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Aims: To correlate the effect of previous COVID-19 infection and vaccination on incidence of COVID -19 infection . Study Design: It is a prospective observational study. Place and Duration of Study: Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India. Methodology: We included 405 healthcare workers with COVID-19 positive infection, with or without the symptoms. Clinical as well as hematological examination were done. Results: Our study showed 75.6% seropositivity rate even 6 months after vaccination in which seropositivity was significantly higher in people who had past history of COVID-19 .Antibody levels were highest when observed one month after vaccination. A decrease in antibody levels over time after vaccination is observed. Seropositivity rate was significantly higher in people who were less than 40 years old. Conclusion: A decrease in antibody levels over time after vaccination is observed and this showed that the rate of infection decreases after receiving vaccination.

Urban subjects have high burden of cardiovascular risk factors, therefore, to evaluate risk factors in middle socioeconomic subjects and to study secular trends we performed an epidemiological study.The study was performed at urban middle class locations defined according to municipal records in years 2009-10. Stratified random sampling using house-to-house survey was performed. Details of medical history, anthropometry and clinical examination were recorded and biochemical tests performed for estimation of fasting glucose and lipids. Current definitions were used for risk factor classification. Descriptive statistics are provided. Trends were calculated using ANOVA or Mantel Haenszel chi-square. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess risk factor determinants. To determine secular trends we compared risk factors with previous cross-sectional studies performed in same locations in years 2002-3 and 2004-5 in subjects 20-59 years age.We evaluated 739 subjects (men 451, women 288, response 67%). Age-adjusted prevalence (%) of risk factors in men and women respectively was smoking 95 (21.1) and 12 (4.2), low physical activity 316 (69.6) and 147 (52.3), high fat intakeor = 20 gm/day 278 (73.4) and 171 (68.7), low fruits and vegetables intake3 helpings/day 249 (70.3) and 165 (76.4), overweight/obesity 205 (46.2) and 142 (50.7), high waist size 58 (12.9) and 76 (26.6), high waist:hip 143 (31.9) and 154 (53.9), hypertension 177 (39.5) and 71 (24.6), high total cholesterolor = 200 mg/ dl 148 (33.0) and 93 (32.7), low HDL cholesterol40/50 mg/dl 113 (25.1) and 157 (55.3), diabetes 62 (15.5) and 25 (10.8) and metabolic syndrome 109 (25.1) and 61 (22.0). Age-associated increase was observed in body mass index, waist size, waist ratio:hip, systolic blood pressure and fasting and total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and triglycerides in women (Ptrend0.01). Age related increase was also observed in prevalence of obesity, truncal obesity, hypertension, diabetes and metabolic syndrome (Ptrend0.01). On univariate analysis significant determinants of risk factors were low educational and socioeconomic status for smoking, high fat diet for obesity and hypertension, low fruits and vegetables intake for metabolic syndrome, and low physical activity or obesity but on age-and sex-adjusted multivariate analysis only association was high fat diet with obesity and hypertension (logistic regression analysis p0.05). Compared to studies performed at similar locations in years 2002-03 and 2005-06 there was increasing trend in prevalence of high non-HDL cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia (Ptrend0.05) while other risk factors did not change significantly.There is a high prevalence of multiple cardiovascular risk factors in Indian middle class individuals. Secular trends demonstrate a persistent high prevalence and increasing non-HDL cholesterol and triglycerides over 8-year period.