nine cultivars total phenol and tannin contents were found maximum in Gucchedar, POL-75 and Byddagi Kaddi in comparison to highly susceptible cultivars Musa Badi, Phuley Joyti and NPKT-2.

In this study, a parametric analysis was performed of a supercritical organic Rankine cycle driven by solar parabolic trough collectors (PTCs) coupled with a vapour-compression refrigeration cycle simultaneously for cooling and power production. Thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, exergy destruction and the coefficient of performance of the cogeneration system were considered to be performance parameters. A computer program was developed in engineering equation-solver software for analysis. Influences of the PTC design parameters (solar irradiation, solar-beam incidence angle and velocity of the heat-transfer fluid in the absorber tube), turbine inlet pressure, condenser and evaporator temperature on system performance were discussed. Furthermore, the performance of the cogeneration system was also compared with and without PTCs. It was concluded that it was necessary to design the PTCs carefully in order to achieve better cogeneration performance. The highest values of exergy efficiency, thermal efficiency and exergy destruction of the cogeneration system were 92.9%, 51.13% and 1437 kW, respectively, at 0.95 kW/m2 of solar irradiation based on working fluid R227ea, but the highest coefficient of performance was found to be 2.278 on the basis of working fluid R134a. It was also obtained from the results that PTCs accounted for 76.32% of the total exergy destruction of the overall system and the cogeneration system performed well without considering solar performance.

AGV-based automated guided vehicles (AGVs) are used in the Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS), which was developed and put into use to increase production flexibility and efficiency. The scheduling of resources, such as the frequently changing parts, tools, and AGV routings, after the introduction of FMS, in practice, becomes a challenging problem. Traditional methods for doing this include a variety of mathematical programming techniques. Random search methods have been tested for scheduling in recent years. Single goal optimization has been the focus of the majority of studies. Conflicting objectives in multi-objective scheduling problems are more difficult and combinatorial in nature, and they rarely have a single solution. This study looks at AGV multi- objective work scheduling in a flexible production environment. The goal of this study was to identify the most ideal schedule for two AGVs based on a balanced workload and the shortest trip distance for maximum utilization. AGV's, Benchmark problem, Combinatorial optimization problem, Differential Evolution, Flexible manufacturing system, Job shop scheduling.

In an advanced industrial effort, the role of vapour absorption refrigeration system plays a major role. However, the significant eco-friendly and the required cooling capacity rate are the major c...

Owing to the exceptional mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V, it is widely utilized in numerous critical mechanical parts for the uncompromised factor of safety. However, performing machining operat...

The major part of input heat of power plant is lost during the exhaust flow process and this flue gas has tremendous potential for heat recovery and cooling generation. The employment of LiBr-H2O based eco- friendly and less energy consumption vapour absorption refrigeration system (VARS) is integrated with stack flow unit of combined gas turbine and steam turbine (GT-ST) plant. If thestack flow temperature is maintained about 200–250 0C, the projected VARS is suitable for the generation of efficient cooling effect. The main highlights of this research work have been concluded in terms of exergy losses in components, exergetic& overall efficiency of combined plant. The maximum irreversibility has been found in combustion chamber (CC) of GT system and exhaust flow ofST system as 66.8% and 13.4% respectively. The effect of GT plant efficiency influences the overall performance. The proposed VARS performance coefficient estimated as 0.708 with 05 ton of refrigeration effect which is valuable achievement for space cooling purpose for plant infrastructure and efficiently it can replace high grade energy consumption vapour compression refrigeration system (VCRS) type air conditioning system. This eminence cooling technology of VARS system can save 10,440 USD yearly in terms of energy and carbon emission, and able to map the de-carbonized economy infrastructure. The methane fuel gas has found remarkable performance at 8 bar of compressor pressure and 900 0C GT inlet temperature (GTIT) of operating condition with all set of operating factors by using MLR method of DOE. The determination coefficient (R2) is computed as 0.991 which gives minimum deviation between actual and predicted results.

The present study deals with performance analysis of solar power tower powered combined pre-compression supercritical CO2 cycle and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for recovering waste heat. Results sh...

This review study aimed at short description on most recent research available with regards to waste heat recovery (WHR) area which could be obtained with the help of various power as well as refrigeration cycles. From the literature, it is understood that WHR not only help us to reduce emission effects but even useful in energy saving that can further positively effect to the thermal performance or can be used for different purposes with the help of WHR cycles. Therefore, present study mainly discusses the literature with regard to application of various thermodynamic cycles widely employed these days for the WHR processes.

Lot of literature is open on performance enhancement of vapour compression & vapour absorption refrigeration system (VCRS & VARS), in any case, investigators have experienced point by point energetic performances investigation in term of COP of VCRS. Researchers is examined the impact of nanofluids on thermal conductivity enhancement. Nevertheless, researchers had not described exergy principle using entropy generation principle for finding the irreversibility computation in components and system exergy destruction ratio (EDRrational) that can be defined as a rational EDR (i.e. which is a ratio of summation of system’s lost work in terms of exergy destruction of all components to exergy of fuel) as well as EDRsystem (i.e. it is a ratio of total lost work to exergy of product) of VCRS using HFO refrigerants (i.e.R1225ye(Z)) This paper primarily deals with comparison between three nano particles that are utilized in minor circuit of cooling heat exchanger, which improves cooling temperature as a result of enhance in COP. enhancement in first law efficiency (i.e. COP) by using CuO, Al2O3, & TiO2 was evaluated to be as 18.48%, 17.47%, & 15.95%, respectively alongside enhancement in cooling heat exchanger overall heat transfer coefficient by using CuO, Al2O3, & TiO2 was about 107.66%, 98.6%, & 86.4%, respectively. Similarly, enhancement in condenser overall heat transfer coefficient by using CuO, Al2O3, & TiO2 was about 11.24%, 10.77%, & 9.94%, respectively. Also, enhancement in exergetic performance by using CuO, Al2O3, & TiO2 was about 13.93 %, 12.94 %, & 11.49%, respectively.

Thermodynamic analysis of the combined partial heating supercritical CO2 (PSCO2) cycle and ORC is presented in this study. In engineering equation solver software, a computer program was created fo...

IntroductionSARS-CoV-2 infection increases the risk of secondary bacterial and fungal infections and contributes to adverse outcomes. The present study was undertaken to get better insights into the extent of secondary bacterial and fungal infections in Indian hospitalized patients and to assess how these alter the course of COVID-19 so that the control measures can be suggested.MethodsThis is a retrospective, multicentre study where data of all RT-PCR positive COVID-19 patients was accessed from Electronic Health Records (EHR) of a network of 10 hospitals across 5 North Indian states, admitted during the period from March 2020 to July 2021.The data included demographic profile of patients, clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters, treatment modalities, and outcome in those with secondary infections (SIs) and those without SIs. Spectrum of SIS was also studied in detail.ResultsOf 19852 RT-PCR positive SARS-CO2 patients admitted during the study period, 1940 (9.8%) patients developed SIs. Patients with SIs were 8 years older on average (median age 62.6 years versus 54.3 years; PThe most common site of infection was urinary tract infection (UTI) (41.7%), followed by blood stream infection (BSI) (30.8%), sputum/BAL/ET fluid (24.8%), and the least was pus/wound discharge (2.6%). As many as 13.4% had infections with more than organism and 34.1% patients had positive cultures from more than one site. Gram negative bacilli (GNB) were the commonest organisms (63.2%), followed by Gram positive cocci (GPC) (19.6%) and fungus (17.3%). Most of the patients with SIs were on multiple antimicrobials – the most commonly used were the BL-BLI for GNBs (76.9%) followed by carbapenems (57.7%), cephalosporins (53.9%) and antibiotics carbapenem resistant entreobacteriace (47.1%). The usage of emperical antibiotics for GPCs was in 58.9% and of antifungals in 56.9% of cases, and substantially more than the results obtained by culture.The average stay in hospital for patients with SIs was twice than those without SIs (median 13 days versus 7 days). The overall mortality in the group with SIs (40.3%) was more than 8 times of that in those without SIs (4.6%). Only 1.2% of SI patients with mild COVID-19 at presentation died, while 17.5% of those with moderate disease and 58.5% of those with severe COVID-19 died (P< 0.001). The mortality was highest in those with BSI (49.8%), closely followed by those with HAP (47.9%), and then UTI and SSTI (29.4% each). The mortality rate where only one microorganism was identified was 37.8% and rose to 56.3% in those with more than one microorganism. The mortality in cases with only one site of infection was 28.8%, which steeply rose to 62.5% in cases with multiple sites of infection. The mortality in diabetic patients with SIs was 45.2% while in non-diabetics it was 34.3% (p < 0.001).ConclusionsSecondary bacterial and fungal infections can complicate the course of almost 10% of COVID-19 hospitalised patients. These patients tend to not only have a much longer stay in hospital, but also a higher requirement for oxygen and ICU care. The mortality in this group rises steeply by as much as 8 times. The group most vulnerable to this complication are those with more severe COVID-19 illness, elderly, and diabetic patients. Varying results in different studies suggest that a region or country specific guideline be developed for appropriate use of antibiotics and antifungals to prevent their overuse in such cases. Judicious empiric use of combination antimicrobials in this set of vulnerable COVID-19 patients can save lives.

This paper is to study the thermal analysis of vapor compression refrigeration system using R134a in primary circuit and Al2O3-Water based nano-fluids in secondary circuit. The study provides the information of the secondary fluids input conditions, Performance parameters of vapour compression refrigeration system using eco-friendly refrigerants and without nano materials, Effect of overall evaporator heat transfer coefficient using different nano particles mixed with R718 in the secondary evaporator circuit and R134a in primary circuit, the compressor power consumption and the system overall energy performance. Such an analysis with the help of engineering equation solver software (EES) tool can be conveniently useful to compare the thermal performance of different nano-particles (i.e., Al2O3, TiO2) based nano fluid as a secondary fluid in a vapor compression refrigeration system.

FMS is a manufacturing system in which there is flexibility that allows the system to react to changes, whether predicted or unpredicted. It is a highly integrated manufacturing system. Oriental Aromatics Ltd. (Formerly Camphor and Allied Prod. Ltd.) is a completely integrated flavour, fragrance and aroma chemical manufacturing companies in the world today. Its three manufacturing centers are spread across the west and north of India, in Ambernath in Maharashtra, Baroda in Gujarat and Bareilly in Uttar Pradesh. It manufactures synthetic camphor, which can be utilised in several different ways. Camphor has several pharmaceutical uses. While it is most commonly used as an anti-inflammatory and decongestant, it also has several other therapeutic and healing effects. The World Health Organization’s (WHO) Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) is a system for ensuring that products are consistently produced and controlled according to quality standards. It is designed to minimize the risks involved in any pharmaceutical production that cannot be eliminated through testing the final product. In this paper, a concept and implementation of the measuring and analysis of performance measures of FMS is applied.

BackgroundLong-COVID syndrome is now a real and pressing public health concern. We cannot reliably predict who will recover quickly or suffer with mild debilitating long COVID-19 symptoms or battle life-threatening complications. In order to address some of these questions, we studied the presence of symptoms and various correlates in COVID-19 patients who were discharged from hospital, 3 months and up to 12 months after acute COVID-19 illness.MethodsThis is an observational follow-up study of RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted at 3 hospitals in north India between April – August 2020. Patients were interviewed telephonically using a questionnaire regarding the post-COVID symptoms. The first tele-calling was done in the month of September 2020, which corresponded to 4-16 weeks after disease onset. All those who reported presence of long COVID symptoms, were followed-up with a second call, in the month of March 2021, corresponding to around 9-12 months after the onset of disease.ResultsOf 990 patients who responded to the first call, 615 (62.2%) had mild illness, 227 (22.9%) had moderate and 148 (15.0%) had severe COVID-19 illness at the time of admission. Nearly 40% (399) of these 990 patients reported at least one symptom at that time. Of these 399 long-COVID patients, 311 (almost 78%) responded to the second follow-up. Nearly 8% reported ongoing symptomatic COVID, lasting 1-3 months and 32% patients having post-COVID phase with symptoms lasting 3-12 months. Nearly 11% patients continued to have at least one symptom even at the time of the second interview (9-12 months after the disease onset). Overall, we observed Long-COVID in almost 40% of our study group. Incidence of the symptoms in both the follow-ups remained almost same across age-groups, gender, severity of illness at admission and presence of comorbidity, with no significant association with any of them. Most common symptoms experienced in long COVID phase in our cohort were fatigue, myalgia, neuro-psychiatric symptoms like depression, anxiety, “brain fog” and sleep disorder, and breathlessness. Fatigue was found to be significantly more often reported in the elderly population and in those patients who had a severe COVID-19 illness at the time of admission. Persistence of breathlessness was also reported significantly more often in those who had severe disease at the onset. The overall median duration of long COVID symptoms was 16.9 weeks with inter-quartile range of 12.4 to 35.6 weeks. The duration of symptom resolution was not associated with age, gender or comorbidity but was significantly associated with severity of illness at the time of admission (P=0.006).ConclusionsLong-COVID is now being recognized as a new disease entity, which includes a constellation of symptoms. Long-COVID was in almost 40% of our study group with no correlation to age, gender, comorbidities or to the disease severity. The duration of symptom resolution was significantly associated with severity of illness at the time of admission (P = 0.006). In our study, all patients reported minor symptoms such as fatigue, myalgia, neuro-psychiatric symptoms like depression, anxiety, “brain fog” and sleep disorder and persistence of breathlessness. Severe organ damage was not reported by our subjects. This might be the longest post-COVID follow-up study on a sample of nearly 1000 cases from India.

Owing to the MAF process’s capabilities for its efficient surface finishing, it is essential to understand the parallel quality of different response parameters and their interdependency. This paper focuses on identifying a relation between surface hardening and roughness induced by the MAF process. In this research work, the influence on micro-hardness from the value of surface roughness has been studied. The different experimental conditions are applied to Ti–6Al–4V specimens treated using a pulsating DC-MAF machining set-up, and Material removal was done using loosely bonded magnetic abrasive media. The surface roughness and microhardness share significant interdependency, represented by a graph showing the best relationship between surface microhardness and roughness.

The current trend of energy supply and its uses are very unstable economically, socially and environmentally. Greenhouse gas emissions are continuing to increase, and it will affect the environment globally. The scope of alternative refrigeration system like vapour absorption (VARS), vapour adsorption and ejector cooling can play significant role in the modern industry with low carbon emission. The experimental setup of 03 Ton of cooling (TR) of dry compression vapour compression refrigeration (VCRS) has been evaluated and compared with single-stage of LiBr-H2O-based VARS cooling system. The operating condition of condenser, evaporator temperature and pressure have been considered for performance analysis of both systems. The higher value of condenser temperature not suitable for efficient cooling and also decreases the energy performance ratio (EPR or COP) of system. The R134a is commercially useful eco-friendly refrigerant but applicable in VCRS (Energy consumption by VCRS is much more than VARS). The employment of VARS have tremendous potential for space cooling and water chilling application at same range of VCRS operating temperature of condenser with low-grade energy source or solar energy utilization. VARS is low carbon emission and non-toxic technology and able to map decarbonize economy for industrial sector.

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) can adversely affect the life of any engineering component. The study of high entropy alloys (HEA) shows excellent mechanical properties but SCC susceptibility is unknown. We have studied SCC behavior of a transformation-induced-plasticity (TRIP) Fe39Mn20Co20Cr15Si5Al1 (at.%) HEA in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution using slow strain-rate tensile testing (SSRT) on smooth tensile specimens along with the electrochemical behavior of the alloy. The microstructural characterization of the alloy was carried out in as-received condition and after corrosion test using advanced characterization tools including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The polarization test of the alloy done in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution revealed corrosion current density as 8.05 × 10−8 A/cm2, markedly lower than the 304 stainless steel (76 × 10−8 A/cm2). The pitting potential of the alloy was 0.089 V. The SSRT result shows a decrease in the elongation and ultimate tensile strength. Further, experiments are in-progress to understand mechanistic origin of decrease in ductility of the alloy.

This review paper provides a short insight on the solar energy and concentrating collectors, and it mainly comprises with the latest studies available in the literature regarding the application of solar thermal energy in power plants, linear Fresnel reflector (LFR), and its various important aspects, for instance, importance of LFR among the parabolic trough collector (PTC), performance analysis of LFR, and its application with the power plants. After reviewing a broad literature, it has been examined that reasonable price and economic feasibility of LFR could make it more viable for power plants. Additionally, past studies on optimization and economic analysis also have been reviewed in this work.

In the current study, four diesel–biodiesel–ethanol blends namely D90B5E5 (90% diesel, 5% biodiesel, and 5% ethanol), D85B10E5 (85% diesel, 10% biodiesel, and 5% ethanol), D75B15E10 (75% diesel, 15% biodiesel, and 10%) ethanol, and D70B20E10 (70% diesel, 20% biodiesel, and 10% ethanol) were used. Various physiochemical properties of all the blends and biodiesel were measured. The test runs of these blends were conducted on a constant speed diesel engine, and the results were compared with neat diesel. The emission results showed a considerable reduction in engine exhaust with the increase of biodiesel and ethanol concentrations in the blends. The results also showed higher emissions at higher loading conditions. The blend D70B20E10 showed the highest reduction of about 51% in CO emissions and nearly 45% reduction in HC emissions at higher load conditions, while an average increase of 4–45% in CO2 emission and 10–44% in NOX emission were also measured. Smoke opacity was a major problem for the diesel engine. The biodiesel blending reduced OPA percentage effectively; nearly 11.8% reduction was seen for D90B5E5 and 12–30% reduction was measured for D70B20E10 blend as compared to neat diesel. Thus, the experimentation showed that without compromising with the engine parameters, a noteworthy amount of pollution can be reduced by blending neat diesel with biodiesel and ethanol for IC engine fuel.

In the most of industrial process the waste heat energy increases the production cost. Using this waste heat to produce power or cooling can decrease the costs and increases the thermal efficiency of the systems. A growing need for refrigeration in industry and for building cooling is well known due to the main cause of growing the demands of higher living standards , by the increasing requirements for comfort, by increasing thermal load of buildings. Using LiBr-H2O solution in the vapour absorption refrigeration systems offers very good thermodynamic efficiency for cooling at over 0 0C temperature than the other solutions. In this paper, we analyzed solar assisted half effect vapour absorption refrigeration system cascaded by vapour compression refrigeration system using ecofriendly refrigerants and developed thermodynamic model to predict the variation of generator , absorber , condenser temperatures on first and second law efficiencies and to predict the solar collector area required.

Current study deals with the parametric evaluation of combined supercritical organic Rankine cycle and vapour absorption refrigeration cycle driven by solar power tower. It was obtained from the results, exergy and thermal efficiency of the combined system improved with solar irradiation. Maximum thermal and exergy efficiency were obtained 46.60% and 68.25% respectively at 950 W/m 2 while maximum exergy destruction was obtained 7589.46 kW at 500W/m 2. COP of the system decreased with generator and condenser temperature. The maximum COP for heating and cooling were found 1.4452 and 0.4448 respectively at 90°C of generator temperature.

Food innovation and sustainable development through biotechnology is a new and emerging world order. The Millenium Development Goals’ cardinal objective is eradication of extreme poverty and promotion of good well-being of humanity. Nigeria having evolved a policy with boards to drive this science and technological advancements has not been able to achieve this target optimally as evidenced by other countries globally. There are two major areas of concern which are determining the extent of government involvement in production of food innovation and sustainable development and establishing the relationship between food innovation and sustainable development under a bioeconomy perception in Nigeria. Having regard for the forgoing, the study examines food innovation toward sufficiency and sustainable development. A descriptive paper that looked at experiences across the globe against Nigeria and possible inventions from Agricultural products it can leverage on. It was observed that the right framework, policy, implementation, and drive have not been adopted. It was then submitted that current boards should be strengthened and integrative culturally. Also, a proper application of the triple helix concept that drives new inventions should be upheld.

The entropy generation principle of thermodynamics and statistical methodology have been used in the present work for evaluation of performance parameters of gas turbine–steam turbine (GT-ST)-based combined power generation system and assessment of major losses in components. The mathematical model is carried out for the quantitative analysis of exergy estimation, efficiency of parts in accurate manner. The statistical analysis is also agreed to examine the variations in performance of plant at different operating conditions. This research paper mainly deals with maximum exergy losses which are found in combustion chamber of GT system and exhaust flow system of ST system. The combined and exergetic efficiency of plant is found to be 41% and 38.5%, respectively. The statistical modeling concluded that the comparative results of performance parameters at different compression ratio of combustible gases affect the overall performance of combined GT-ST plant. This study helps to justify possible efficiency improvement with identifying the irreversibilities of plant utilities.

Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) is one of the finishing processes which produces nano finished surfaces. The material removal process is in the form of microchips. The present paper introduces a novel work based on the principle of MAF for flat surfaces. The experiments were conducted on titanium material to investigate the response of MAF on hardness. Matlab has been used to evaluate the performance. The results obtained from the experimental investigations revealed that the hardness improves with MAF. The surface morphology of finished surface was studied with the help of SEM images

In this paper, thermodynamic parametric analysis of solar driven pre-compression cycle combined with super critical CO2 and organic Rankine cycle using zero ozone depletion (ODP) and ultra low global warming potential (GWP) fluids have been carried out. The thermal model for the above system was developed using low global warming potential fluids and it was found that the thermal performance of the system is increased with the concentration ratio, fluid velocity, and with solar irradiation while decreased with receiver emittance. In terms of thermal performance parameters the R1224yd(E) gives highest performance Maximum exergy efficiency, thermal efficiency and output power were increased from 36.73% to 58.52%, 34.16% to 54.42% and 183kW to 293.5kW respectively when DNI (direct normal irradiation) increased from 0.4 kW/m2 to 0.95 kW/m2 based on R1224yd(E) fluid. R1224yd(E) recommended for the better performance.

Present study deals with the parametric and economic analysis of solar driven combined pre-compression supercritical CO2 cycle and organic Rankine cycle using ultra low global warming potential HFO (hydro fluoro olefins) fluids and comparison with the R134a fluid. A numerical model was developed with the help of EES software to simulate the combined system. It was concluded from the results that HFO working performed better than the R134a. R1336mzz(Z) gave highest thermal and exergy efficiency and power output for the combined cycle by 55.02, 59.60%, 298.5 kW at 950 W/m2 of solar irradiation respectively. Also highest waste heat recovery ratio was found 0.84 for the R1336mzz(Z) fluid while R134a gave only 0.099 at 0.95 heat exchanger effectiveness. At end, it was found that the R1336mzz(Z) and R1234ze(Z) estimated the lowest and highest specific investment cost i.e. 2234 and 2290 €/kWe respectively. It was also concluded from the results that if the fluid is the best for thermal performance, it is not necessary it would be best from the economic point of view.

Study of fuel oil handling system (FOHS) in thermal power plants is intended towards achieving the goal of designing fuel oil handling system in thermal power plants. Designing and process parameters have been proposed in this study analysis. The overall system consists of three stages i.e. Fuel oil unloading, storage and forwarding. Three stages required heat tracing to make the heavy density fuel oil properties suitable to flow through pipes for process requirement in thermal power plants with the help of pumping media. Theoretically, it was found that the proposed Design of fuel oil handling system using electrical heat tracing shows better result as compared to steam heat tracing. The study was done to make existing system of FOHS more refined which is maintenance free and more reliable.

The paper represents the modeling of nano scale gold film thickness deposited by thermal evaporation process. Gold is evaporated from a resistively heated boat at a temperature of 1900 K onto a surface held on a fixed surface. The incident molecular flux onto the silicon surface is 7.86x1019 (1/m2sec). The thickness varies between 78 nm and 80 nm across the sample after 60 s of deposition, with radial symmetry about the midpoint of the source. The film thickness, mass deposited on the substrate and mass transfer rate on silicon substrates with time dependent model using BDF solver is calculated. The SEM micrographs shows the smooth and uniformly distributed nano scale gold film on silicon and the average grain size of gold is 15-30 nm. The XRD analysis shows the polycrystalline face centered cubic (fcc) structure in preferential (111) plane. Deposited gold film thickness measured from Dektek surface profiler at different points on the substrate surface

The methods for improving energy and exergetic efficiency have been considered in this paper by using water as secondary coolant in evaporator with nano particles of Al2O3 and TiO2 mixed R718 refrigerant is investigated in this paper. Detailed energy and exergy analysis of multi-evaporators at different temperatures in the vapor compression refrigeration systems have been done in terms of performance parameter for R507a, R125, R134a, R290, R600, R600a, R410a, R407c, R404a and R152a refrigerants. The numerical computations have been carried out for both systems. The use of nano particles improves the energy and exergy performance significantly. The best thermodynamic performance is found using R152a and worst performance is observed using R410a. Due to flammable nature of R290, R600, R600a and R152a , the R134a is recommended for domestic applications. The results were compared by using water in secondary circuit with nano refrigerants and without nano-particles used and it was found that use of nano-particles improves thermal performances significantly. The energy performance improvement in terms of COP and exergetic performance in terms of exergetic efficiency (rational efficiency) using TiO2 is better than using Al2O3 with R718 refrigerant in the secondary evaporator circuit.