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1. TFTR Tritium Inventory Accountability System

Author

A. Nagy, S. Raftopoulos, C. Saville, D. Voorhees, C. Tilson, J. Stencel, S. Elwood, G. Ascione, and R. Rossmassler

Subjects
Unix, Measure (data warehouse), Tokamak, Process (engineering), Nuclear engineering, General Engineering, Scrap, Nuclear material, law.invention, Nuclear physics, law, Environmental science, Tritium, Software system
Abstract

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) requires control and accountability of nuclear materials for all DOE-owned nuclear materials at licensed and licensed-exempt facilities. Through a series of DOE orders (5633.3 and associated referenced series), the DOE has set forth minimum requirements and procedures for control and accountability of nuclear materials. The TFTR has been in deuterium-tritium (D-T) operations since November 1993 utilizing DOE-owned tritium for fueling the plasma reaction. As a result of the current D-T experiments at TFTR, 30 grams of tritium have been shipped to PPPL, tracked through the tritium storage and delivery systems, processed as scrap or waste, and shipped back to other DOE-owned facilities for disposal or reprocessing. Under the guidance of the DOE control and accountability orders, PPPL is required to implement and maintain a program that includes the establishment of nuclear material balance areas, material surveillance, calibration and verification of measurement devices, graded safeguards for protection of tritium inventories, computerized tracking of measurement control points, material balance reports, shipper/receiver evaluations, and extensive DOE reporting requirements. This paper discusses the program (PPPL Material Control and Accountability Plan) that has been implemented to track DOE-owned tritium and all other accountable source material. Specifically, this paper details the methods used to measure tritium in various systems at TFTR, resolve inventory differences, perform inventory by difference inside the Tokamak, process and measure plasma exhaust and other effluent gas streams, process, measure and ship scrap or waste tritium on molecular sieve beds, and detail the organizational structure of the Material Control and Accountability (MC&A) group. In addition, this paper describes a Unix TM based computerized software system developed at PPPL to account for all tritium movements throughout the facility.

Published
1995
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2. Review of deuterium–tritium results from the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor

Author

V. Garzotto, A. Nagy, V. Arunasalam, D. S. Darrow, P. C. Efthimion, A. Janos, V. Zavereev, M.G. Bell, Guoyong Fu, Larry R. Grisham, J. A. Murphy, M. Caorlin, Choong-Seock Chang, Harold P. Furth, J. C. Hosea, J. L. Anderson, R. A. Hulse, David Johnson, D. L. Jassby, R. Rossmassler, K. M. Young, B.P. LeBlanc, Richard Majeski, G. Pearson, G. Coward, M. P. Petrov, I. Semenov, Darin Ernst, Jay Kesner, R. Pysher, Manfred Bitter, R. Marsala, B. McCormack, J. Swanson, M. Williams, H.H. Duong, H. H. Towner, E. Perry, M. Viola, J. Stencel, M. Osakabe, M. McCarthy, D. Long, S. D. Scott, K. L. Wong, J. Machuzak, M. Kalish, Hyeon K. Park, D.C. McCune, N. Fromm, Stewart Zweben, R. T. Walters, W. Tighe, J. R. Timberlake, Z. Chang, G. Schilling, K. M. McGuire, R. E. Bell, P. Alling, E. Ruskov, G. A. Wurden, Michael Loughlin, E. Fredd, Cris W. Barnes, Michael E. Mauel, R. Newman, M. Oldaker, E. J. Synakowski, C. E. Bush, M. Sasao, P. H. LaMarche, C. K. Phillips, R. Camp, H.W. Kugel, M. H. Redi, S. H. Batha, J. Ongena, M. Norris, D.K. Owens, G Rewoldt, R. Durst, Dale Meade, M. Murakami, Nikolai Gorelenkov, K. W. Hill, J. H. Rogers, Gregory R. Hanson, David A Rasmussen, K. Wright, M. C. Zarnstorff, B. Grek, S. Yoshikawa, Roscoe White, T. Senko, G. Labik, H. Takahashi, S. Raftopoulos, S. Ramakrishnan, C. Gentile, H. Evenson, A. L. Qualls, J. McChesney, J. Winston, R. Wester, A. T. Ramsey, M. Hughes, Gerald Navratil, Robert Budny, D. R. Mikkelsen, J. D. Strachan, R. Sissingh, B. C. Stratton, E.D. Fredrickson, William Dorland, T. Stevenson, G. Ascione, H. W. Herrmann, S.A. Sabbagh, R. J. Fonck, L. Dudek, George McKee, J. Collins, W. Blanchard, J. Schivell, R. Scillia, T. Fujita, J.A. Snipes, S. Cauffman, M. E. Thompson, G. Martin, J. Gioia, S. V. Mirnov, A. von Halle, J. DeLooper, D. Ashcroft, John B Wilgen, C. Vannoy, J. Stevens, J. Kamperschroer, C. Ancher, L. C. Johnson, D. Roberts, R. Daugert, W. Park, F. M. Levinton, Gregory W. Hammett, M. Tuszewski, Nathaniel J. Fisch, J. W. Anderson, S. Sesnic, N. T. Lam, William Tang, Chio-Zong Cheng, Glenn Bateman, R. J. Hawryluk, E. Mazzucato, C.H. Skinner, F. C. Jobes, H. Hsuan, Earl Marmar, Michael A. Beer, Masaaki Yamada, R. Fisher, Paul Woskov, J.L. Terry, T. O’Connor, J. Gilbert, E. Lawson, R. Persing, S. F. Paul, D. Loesser, W. W. Heidbrink, G. Barnes, N. L. Bretz, D. Voorhees, W. Stodiek, R. O. Dendy, M. Cropper, G. Renda, P. B. Parks, D. Mueller, Kenji Tobita, A. Martin, S. S. Medley, G. L. Schmidt, G. Taylor, A. L. Roquemore, James R. Wilson, S. von Goeler, J. Levine, H. Adler, S. Pitcher, H. Anderson, Raffi Nazikian, C. Brunkhorst, R. Wieland, J. Chrzanowski, M. Phillips, D.K. Mansfield, and H. Carnevale

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Thermonuclear fusion, Tokamak, Lawson criterion, law, Nuclear fusion, Magnetic confinement fusion, Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor, Inertial confinement fusion, law.invention
Abstract

After many years of fusion research, the conditions needed for a D–T fusion reactor have been approached on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) [Fusion Technol. 21, 1324 (1992)]. For the first time the unique phenomena present in a D–T plasma are now being studied in a laboratory plasma.The first magnetic fusion experiments to study plasmas using nearly equal concentrations of deuterium and tritium have been carried out on TFTR. At present the maximum fusion power of 10.7 MW, using 39.5 MW of neutral‐beam heating, in a supershot discharge and 6.7 MW in a high‐βp discharge following a current rampdown. The fusion power density in a core of the plasma is ≊2.8 MW m−3, exceeding that expected in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) [Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1991), Vol. 3, p. 239] at 1500 MW total fusion power. The energy confinement time, τE, is observed to increase in D–T, relative to D plasmas, by 20% and the ni(0) Ti(0) τE product by 55%. The improvement in thermal confinement is caused primarily by a decrease in ion heat conductivity in both supershot and limiter‐H‐mode discharges. Extensive lithium pellet injection increased the confinement time to 0.27 s and enabled higher current operation in both supershot and high‐βp discharges. Ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) heating of a D–T plasma, using the second harmonic of tritium, has been demonstrated. First measurements of the confined alpha particles have been performed and found to be in good agreement with TRANSP [Nucl. Fusion 34, 1247 (1994)] simulations. Initial measurements of the alpha ash profile have been compared with simulations using particle transport coefficients from He gas puffing experiments. The loss of alpha particles to a detector at the bottom of the vessel is well described by the first‐orbit loss mechanism. No loss due to alpha‐particle‐driven instabilities has yet been observed. D–T experiments on TFTR will continue to explore the assumptions of the ITER design and to examine some of the physics issues associated with an advanced tokamak reactor.

Published
1995
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3. Plasma-surface interactions in TFTR DT experiments

Author

Manfred Bitter, D. K. Owens, L. Dudek, W. Park, M. Murakami, Fred Levinton, George McKee, T. Stevenson, J. D. Strachan, Mamiko Sasao, D. K. Mansfield, William Tang, A.C. Janos, S. von Goeler, C.A. Gentile, R. Camp, C. E. Bush, J. DeLooper, Darin Ernst, H. Anderson, Takeo Nishitani, R. J. Hawryluk, G. L. Schmidt, N. Gorelenkov, J. H. Rogers, J. R. Wilson, B. Grek, Raffi Nazikian, C.H. Skinner, S. S. Medley, A. Martin, B. LeBlanc, M. Norris, R. Durst, J.L. Terry, D. Ashcroft, Michael Loughlin, N. T. Lam, Robert Budny, F. C. Jobes, S. F. Paul, J.A. Snipes, L. C. Johnson, J.F. Schivell, Chio-Zong Cheng, D.L. Jassby, C. K. Phillips, M.E. Thompson, L. R. Grisham, G. Pearson, M. Caorlin, David A Rasmussen, M. Leonard, A. Nagy, B. McCormack, David W. Johnson, R. Sissingh, H.W. Hermann, G. Taylor, C. Vannoy, N. Fromm, G. A. Wurden, R. M. Wieland, Masaki Osakabe, Gregory R. Hanson, J.C. Hosea, M. H. Redi, W. R. Blanchard, S. Cauffman, S. H. Batha, P. C. Efthimion, Guoyong Fu, E. Perry, Earl Marmar, M. Oldaker, N. Bretz, R. Rossmassler, J.L. Anderson, Masaaki Yamada, R. Fisher, Hyeon K. Park, William Heidbrink, K. McGuire, P. H. LaMarche, D. R. Mikkelsen, S. D. Scott, K. W. Hill, A. von Halle, D. Voorhees, M. C. Zarnstorff, H.W. Kugel, K. M. Young, H. Adler, D. Roberts, J. McChesney, John B Wilgen, A. T. Ramsey, R.T. Walters, D.M. Meade, S. Pitcher, Harold P. Furth, M. G. Bell, H.H. Duong, Z. Chang, E. Ruskov, T. O'Connor, G. Barnes, J. Machuzak, M. Williams, M. P. Petrov, H. Hsuan, R.J. Fonck, J. Kamperschroer, E.D. Fredrickson, K. L. Wong, C. Ancher, J. E. Stevens, G. Schilling, S. Raftopoulos, Gregory W. Hammett, J. Collins, M. Tuszewski, D. Mueller, Richard Majeski, Brentley Stratton, Cris W. Barnes, S. J. Zweben, E. Mazzucato, D.S. Darrow, S.A. Sabbagh, E. J. Synakowski, P. Alling, R. Newman, A. L. Roquemore, R. E. Bell, D. C. McCune, and G. Coward

Subjects
inorganic chemicals, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Lawson criterion, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Alpha particle, Fusion power, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, law, Limiter, General Materials Science, Lithium, Atomic physics, Helium
Abstract

TFTR has begun its campaign to study deuterium-tritium fusion under reactor-like conditions. Variable amounts of deuterium and tritium neutral beam power have been used to maximize fusion power, study alpha heating, investigate alpha particle confinement, and search for alpha driven plasma instabilities. Additional areas of study include energy and particle transport and confinement, ICRF heating schemes for DT plasmas, tritium retention, and fusion in high βp plasmas. The majority of this work is done in the TFTR supershot confinement regime. To obtain supershots, extensive limiter conditioning using helium fueled ohmic discharges and lithium pellet injection into ohmic and neutral beam heated plasmas is performed, resulting in a low recycling limiter. The relationship between recycling and core plasma confinement has been studied by using helium, deuterium and high-Z gas puffs to simulate high recycling limiter conditions. These studies show that confinement in TFTR supershots is very sensitive to the influx of neutral particles at the plasma edge.

Published
1995
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4. Operation of the tokamak fusion test reactor tritium systems during initial tritium experiments

Author

D Voorhees, H. Murray, C. Gentile, M. Viola, M. Kalish, P. H. LaMarche, A. Nagy, J Kamperschroer, R.T Walters, S. Raftopoulos, J Swanson, J.L. Anderson, R.A.P. Sissingh, F Tulipano, T. A. Kozub, and R. Rossmassler

Subjects
Tokamak, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, Fusion power, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Environmental science, General Materials Science, Tritium, Early phase, Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

The high power D-T experiments on the tokamak fusion test reactor (TFTR) at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory commenced in November 1993. During initial operation of the tritium systems a number of start-up problems surfaced and had to be corrected. These were corrected through a series of system modifications and upgrades and by repair of failed or inadequate components. Even as these operational concerns were being addressed, the tritium systems continued to support D-T operations on the tokamak. During the first six months of D-T operations more than 107 kCi of tritium were processed successfully by the tritium systems. D-T experiments conducted at TFTR during this period provided significant new data. Fusion power in excess of 9 MW was achieved in May 1994. This paper describes some of the early start-up issues, and reports on the operation of the tritium system and the tritium tracking and accounting system during the early phase of TFTR D-T experiments.

Published
1995
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5. Deuterium-Tritium Experiments on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor

Author

J. Hosea, J. H. Adler, P. Alling, C. Ancher, H. Anderson, J.L. Anderson, J.W. Anderson, V. Arunasalam, G. Ascione, D. Ashcroft, C.W. Barnes, G. Barnes, S. Batha, M.G. Bell, R. Bell, M. Bitter, W. Blanchard, N.L. Bretz, C. Brunkhorst, R. Budny, T. Burgess, H. Bush, C.E. Bush, R. Camp, M. Caorlin, H. Carnevale, S. Cauffman, Z. Chang, C.Z. Cheng, J. Chrzanowski, J. Collins, G. Coward, M. Cropper, D.S. Darrow, R. Daugert, J. DeLooper, H. Duong, L. Dudek, R. Durst, P.C. Efthimion, D. Ernst, J. Faunce, R. Fisher, R.J. Fonck, E. Fredd, E. Fredrickson, N. Fromm, G.Y. Fu, H.P. Furth, V. Garzotto, C. Gentile, G. Gettelfinger, J. Gilbert, J. Gioia, T. Golian, N. Gorelenkov, B. Grek, L.R. Grisham, G. Hammett, G.R. Hanson, R.J. Hawryluk, W. Heidbrink, H.W. Herrmann, K.W. Hill, H. Hsuan, A. Janos, D.L. Jassby, F.C. Jobes, D.W. Johnson, L.C. Johnson, J. Kamperschroer, J. Kesner, H. Kugel, S. Kwon, G. Labik, N.T. Lam, P.H. LaMarche, E. Lawson, B. LeBlanc, M. Leonard, J. Levine, F.M. Levinton, D. Loesser, D. Long, M.J. Loughlin, J. Machuzak, D.K. Mansfield, M. Marchlik, E.S. Marmar, R. Marsala, A. Martin, G. Martin, V. Mastrocola, E. Mazzucato, R. Majeski, M. Mauel, M.P. McCarthy, B. McCormack, D.C. McCune, K.M. McGuire, D.M. Meade, S.S. Medley, D.R. Mikkelsen, S.L. Milora, D. Mueller, M. Murakami, J.A. Murphy, A. Nagy, G.A. Navratil, R. Nazikian, R. Newman, T. Nishitani, M. Norris, T. O’Connor, M. Oldaker, J. Ongena, M. Osakabe, D.K. Owens, H. Park, W. Park, S.F. Paul, Yu.I. Pavlov, G. Pearson, F. Perkins, E. Perry, R. Persing, M. Petrov, C.K. Phillips, S. Pitcher, S. Popovichev, R. Pysher, A.L. Qualls, S. Raftopoulos, R. Ramakrishnan, A. Ramsey, D.A. Rasmussen, M.H. Redi, G. Renda, G. Rewoldt, D. Roberts, J. Rogers, R. Rossmassler, A.L. Roquemore, E. Ruchov, S.A. Sabbagh, M. Sasao, G. Schilling, J. Schivell, G.L. Schmidt, R. Scillia, S.D. Scott, T. Senko, R. Sissingh, C. Skinner, J. Snipes, P. Snook, J. Stencel, J. Stevens, T. Stevenson, B.C. Stratton, J.D. Strachan, W. Stodiek, E. Synakowski, W. Tang, G. Taylor, J. Terry, M.E. Thompson, J.R. Timberlake, H.H. Towner, A. von Halle, C. Vannoy, R. Wester, R. Wieland, J.B. Wilgen, M. Williams, J.R. Wilson, J. Winston, K. Wright, D. Wong, K.L. Wong, P. Woskov, G.A. Wurden, M. Yamada, A. Yeun, S. Yoshikawa, K.M. Young, M.C. Zarnstorff, and S.J. Zweben

Subjects
Range (particle radiation), Materials science, 020209 energy, General Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Alpha particle, Plasma, Fusion power, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear physics, Deuterium, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Limiter, Electron temperature, Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor
Abstract

The deuterium-tritium (D-T) experimental program on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) is underway and routine tritium operations have been established. The technology upgrades made to the TFTR facility have been demonstrated to be sufficient for supporting both operations and maintenance for an extended D-T campaign. To date fusion power has been increased to {approximately}9 MW and several physics results of importance to the D-T reactor regime have been obtained: electron temperature, ion temperature, and plasma stored energy all increase substantially in the D-T regime relative to the D-D regime at the same neutral beam power and comparable limiter conditioning; possible alpha electron heating is indicated and energy confinement improvement with average ion mass is observed; and alpha particle losses appear to be classical with no evidence of TAE mode activity up to the P{sub FUS} {approximately}6 MW level. Instability in the TAE mode frequency range has been observed at P{sub FUS} > 7 MW and its effect on performance is under investigation. Preparations are underway to enhance the alpha particle density further by increasing fusion power and by extending the neutral beam pulse length to permit alpha particle effects of relevance to the ITER regime to be more fullymore » explored.« less

Published
1994
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6. Fusion power production from TFTR plasmas fueled with deuterium and tritium

Author

K. L. Wong, Takeo Nishitani, R. Newman, R. M. Wieland, M. Leonard, D. S. Darrow, R.E. Bell, K. M. McGuire, G. A. Wurden, G. Pearson, G. Coward, M. P. Petrov, Manfred Bitter, M. H. Redi, Joseph Snipes, A.C. Janos, H. Adler, H. W. Herrmann, W. R. Blanchard, J.M. McChesney, C. K. Phillips, A. Martin, M. Caorlin, James R. Wilson, A. T. Ramsey, Harold P. Furth, Fred Levinton, C. Vannoy, Gregory W. Hammett, R. T. Walters, N. Fromm, G. Schilling, D. K. Owens, P. H. LaMarche, J. H. Kamperschroer, D. R. Mikkelsen, S. von Goeler, Cris W. Barnes, S. D. Scott, C. Ancher, S. H. Batha, M. G. Bell, B. McCormack, P. C. Efthimion, Guoyong Fu, W. Park, A. von Halle, Masaki Osakabe, M. Tuszewski, H.H. Duong, G. R. McKee, John B Wilgen, B.P. LeBlanc, D.C. McCune, C. Gentile, N. T. Lam, R. K. Fisher, J. Machuzak, S. Cauffman, S. Pitcher, F. C. Jobes, M. Oldaker, A. Nagy, Kenneth M. Young, S. J. Zweben, M. E. Thompson, S.A. Sabbagh, R. J. Fonck, J.F. Schivell, Chio-Zong Cheng, William Heidbrink, E. Perry, B. C. Stratton, J. D. Strachan, Mamiko Sasao, N. N. Gorelenkov, E.D. Fredrickson, P. Alling, M. Norris, D. Ashcroft, C.E. Bush, J. E. Stevens, R. Durst, D.R. Ernst, Michael Loughlin, H.W. Kugel, L. C. Johnson, S.F. Paul, E. Mazzucato, M. C. Zarnstorff, Robert Budny, David W. Johnson, E. J. Synakowski, Richard Majeski, J. L. Terry, G. R. Hanson, J. Hosea, E. Ruskov, Dale Meade, J. H. Rogers, Z. Chang, M. Murakami, A. L. Roquemore, G. Barnes, N. L. Bretz, D. Voorhees, L. Dudek, S. S. Medley, D. L. Jassby, G. Taylor, J.L. Anderson, K. W. Hill, D. Mueller, B. Grek, Masaaki Yamada, T. O’Connor, D.K. Mansfield, L. R. Grisham, Hyeon K. Park, R. Camp, E.S. Marmar, David A Rasmussen, M. Williams, R. Sissingh, H. Anderson, T. Stevenson, G. L. Schmidt, D. W. Roberts, H. Hsuan, R. Rossmassler, William Tang, Raffi Nazikian, R. J. Hawryluk, C.H. Skinner, J. DeLooper, and J. Collins

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Deuterium, Lawson criterion, General Physics and Astronomy, Tritium, Alpha particle, Plasma, Fusion power, Atomic physics, Charged particle, Ion
Abstract

Peak fusion power production of 6.2 ± 0.4 MW has been achieved in TFTR plasmas heated by deuterium and tritium neutral beams at a total power of 29.5 MW. These plasmas have an inferred central fusion alpha particle density of 1.2 x 1017 m ₋3 without the appearance of either disruptive magnetohydrodynamics events or detectable changes in Alfven wave activity. The measured loss rate of energetic alpha particles agreed with the approximately 5% losses expected from alpha particles which are born on unconfined orbits.

Published
1994
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7. Preparations for deuterium–tritium experiments on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor*

Author

V. Mastrocola, D. Wong, B. C. Stratton, G. Martin, William Tang, D. Monticello, P. Snook, C.H. Skinner, Yu. I. Pavlov, H. Carnevale, Richard Majeski, H. Anderson, H. Hsuan, Earl Marmar, Dale Meade, J. H. Rogers, J. Kamperschroer, C. Ancher, V. Garzotto, M. Williams, C. E. Bush, Takeo Nishitani, I. Collazo, R. Ramakrishnan, R. Newman, J. DeLooper, D. Roberts, H. W. Hermann, G. Ascione, E. Fredd, H. H. Towner, Darin Ernst, W. Park, H. Bush, J. Chrzanowski, M. Oldaker, J. W. Anderson, D. Aschroft, K. L. Wong, M. Ulrickson, D.K. Owens, M.G. Bell, S. Raftopoulos, M. Leonard, J. Gioia, J. R. Timberlake, N. T. Lam, A. von Halle, A. Yeun, J. Levine, Leonid E. Zakharov, Jay Kesner, Chio-Zong Cheng, Larry R. Grisham, M. Murakami, D. Loesser, M. J. Laughlin, R. Rossmassler, Liu Chen, J. A. Murphy, T. Golian, G Rewoldt, R. Durst, G. Labik, A. Martin, R. Scillia, M. E. Thompson, S. D. Scott, R.J. Hawryluk, S. S. Medley, John B Wilgen, G. L. Schmidt, Cris W. Barnes, H. Adler, D. R. Mikkelsen, S. Pitcher, F. W. Perkins, R. Sissingh, A. L. Qualls, J. R. Wilson, G. Barnes, T. Stevenson, J. C. Hosea, Raffi Nazikian, C. Brunkhorst, J. Schivell, Glenn Bateman, T. Burgess, V. Arunasalam, D. S. Darrow, P. C. Efthimion, A. L. Roquemore, Michael A. Beer, Guoyong Fu, R. Wieland, R.J. Fonck, E.D. Fredrickson, Gregory W. Hammett, W. Blanchard, S. Kwon, J. Stevens, M. Marchlik, L. C. Johnson, R. Camp, T. Senko, Nikolai Gorelenkov, K. W. Hill, B.P. LeBlanc, D. W. Johnson, William Heidbrink, Hyeon K. Park, R. Daugert, J. Swanson, Masaaki Yamada, David A Rasmussen, M. Sasao, F. M. Levinton, E. Perry, Donald B. Batchelor, J. Stencel, D.C. McCune, D. Long, Manfred Bitter, E. Mazzucato, S. Yoshikawa, K. M. McGuire, S.A. Sabbagh, G. A. Wurden, Michael E. Mauel, L. Dudek, P. Alling, C. Gentile, M. H. Redi, G. Gettelfinger, J. D. Strachan, F. C. Jobes, Paul Woskov, R. C. Goldfinger, G. Renda, B. Grek, D. L. Jassby, J. Snipes, J.L. Terry, D. Mueller, M. Caorlin, C. Vannoy, T. O’Connor, J. Gilbert, G. Taylor, W. Stodiek, M. Cropper, E. Lawson, E. J. Synakowski, A. T. Ramsey, Gerald Navratil, J. L. Anderson, R. Persing, G. R. Hanson, S. F. Paul, R. A. Hulse, G. Pearson, G. Coward, M. P. Petrov, E. F. Jaeger, J. Faunce, M. McCarthy, S. H. Batha, K. Wright, K. M. Young, S.L. Milora, Stewart Zweben, S. Popovichev, S.P. Hirshman, H.W. Kugel, J. Ongena, M. C. Zarnstorff, P.T. Bonoli, A. Nagy, D. J. Hoffman, M. Norris, A. Janos, R. Marsala, M. Osakabe, J. Machuzak, G. Schilling, T. S. Biglow, Harold P. Furth, B. McCormack, H.H. Duong, Z. Chang, P. H. LaMarche, C. K. Phillips, Robert Budny, Steven Cowley, D. E. Mansfield, J. Collins, N. L. Bretz, L. A. Baylor, John Scharer, N. Fromm, and M. J. Gouge

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Tritium illumination, Physics, Lawson criterion, Deuterium, Water cooling, Tritium, Neutron radiation, Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor
Abstract

The final hardware modifications for tritium operation have been completed for the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) [Fusion Technol. 21, 1324 (1992)]. These activities include preparation of the tritium gas handling system, installation of additional neutron shielding, conversion of the toroidal field coil cooling system from water to a FluorinertTM system, modification of the vacuum system to handle tritium, preparation, and testing of the neutral beam system for tritium operation and a final deuterium–deuterium (D–D) run to simulate expected deuterium–tritium (D–T) operation. Testing of the tritium system with low concentration tritium has successfully begun. Simulation of trace and high power D–T experiments using D–D have been performed. The physics objectives of D–T operation are production of ≊10 MW of fusion power, evaluation of confinement, and heating in deuterium–tritium plasmas, evaluation of α‐particle heating of electrons, and collective effects driven by alpha particles and testing of diag...

Published
1994
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8. Deuterium-tritium experiments on TFTR

Author

S. H. Batha, J.L. Terry, G. L. Schmidt, V. Zavereev, M. McCarthy, T. O’Connor, J. Gilbert, R. Marsala, P. C. Efthimion, D.C. McCune, M.I. Williams, Guoyong Fu, E. Lawson, S. Pitcher, L. R. Grisham, William Dorland, H. Hsuan, R. Rossmassler, G.A. Navratil, J. Machuzak, D. A. Rasmunsen, William Heidbrink, Hyeon K. Park, P. Alling, M. Oldaker, J. Swanson, Fred Levinton, Harold P. Furth, Paul Parks, G.R. McKee, R. Wester, N. T. Lam, E. Perry, K. L. Wong, W. Tighe, Michael Loughlin, E. Fredd, J. A. Murphy, J. Stencel, J.F. Schivell, Chio-Zong Cheng, D. Loesser, R. Newman, C. Gentile, A.C. Janos, Kenneth M. Young, R. Durst, G. Rewoldt, D. Long, D. S. Darrow, I. Semenov, J. A. Snipes, R. Scillia, L. Dudek, C. K. Phillips, R. M. Wieland, Glenn Bateman, M. E. Thompson, G. R. Hanson, M. G. Bell, M. C. Zarnstorff, A. L. Roquemore, Kenji Tobita, J.M. McChesney, K. M. McGuire, G. A. Wurden, Michael E. Mauel, J. W. Anderson, B. McCormack, S. von Goeler, S. Yoshikawa, E.S. Marmar, R. Persing, H. Takahashi, G. Martin, Mamiko Sasao, W. Stodiek, J. Strachan, S. S. Medley, B. Grek, M. Cropper, R. A. Hulse, Masaki Osakabe, H.H. Duong, M. H. Redi, W. R. Blanchard, G. Taylor, G. Labik, P. H. LaMarche, D. R. Mikkelsen, K. W. Hill, C. Vannoy, Jay Kesner, B.P. LeBlanc, J. Levine, A. T. Ramsey, R. Sissingh, M. Caorlin, S. Cauffman, Gregory W. Hammett, R. K. Fisher, Cris W. Barnes, S. D. Scott, H. W. Herrmann, M. Murakami, M. Kalish, H. Adler, V. Arunasalam, R.J. Hawryluk, Michael A. Beer, Ryan M. White, Masaaki Yamada, A. L. Qualls, William Tang, J. Giola, F. C. Jobes, G. Ascione, Manfred Bitter, A. Martin, S. A. Sabbaugh, D. W. Roberts, S. Sesnic, J. Chrzanowski, M. Viola, T. Stevenson, R. Fromm, Paul Woskov, J. Winston, E. Mazzucato, R.J. Fonck, N. N. Gorelenkov, Richard Majeski, E.D. Fredrickson, L. C. Johnson, J. Timberlake, G. Barnes, A. von Halle, R.E. Bell, R. T. Walters, V. Garzotto, T. Senko, H. Evensen, N. L. Bretz, C.H. Skinner, G. Schilling, S. Ramakrishnan, D. Voorhees, David W. Johnson, J. Collins, S. V. Mirnov, J. H. Kamperschroer, John B Wilgen, G. Renda, C. Ancher, J. Hosea, D. L. Jassby, E. Ruskov, D. Mueller, M. Norris, Raffi Nazikian, C. Brunkhorst, J. E. Stevens, K. Wright, Dale Meade, C.E. Bush, J. H. Rogers, Z. Chang, H. Anderson, G. Pearson, G. Coward, M. P. Petrov, M. Hughes, D.K. Mansfield, H. Carnevale, D. K. Owens, H. H. Towner, W. Park, T. Fujita, J. DeLooper, R. Camp, James R. Wilson, M. Tuszewski, E. J. Synakowski, A. Nagy, B. C. Stratton, M.W. Phillips, Stewart Zweben, R.V. Budny, D.R. Ernst, R. Pysher, H.W. Kugel, S. Raftapoulos, J. Ongena, S.F. Paul, R. Daugert, and Nathaniel J. Fisch

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Deuterium, Chemistry, Neutron flux, Neutron, Tritium, Plasma, Atomic physics, Fusion power, Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor, Ion
Abstract

A peak fusion power production of 9.3±0.7 MW has been achieved on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) in deuterium plasmas heated by co and counter injected deuterium and tritium neutral beams with a total power of 33.7 MW. The ratio of fusion power output to heating power input is 0.27. At the time of the highest neutron flux the plasma conditions are: Te(0)=11.5 keV, Ti(0)=44 keV, ne(0)=8.5×1019 m−3, and 〈Zeff〉=2.2 giving τE=0.24 s. These conditions are similar to those found in the highest confinement deuterium plasmas. The measured D‐T neutron yield is within 7% of computer code estimates based on profile measurements and within experimental uncertainties. These plasmas have an inferred central fusion alpha fraction of 0.2% and central fusion power density of 2 MW/m3 similar to that expected in a fusion reactor. Even though the alpha velocity exceeds the Alfven velocity throughout the time of high neutron output in most high power plasmas, MHD activity is not substantially different from that in co...

Published
1995
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9. Confinement and heating of a deuterium-tritium plasma

Author

P. C. Efthimion, E. J. Synakowski, Guoyong Fu, J.M. McChesney, C. K. Phillips, M. Caorlin, R. Newman, William Heidbrink, E.D. Fredrickson, Gregory W. Hammett, R. M. Wieland, J. E. Stevens, C. Gentile, S. Cauffman, G. Barnes, M. Tuszewski, L. Dudek, Manfred Bitter, E. Perry, N. T. Lam, Masaki Osakabe, N. L. Bretz, K. L. Wong, R. K. Fisher, J. DeLooper, D. Voorhees, L. C. Johnson, David W. Johnson, J.F. Schivell, G. R. Hanson, F. C. Jobes, J. Hosea, Chio-Zong Cheng, D. S. Darrow, J. D. Strachan, Mamiko Sasao, James R. Wilson, E. Ruskov, B. Grek, Richard Majeski, S.F. Paul, K. M. McGuire, Dale Meade, J. H. Rogers, J. Machuzak, G. A. Wurden, E.S. Marmar, R. Sissingh, R. T. Walters, Z. Chang, H. W. Herrmann, T. Stevenson, H. Anderson, G. Schilling, J. H. Kamperschroer, M. H. Redi, Masaaki Yamada, A. von Halle, W. R. Blanchard, D. L. Jassby, J.L. Anderson, Takeo Nishitani, C. Ancher, R. Camp, M. Oldaker, D. Mueller, John B Wilgen, D. W. Roberts, William Tang, R. Durst, J.L. Terry, N. N. Gorelenkov, P. H. LaMarche, D. R. Mikkelsen, David A Rasmussen, R. J. Hawryluk, M. Leonard, C.H. Skinner, T. O’Connor, A. L. Roquemore, Kenneth M. Young, L. R. Grisham, R.E. Bell, M. E. Thompson, D.K. Mansfield, D. Ashcroft, S. S. Medley, E. Mazzucato, G. Taylor, K. W. Hill, B.P. LeBlanc, Raffi Nazikian, G. Pearson, G. Coward, A. Nagy, M. P. Petrov, Cris W. Barnes, S. D. Scott, B. C. Stratton, S.A. Sabbagh, R. J. Fonck, Joseph Snipes, C. Vannoy, Stewart Zweben, R.V. Budny, D.R. Ernst, H.W. Kugel, M. Norris, C.E. Bush, N. Fromm, D. K. Owens, M. C. Zarnstorff, W. Park, Hyeon K. Park, J. Collins, Harold P. Furth, M. Williams, H. Hsuan, M. G. Bell, B. McCormack, H.H. Duong, G. R. McKee, A. T. Ramsey, G. L. Schmidt, R. Rossmassler, D.C. McCune, P. Alling, Michael Loughlin, M. Murakami, Fred Levinton, S. von Goeler, H. Adler, A. Martin, A.C. Janos, S. H. Batha, and S. Pitcher

Subjects
inorganic chemicals, Physics, Deuterium, Lawson criterion, technology, industry, and agriculture, General Physics and Astronomy, Electron temperature, Tritium, Plasma diagnostics, Plasma, Atomic physics, Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor, Ion
Abstract

The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) has performed initial high-power experiments with the plasma fueled by deuterium and tritium to nominally equal densities. Compared to pure deuterium plasmas, the energy stored in the electron and ions increased by ~20%. These increases indicate improvements in confinement associated with the use of tritium and possibly heating of electrons by α-particles.

Published
1994

10. FLUIDIZATION IN TAPERED BEDS

Author

W. R. Rossmassler and R. L. Harris

Subjects
Waste management, Fluidized bed, Bench scale, Fluid dynamics, Mechanics, Fluidization
Abstract

The concept of a tapered fluidized bed is explored briefly. Data are given showing that in bench scale apparatus a tapered bed gives better fluidization with some materials that are difficult to fluidize in a conventional cylindrical bed.

Published
1958
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11. MATERIALS FOR FLUORINE GENERATOR ANODE ASSEMBLIES

Author

C. W. Hoskins, W. R. Rossmassler, R. A. Johnston, and R. E. Simmons

Subjects
Electrolysis, Materials science, Electrolytic cell, Metallurgy, chemistry.chemical_element, Electrochemistry, Copper, Corrosion, law.invention, Anode, chemistry, law, Aluminium, Fluorine
Abstract

Corrosion of anode assembly materials in fluorine generators is pronounced, therefore, selection of the proper materials for construction is important. Several metals and alloys have been tested for corrosion resistance when anodic in a fluorine test cell. In general, copper, copper alloys and magnesium alloys offer the best corrosion resistance.

Published
1956
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13. Tritium cleanup systems for TFTR

Author

L. Yemin and R. Rossmassler

Subjects
Radiation, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Nuclear engineering, Environmental science, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Tritium
Published
1980
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