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Polyurethanes based on the aminoethers of ortho-phosphoric acid and polyisocyanates of an aliphatic nature were studied as a substrate for the preparation of a new polymer electrolyte.

The products of triethanolamine- and triethylamine-catalyzed reactions of etherification of orthophosphoric acid using poly(oxypropylene glycol)-1000 are studied. It is shown that the nature of tertiary amine markedly influences the completeness of the etherification reaction. When using triethanolamine, its hydroxyl groups are also involved in the etherification of orthophosphoric acid. The resultant tertiary ammonium, which is a central unit of the synthesized branched amino ethers of orthophosphoric acid, is responsible for incomplete etherification and existence of space-separated ionic pairs in the structure of amino ethers. In the case of triethylamine, the etherification of orthophosphoric acid occurs almost completely to yield polyphosphates. The thermal behavior of ionomeric and nonionomeric polyurethanes is investigated. It is found that, for polyurethanes containing ionic groups, the glass transition temperature is much higher than that of nonionomeric polyurethanes. It is shown that phosphorus-containing nonionomeric polyurethanes possess higher thermal stability in inert atmosphere than phosphorous-containing polyurethane ionomers. The onset temperature of the thermal degradation for nonionomeric polyurethanes decreases considerably with an increase in the content of polyphosphates. Polyurethane ionomers synthesized using phospholipids feature a lower thermal stability than polyurethanes based on amino ethers of orthophosphoric acid.

Using modified amino ethers of boric acid, porous polyurethanes are synthesized, the porous morphology of which is due to the peculiarities of the hyperbranched macromolecular architecture of amino ethers of boric acid. A change in the structure of amino ethers of boric acid by the introduction of terminal bulky substituents with hydroxyl groups contributes to a change in the size and pore size distribution of polyurethanes based on amino ethers of boric acid. It is shown that one of the reasons for the heat-sensitive vapor permeability of porous polyurethanes is the hydrophilic nature of the pore surface. Film samples of porous polyurethanes have proven to be an effective substrate for the targeted cultivation of connective tissue at the cellular level.

The etherification of ortho-phosphoric acid with triethanolamine and polyoxypropylene glycol is studied. The reaction process is accompanied by the formation of hyperbranched amino ethers of ortho-phosphoric acid terminated by hydroxyl groups. A specific feature of the chemical structure of the compounds obtained is the existence of ion pairs in their structure separated in space. The reaction of the etherification of ortho-phosphoric acid with glycols becomes possible through the use of tertiary amines. The amino ethers of ortho-phosphoric acid are investigated as a polyol component for the synthesis of polyurethanes with high adhesion characteristics and strength properties. The experimental results presented allow us to relate polyurethanes obtained on the basis of ortho-phosphoric acid amino ethers to polymers of ionomeric nature.

The effect of the reaction medium and synthesis temperature on the polyaddition of 2,4-toluene diisocyanate to a macroinitiator representing a potassium-substituted block copolymer of propylene and ethylene oxides is revealed. Factors affecting the polyaddition accompanied by the opening of isocyanate groups via the carbonyl component are the use of catalytic amounts of acidic compounds, water in combination with trimethylamine, and maintenance of fairly low temperatures. The dielectric properties and static electrical conductivity of polymers obtained under different reaction conditions are studied. It is shown that the preferential formation of polyisocyanates of the acetal nature and, thus, block copolymers with their participation can be responsible for change in the electrophysical properties of the polymers.

Polyurethanes composed of aromatic components are synthesized using the catalytic effect of potassium alcoholates on the reaction of urethane formation occurring with participation of 4,4'-dihydroxy-2,2-diphenylpropane, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and polyisocyanate, which is a mixture of 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and its branched derivatives. In the case of 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, segmented polyurethanes with the predetermined length of the rigid block are formed, while the use of polyisocyanate gives rise to framed aromatic polyurethanes. The use of macroinitiators as carriers of potassium alcoholate groups does not cause microphase separation of flexible and rigid segments.

The hyperbranched polymers have drawn intensive attention in the design of macromolecules and functional materials because of their unique physical and chemical properties resulting from the branched architecture and the high number of functional groups. In the present study, by means of light scattering, viscosimetry, thermomechanical analysis, tensile stress–strain, mechanical loss tangent and water vapor permeability measurements, we demonstrate the hierarchical macromolecular organization of organoboron polyurethanes synthesized using sterically hindered amino ethers (AEBA) of boric acid. It is shown that the water vapor permeability of polyurethanes obtained on the basis of sterically hindered aminoethers of boric acid is due to the peculiarities of the chemical structure of AEBA, which can exhibit an ionomeric nature and the presence of steric hindrances created in the hyperbranched structure of AEBA, which can lead to an increase in free volume in such polyurethanes.

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Optically transparent mesoporous polymers have been synthesized through the anionic polymerization of 2,4-toluene diisocyanate initiated by anionic macroinitiators. The influence of the molecular weight of the macroinitiators on the formation behavior of amphiphilic block copolymers has been considered along with the role of substituted urea in the stabilization of the O-polyisocyanate blocks. The features of the supramolecular organization of mesoporous polymers have been studied. It has been shown that an increase in the proportion of O-polyisocyanate blocks in the coplanar trans configuration in the polymers is accompanied by a significant decrease in their volume electrical resistivity values. The preferential formation of amphiphilic block copolymers is reflected in the formation of highly ordered domains and perfection of the supramolecular cellular geometry of mesoporous polymers. It has been found that the mesoporous polymer structuring enables the immobilization of organic chromophores. It has been shown that luminophores in the cavities of mesopores generate laser radiation and exhibit high resistance to high-power laser radiation.

Heteronuclear coordination compounds capable of catalyzing the low-temperature dissociation of urethane groups were synthesized on the basis of copper and cobalt chlorides. The study was performed with an urethane prepolymer produced from oligoester diol and 2,4-toluylene diisocyanate. It was found that the dissociation of urethane groups in the prepolymer is accompanied by formation of carbodiimides and release of 2,4-toluylene diisocyanate. As a result of the subsequent redox interaction, Cu(II) ions are mostly converted to Cu(I), and the involvement of isocyanate groups in the para-position into the reaction processes leads to formation of azoaromatic derivatives. It is shown that their coordination binding by Co(II) ions strongly affects both the supramolecular organization of polyurethanes and a set of their physicomechanical properties.

Polyurethanes prepared from anionic initiators, 4,4′-dihydroxy-2,2-diphenylpropane, and aromatic isocyanates were studied by IR spectroscopy. The hydroxy groups in 4,4′-dihydroxy-2,2-diphenylpropane are completely involved in the urethane formation. Variation of the molar ratio of isocyanate and hydroxy groups in the polymer-forming system allows control both of the rigid segment length and of the content of the isocyanurate component in the polymeric matrix. The physicomechanical properties of the polymeric film samples were studied. An increase in the size of the aromatic block is accompanied by enhancement of the strength and plastic deformation of the polymers.

Polymers prepared from a polyether, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, and octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane were studied using thermomechanical analysis, mechanical tests, and water vapor adsorption. The adsorption of nitrogen vapor was studied at 77 K, and that of water vapor, at 293 K.

The characteristics of the supramolecular organization of polyetherisocyanatesiloxanes are inferred from measurements of the temperature dependence of the dielectric loss tangent. It is shown that the mutual influence of macromolecular components on the formation of interpenetrating polymer network depends on the prescription and temperature conditions of synthesis.

Coordination binding of polymethyl methacrylate with copper(II) ions was studied by IR spectroscopy and viscometry.

The synthesis of metal coordination polymers is a way of affecting the processes of crosslinking of macrochains; interchain and intraionic interactions; and, thereby, preparing polymer materials with special properties [1–6]. From the standpoint of designing materials with electric and magnetic properties, it is promising to form, in a polymer matrix, chains of transition metal ions bound by exchange interaction. Conventional methods for the creation of interactions of this type in a polymer are primarily based on the presence in a macromolecule of certain units, e.g., those including the phthalocyanine and azomethine moieties, or on conformational potentialities of macrochains that contain coordination‐active groups in their branches.